Lecture 01 Introduction to It

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Introduction To IT

Lecture 01

By Malik M Ali


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Marks Distribution

First Hourly 15 Marks

Second Hourly 15 Marks

Final Exam 35 Marks

Quizzes 10 Marks (5)

Class Participation 05 MarksReading Assign (Presentation)

Course Assignment

10 Marks

10 Marks


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The father of computer

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

Designed Analytical Engine (1833)

First digital general purpose computer

Mechanical programmable computer

Can do computations, decision making, had

input, storage, processor/mill and output. Contains all theoretical components of

modern computers

Can give output via print out, can storeinformation in the form of punched cards


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Lady Ada The Countess Of Lovelace

(18151852)

Regarded as worlds first computer

programmer

Died of cancer at the age of 36

In 1970s US Department Of Defence

designed a new programminglanguage and gave it the name Ada

in her honour.


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What are computers good at?

Very fast at calculations

Can do repetitive tasks without getting boredwith 100% accuracy

Dont forget and have huge storagecompared to humans. One can store millionsand millions of books in just one computer.


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What are computers not good at?

Pattern recognition

Can not pull data out of theirstorage instantly

Can not come up with innovativenew ideas. We give ideas to

computer and they process ourrequests at very high speeds

1997 deep blue defeated worldchess champion Garry Kasparovwho is considered the best chessexpert of All Times in the historyof man kind. The match wascontroversial !!!


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Some Key events in computing

1904 invention of vacuum tube by John Fleming

1936 Advent of Turing machine.

A theoretical computing machine. Proposed by Sir AlanTuring. Able to solve many computing problems.

The idea of Turing Test

1939 ABC (The Attanasoff Berry computer) Although it was a general purpose computer but mainly used

for solving simultaneous linear equations. The first electroniccomputer built ever.


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1946 ENIAC

Electronic digital computer

Built for US department of Defense

Used 19000 vacuum tubes

Weighed approximately 30 tonnes

Size is 9/80 feet

150 kilo watt electricity required

1950 Invention of floppy disk

Invented by Imperial University Of Tokyo by Yoshiro Nakamats


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1952 Grace Hopper invented compiler

1975 Altair 8800

The first personal computer

used intel 8080 microprocessor

Used 256 bytes memory

1976 Cray 1

The first super computer

167 million operations per second

1981 IBM PC (along with DOS Operating system)


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1984 Apple Machintosh was introduced. The first user friendlymachine which used mouse along with the key board for input.


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Generations

First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes 1939-1956

Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes as they were

Smaller in size

More reliable Cheaper

Less power required

Third Generation Computers: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)

Fourth Generation Computers: Microprocessors (1971 to date) Fifth Generation Computers: Which thing is going to replace

transistors???


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Classification Of Computers

Mobile computers

Micro computers

Mini computers/Servers

Mainframe computers

Super computers


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Mobile computers

Lap top computers/note books

Palm top computers/PDAs

Wearable computers Micro computer

Desktop Systems

Workstations


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Mini Computers/Servers:

Almost Vanished

Servers are used instead of mini computers

Memory is in Giga bytes

Storage in Terabytes


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Mainframe computers:

Enterprise servers

used by multiple people with multiple tasks.

Highly reliable

Dont need to switch off while upgrade


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Essential components of computing

Software

System software

Application software

Hardware

Input

Processor Memory

Storage

Output

Bus


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Chapter 1A

Introducing Computer Systems


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The Computer Defined

Electronic device

Converts data into information

Modern computers are digital

Two digits combine to make data

Older computers were analog

A range of values made data


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Computers For Individual Use

Desktop computers

The most common type of computer

Sits on the desk or floor

Performs a variety of tasks

Workstations

Specialized computers

Optimized for science or graphics More powerful than a desktop


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Notebook computers

Small portable computers

Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds

About 8 by 11 inches

Typically as powerful as a desktop


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Tablet computers

Newest development inportable computers

Input is through

a pen

Run specialized versionsof office products


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Handheld computers

Very small computers

Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)

Note taking or contact management

Data can synchronize with a desktop

Smart phones

Hybrid of cell phone and PDA Web surfing, e-mail access



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Computers For Organizations

Network servers

Centralized computer

All other computers connect

Provides access to network resources

Multiple servers are called server farms

Often simply a powerful desktop


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Minicomputers

Called midrange computers

Power between mainframe and desktop

Handle hundreds of users

Used in smaller organizations

Users access through a terminal


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Supercomputers

The most powerfulcomputers made

Handle large and

complex calculations

Process trillions ofoperations per second

Found in research

organizations


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Computers In Society

More impact than any other invention

Changed work and leisure activities

Computers are important because:

Provide information to users

Information is critical to our society

Managing information is difficult


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Computers at home

Many homes have multiple computers

Most American homes have Internet

Computers are used for Business

Entertainment

Communication

Education


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Computers in education

Computer literacy required at all levels

Computers in small business

Makes businesses more profitable

Allows owners to manage

Computers in industry

Computers are used to design products Assembly lines are automated


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Computers in government

Necessary to track data for population

Police officers

Tax calculation and collection Governments were the first computer users


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Computers in health care

Revolutionized health care

New treatments possible

Scheduling of patients has improved

Delivery of medicine is safer


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Chapter 1B

Looking Inside the Computer System


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Parts of the Computer System

Computer systems have four parts

Hardware

Software

Data

User


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Hardware

Mechanical devices in the computer

Anything that can be touched

Software Tell the computer what to do

Also called a program

Thousands of programs exist


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Data

Pieces of information

Computer organize and present data

Users People operating the computer

Most important part

Tell the computer what to do


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Information Processing Cycle

Steps followed to process data

Input

Processing

Output

Storage


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Essential Computer Hardware

Computers use the same basic hardware

Hardware categorized into four types


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Memory devices

Stores data or programs

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Volatile Stores current data and programs

More RAM results in a faster system

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Permanent storage of programs

Holds the computer boot directions


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Input and output devices

Allows the user to interact

Input devices accept data

Keyboard, mouse

Output devices deliver data

Monitor, printer, speaker

Some devices are input and output

Touch screens


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Storage devices

Hold data and programs permanently

Different from RAM

Magnetic storage Floppy and hard drive

Uses a magnet to access data

Optical storage

CD and DVD drives

Uses a laser to access data


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Difference b/w storage & memory

There is more room in storage than inmemory

Contents are retained in storage when

computer is turned off, whereas programs orthe data in memory disappear when you shutdown the computer

Storage devices operate much slower thanmemory chips

Storage is much cheaper than memory


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Software Runs The Machine

Tells the computer what to do

Reason people purchase computers

Two types

System software



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System software

Most important software

Operating system

Windows XP

Network operating system (OS)

Windows Server 2003

Utility

Symantec AntiVirus


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Accomplishes a specific task

Most common type of software

Word processing softwares Spreadsheets

Database management softwares

Presentation softwares

Graphics programs Entertainment & education software

Covers most common uses of computers


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Computer data

Fact with no meaning on its own

Stored using the binary number system

Data can be organized into files

File: a file is a set of data that has been givena name. A file that the user can open and useis often called a document.


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Computer users

Role depends on ability

Setup the system

Install software

Mange files Maintain the system

Userless computers

Run with no user input Automated systems

Lecture 01 Introduction to It

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