Lectrure 1
-
Upload
subhankar-das -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of Lectrure 1
![Page 1: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 1/37
ECW2731
Managerial Economics
![Page 2: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 2/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Subject Adviser
Dr Gennadi KAZAKEVITCH
Berwick campus, Room 129.
Phone: (03) 9904 7135.Fax: (03)9907 4100
Office contact hours:
Monday5-6 PM and Wednesday 4-5 PM.
E-mail: [email protected]
http://www-personal.buseco.monash.edu.au/~gennadik/gkazwww.htm
![Page 3: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 3/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Lecture 1
Subject Information
Introduction toManagerial Economics
![Page 4: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 4/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Subject Information Aims, Questions
Assessment
Assignment
Examination
Reading Structure
![Page 5: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 5/37
ECW2731Week 1-2 Aims
This unit reviews the contemporary economicprinciples in the context most relevant to business
people:
± Market processes,
± demand patterns, cost structures,
± market conditions
± pricing policies, and
± the impact of regulation on business decisionsCases and problems illustrate how economic concepts can
be applied to specific industries to the problems of
formulating rational managerial decisions, corporate
and marketing strategies.
![Page 6: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 6/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Questions
How do markets work?
How do customers value products?
What are the relevant production and cost measures
for decision making? How does competition affect business decisions in
different market structures?
What prices should be set?
What would be the impact of changes in interest rateson costs, accounting, or capital budgeting?
How important to managerial and marketing decisionsare changes, in foreign exchange rates, in technology, inincomes, in government regulations, in sources of
energy, in the balance of payments?
?????
?????
![Page 7: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 7/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
AssessmentAssignment 4000 words - 40%.
Two-hour written examination - 60 %
To pass the unit you must:
(a) complete all the required work, and
(b) obtain an overall grade of at lease 50% of the total marks, and
(c) obtain at least a 50% grade for the examination.
![Page 8: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 8/37
ECW2731Week 1-2 Assignment
Due date: 5 p.m., 20 April 2006
Automatically extended until 4:45 PM
Monday, 24 April 2006
We will talk about the assignment later on
![Page 9: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 9/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
ExaminationTwo hours,
Section A
4 concise essay style questions on theoretical issues of and (or) analyticaltechnique - 60%.
You will be informed about narrow topics in the end of semester.
Section B
Research Question
You will be informed about narrow topics in the middle of semester.
![Page 10: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 10/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Reading
E. Mansfield, Managerial Economics, Sixth Edition,
2006
Any other text in Managerial Economics Library search for the research question
Media
![Page 11: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 11/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Weeks 7-8
Competition,
market structures and
business decisions
Structure
Managerial
Economics
Weeks 5 - 6
Production and Costs,technological changes and
industrial innovations
Weeks 1-2
Introduction. The nature
of managerial economic
decision making
Week 9
Pricing strategies and
practices
Week 10
Business and Government.
Week 11
Capital budgeting
Week. 12
Research question
Business and current
economic situation.
Weeks 3-4
Demand analysis
and estimation
![Page 12: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 12/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial
economic decision making
op m sa on
Economic
optimisation
The value of firm
Economic constraints
The basic economic
variables
Demand
Supply
Costs
Revenue
Profit
The role of managerial
economics in
managerial decision
making
Managerial economic
as an economics
discipline
![Page 13: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 13/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Demand analysis and estimation
Price, cross-price, and income
elasticity of demand
Normal versus inferior good
Implication: optimal pricing policy
Implication: optimal level of
advertising
Market demand
Market supply
Market equilibrium
![Page 14: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 14/37
ECW2731Week 1-2 Production and Costs
Production functions
Factors of production
Total, marginal and average
product, revenue and costs
Return to factors versus return to
scale
Firm and plant size
Economies and diseconomies of
scale
Optimal level of single input and
optimal combination of multipleinputs
Fixed and variable costs
Explicit and implicit costs
Short run versus long run in cost
analysis
![Page 15: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 15/37
![Page 16: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 16/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Pricing strategies and practices
What prices should be set?
Mark-up pricing
Competitive strategies.
Price discrimination.
Bundle pricing
Multiple and joint product pricing.
Transfer pricing
![Page 17: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 17/37
ECW2731Week 1-2 Business and Government
The impact of regulation,deregulation and taxation policy on
decision making, competitiveness
and efficiency.
Reasons for regulation. Regulatory
response to incentive and
structural failures.
Taxes and subsidies
Anti-Trust Policies.
Problems with regulation
![Page 18: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 18/37
ECW2731Week 1-2 Capital budgeting
Decision rules
Capital budgeting process
Cash flow estimation
Alternative projects
Optimal capital budgeting
Cost of capital.
![Page 19: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 19/37
ECW2731Week 1-2 Business and current economic
situation
Research topic
,
etc
How important, to managerial and
marketing decisions, are changes
in
foreign exchange rates, in interest
rates, in incomes, in the balance of
payments, liberalisation of trade,
etc
What would be the impact of
high/low interest rates on costs or
capital budgeting?
