Introduction to Biology. Lecture 4

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

September 5, 2014

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 September 5, 2014 1 / 10

Outline

1 Where we are?

2 Origin of Earth. Basics of chemistryBasics of chemistry

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 September 5, 2014 2 / 10

Outline

1 Where we are?

2 Origin of Earth. Basics of chemistryBasics of chemistry

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 September 5, 2014 2 / 10

Where we are?

Very basics of chemistry

Atoms

ProtonsNeutronsElectrons

Atomic weightIsotopesElements and periodic tableChemical bondsValence and groupMoleculesMolecular weight

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 September 5, 2014 3 / 10

Where we are?

1 1.0079

HHydrogen

3 6.941

LiLithium

11 22.990

NaSodium

19 39.098

KPotassium

37 85.468

RbRubidium

55 132.91

CsCaesium

87 223

FrFrancium

4 9.0122

BeBeryllium

12 24.305

MgMagnesium

20 40.078

CaCalcium

38 87.62

SrStrontium

56 137.33

BaBarium

88 226

RaRadium

21 44.956

ScScandium

39 88.906

YYttrium

57-71

Lanthanide

89-103

Actinide

22 47.867

TiTitanium

40 91.224

ZrZirconium

72 178.49

HfHalfnium

104 261

RfRutherfordium

23 50.942

VVanadium

41 92.906

NbNiobium

73 180.95

TaTantalum

105 262

DbDubnium

24 51.996

CrChromium

42 95.94

MoMolybdenum

74 183.84

WTungsten

106 266

SgSeaborgium

25 54.938

MnManganese

43 96

TcTechnetium

75 186.21

ReRhenium

107 264

BhBohrium

26 55.845

FeIron

44 101.07

RuRuthenium

76 190.23

OsOsmium

108 277

HsHassium

27 58.933

CoCobalt

45 102.91

RhRhodium

77 192.22

IrIridium

109 268

MtMeitnerium

28 58.693

NiNickel

46 106.42

PdPalladium

78 195.08

PtPlatinum

110 281

DsDarmstadtium

29 63.546

CuCopper

47 107.87

AgSilver

79 196.97

AuGold

111 280

RgRoentgenium

30 65.39

ZnZinc

48 112.41

CdCadmium

80 200.59

HgMercury

112 285

CnCopernicium

31 69.723

GaGallium

13 26.982

AlAluminium

5 10.811

BBoron

49 114.82

InIndium

81 204.38

TlThallium

113 284

UutUnuntrium

6 12.011

CCarbon

14 28.086

SiSilicon

32 72.64

GeGermanium

50 118.71

SnTin

82 207.2

PbLead

114 289

FlFlerovium

7 14.007

NNitrogen

15 30.974

PPhosphorus

33 74.922

AsArsenic

51 121.76

SbAntimony

83 208.98

BiBismuth

115 288

UupUnunpentium

8 15.999

OOxygen

16 32.065

SSulphur

34 78.96

SeSelenium

52 127.6

TeTellurium

84 209

PoPolonium

116 293

LvLivermorium

9 18.998

FFlourine

17 35.453

ClChlorine

35 79.904

BrBromine

53 126.9

IIodine

85 210

AtAstatine

117 292

UusUnunseptium

10 20.180

NeNeon

2 4.0025

HeHelium

18 39.948

ArArgon

36 83.8

KrKrypton

54 131.29

XeXenon

86 222

RnRadon

118 294

UuoUnunoctium

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 IA

2 IIA

3 IIIA 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 VIIIB 9 VIIIB 10 VIIIB 11 IB 12 IIB

13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA

18 VIIIA

57 138.91

LaLanthanum

58 140.12

CeCerium

59 140.91

PrPraseodymium

60 144.24

NdNeodymium

61 145

PmPromethium

62 150.36

SmSamarium

63 151.96

EuEuropium

64 157.25

GdGadolinium

65 158.93

TbTerbium

66 162.50

DyDysprosium

67 164.93

HoHolmium

68 167.26

ErErbium

69 168.93

TmThulium

70 173.04

YbYtterbium

71 174.97

LuLutetium

89 227

AcActinium

90 232.04

ThThorium

91 231.04

PaProtactinium

92 238.03

UUranium

93 237

NpNeptunium

94 244

PuPlutonium

95 243

AmAmericium

96 247

CmCurium

97 247

BkBerkelium

98 251

CfCalifornium

99 252

EsEinsteinium

100 257

FmFermium

101 258

MdMendelevium

102 259

NoNobelium

103 262

LrLawrencium

Alkali Metal

Alkaline Earth Metal

Metal

Metalloid

Non-metal

Halogen

Noble Gas

Lanthanide/Actinide

Z mass

SmbName

man-made

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 September 5, 2014 4 / 10

Origin of Earth. Basics of chemistry Basics of chemistry

Origin of Earth. Basics ofchemistry

Basics of chemistry

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 September 5, 2014 5 / 10

Origin of Earth. Basics of chemistry Basics of chemistry

Acids and bases

Acids: take out H+ (proton), likeHCl H+ + ClBases: take out OH (hydroxyl)NaOH Na+ + OH

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 September 5, 2014 6 / 10

Origin of Earth. Basics of chemistry Basics of chemistry

Molar mass and molar concentration

Molar mass is a gram equivalent of molecular massFor example, molecular mass of salt (NaCl) is 23 + 351 = 58 Da.We take Da out and replace it with g (grams). Therefore, 1mole of salt is 58 g.Every mole contains 6.02214078 1023 molecules (Avogadrosnumber)Concentration is the density of dissolved substanceIn water solution, 1 M (1 molar) concentration of salt means that in1 liter of distilled water 58 g of salt was dilutedIf we take half of this water, colcentration will still be 1 M whereasamount of diluted salt will decrease twice

1If we accept that atomic mass of chlorine in 35.Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 September 5, 2014 7 / 10

Origin of Earth. Basics of chemistry Basics of chemistry

Concentration of protons, and pH and acidity

If concentration of protons is 0.1 M (1 101, 0.1 g of protons in 1l of water), this is an extremely acidic solutionIn distilled water, concentration of protons is equal to 1 107(0.0000001) MThis is because water molecules can (rarely) dissociate: H20H+ + OH

pH of distilled water is equal to log(107) = (7) = 7pH of the extremely acidic solution (first example) is 1

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 September 5, 2014 8 / 10

Origin of Earth. Basics of chemistry Basics of chemistry

Summary

In chemistry, moles are using to make chemical reactions gowithout problemsConcentration will not change if we trow away half of liquid

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 September 5, 2014 9 / 10

Origin of Earth. Basics of chemistry Basics of chemistry

For Further Reading

Mole. Wikipedia.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 September 5, 2014 10 / 10

Where we are?Origin of Earth. Basics of chemistryBasics of chemistry