![Page 20: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 20/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Topic 1.
Introduction: The nature ofmanagerial economic decision
making
![Page 21: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 21/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Weeks 7-8
Competition,
market structures and
business decisions
Managerial
Economics
Weeks 5 - 6
Production and Costs,technological changes and
industrial innovations
Weeks 1-2
Introduction. The nature
of managerial economic
decision making
Week 9
Pricing strategies and
practices
Week 10
Business and Government.
Week 11
Capital budgeting
Week. 12
Research question
Business and current
economic situation.
Weeks 3-4
Demand analysis
and estimation
![Page 22: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 22/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial
economic decision making
op m sa on
Economic
optimisation
The value of firm
Economic constraints
The basic economic
variables
Demand
Supply
Costs
Revenue
Profit
The role of managerial
economics in
managerial decision
making
Managerial economic
as an economics
discipline
![Page 23: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 23/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
Learning objectives
This topic is deals with the nature and the scope of
Managerial Economics as a whole.
The place of Managerial economics in the Economics
discipline.
How do managers make their decisions?
The elements of the economic theory of firm that we need
to understand nature of managerial economic decision
making are:
Economic optimisation;
The value of firm;
Economic constraints;
The basic economic variables, including demand
supply, costs, revenue and profit.
![Page 24: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 24/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
Reading
Mansfield, Chapter 1.
![Page 25: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 25/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
Managerial economic as an economics discipline
Macroeconomics
Economics
Microeconomics
International Economics
Regional Economics
Money, finance, banking ³Sector´ economicsLabor economics
Economics of IT and
EC
Managerial economics
Economic Development
![Page 26: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 26/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
The role of managerial economics in managerial decision making
Managerial decision problems
Product price and output
Make or buy
Production technique
Internet strategy
Advertising media and intensity
Investment and financing
Economic concepts
Theory of consumer behaviour
Theory of firm
Theory of market structures and
pricing
Decision making tools
Numerical analysis
Statistical analysis
Forecasting
Game theory
Optimisation
Managerial Economics
Use of economics concepts and
decision making tools to solve
managerial decision problems
Optimal solutions
![Page 27: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 27/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
The Process of decision-making
Identify objectives
Define the problem
Identify possible solutions
Select the best possible solution
Implement the decision
The role of managerial economics in managerial decision making
![Page 28: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 28/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
Theory of the firm
A theory indicating how a firm
behaves and what its goals are
The role of managerial economics in managerial decision making
![Page 29: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 29/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
op m sa on
Economic
optimisation
Functional relationships
Q = f (P) for example Q = 200 - 5P
CHERRY CORPORATION
DAILY PER UNIT
SALES PRICE
150 10
100 2050 30
0 40
![Page 30: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 30/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
op m sa on
Economic
optimisation
Marginal value
The marginal value of a dependent variable
is the change in this dependent variable
associated with a 1-unit change in a particular independent variable
![Page 31: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 31/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
op m sa on
Economic
optimisation
CENTRAL POINT
The dependent variable is maximized when
its marginal value shifts from positive to
negative
![Page 32: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 32/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
op m sa on
Economic
optimisation
Relationship between output and profit
-- Roland CorporationOUTPUT TOTAL ARGINAL AVERAGE
PER AY PROFIT PROFIT PROFIT
0 0
1 100 100 100.0
2 250 150 125.0
3 600 350 200.0
4 1000 400 250.0
5 1350 350 270.0
6 1500 150 250.07 1550 50 221.4
8 1500 -50 187.5
9 1400 -100 155.6
10 1200 -200 120.0
![Page 33: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 33/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
op m sa on
Economic
optimisationTotal, marginal, and average profit -- RolandCorporation
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 5 10 15
OUTPUT PER DAY
P R O F I T
TOTAL
PROFITMARGINAL
PROFIT
AVERAGE
PROFIT
![Page 34: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 34/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
op m sa on
Economic
optimisation
Choose alternativethat produces a result the most
consistent
with managerial objective
What is the primarymanagerial objective?
It depends upon the ownership structure
Profit maximisation?
Sales/revenue maximisation?
The value of firm
maximisation?
Profit per employee
maximisation?
![Page 35: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 35/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
The value of firm
1 1
cos
(1 ) (1 )
N N t t
t t t t
Prof it Total r evenue Total t Val ue
i i! !
! !
§ §
N ± firm¶s life time
I - discount rate
- current value of the
profit earned in t years
time
N ± firm¶s life time
I - discount rate
- current value of the
profit earned in t years
time
(1 )t t Prof it
i
The present value of the firm¶s
expected future cash flows
![Page 36: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 36/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
The value of firm
![Page 37: Lectrure 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021215/577d34221a28ab3a6b8cdb29/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
8/8/2019 Lectrure 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectrure-1 37/37
ECW2731Week 1-2
Introduction. The nature of managerial economic decision making
Economic constraints
Limited resourses
Labour
Capital
Finance
Raw materials
Environment
Limited capacity of market
Demand
Choice/Opportunity cost