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@MilanoMarch 16-20, 2015

Yoshitaka FujitaOsaka University

-the 1st lecture-

Snake of

Sizes

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Molecule

ニュートン力学Newton Mechanics

量子力学Quantum Mechanics

マクロの世界Macro World

ミクロの世界Micro World

1.4 billion light years

1 fm

The Nature is alive!（自然は生きている！）

La Clusaz

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地層のでき方- 小学6年理科 -

1）侵食作用で、土砂が海や湖の底にたまります。2）時には火山の爆発でも地層ができます。

学学研のホームページより

The Nature is alive!（自然は生きている！）

La Clusaz

Pushed up from the bottom of the Sea to the top of the Mountain !

Explained by Plate Tectonics !

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225 My ago 200 My ago

150 My ago 65 My ago

Present day 現在

first idea byAlfred Wegener

ContinentalDrift

-Plate tectonics-

Eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii (1970’s)

地熱：ウラン等、放射性元素の核分裂の熱Terrestrial heat: originates from Radio Activity like 235U

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Supernova Cycle

Nuclear Chart(Nuclear Landscape)

Neutron N

Pro

ton

Z

r-process

U: Z=92

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Layer Structure of Nature (by Glashow)

Particle

Molecule

Quark

1 fm

1.4 billion light years

Only Four Forces (Interactions) !Conservation Lows are valid !

How things are divided?

a moleculeinto atoms

an atom into electrons and a nucleus

a nucleus into protons and neutrons

a proton and a neutroninto quarks

how about quarks?

10-9m

10-10m

10-14m

10-15m

<10-18m

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Powers of Ten10 のべき乗

first idea by Charles & Ray Eames

present photos by B. Bryson(CA, USA)

from the web sitehttp://www.wordwizz.com

*starting from the Japanese Tea Gardenin San Francisco

Let’s visit the Micro world

Size of the Human being (~1 m)

Size of the Quark (100 am = 10-16 m)

m n p f a10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18

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Scale : 100 m (１辺 1 m)

Scale : 10-2 m (１辺 1 cm)

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Scale : 10-4 m (１辺 100 m)

Scale : 10-6 m (１辺 1 m)

花粉の上のウイルス

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Scale : 10-7 m (１辺 100 nm)

Scale : 10-8 m (１辺 10 nm)

ウイルスDNA二重ラセン構造

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Scale : 10-10 m (１辺 100 pm)

原子の周りの電子雲

Scale : 10-12 m (１辺 1 pm)

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Scale : 10-14 m (１辺 10 fm)

Protons・Neutrons in 12C

Size of Nuclei: 1/104 of Atoms !to overcome the repulsive force of EM int.,

a strong nuclear (strong) force is needed !

Snake of SizesThe Layer Structure of Nature(Snake of Uroboros)

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Big Bang

The History of the Universe

Immediately after the 1st Stars were born, the history of the Nuclear Physics started !

How things are divided?

a moleculeinto atoms

an atom into electrons and a nucleus

a nucleus into protons and neutrons

a proton and a neutroninto quarks

how about quarks?

10-9m

10-10m

10-14m

10-15m

<10-18m

a large difference in size here!

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***How Do We See Nuclei?

Nuclear Chart(Nuclear Landscape)

Neutron N

Pro

ton

Z

A<３０0

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Neutron Star (Vela pulsar)

8.4×1016 - 1×1018 kg/m3

(nucleus : 3×1017 kg/m3)

Nuclear Chart(Nuclear Landscape)

stable nuclei: 256known nuclei: ~2,900

T1/2 is known: ~2,500mass is known: ~1,800

unstable nuclei: ~7,000

each nucleus is unique(a large variety!)

Neutron N

Pro

ton

Z

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Uniqueness of NucleiNucleus : Unique Quantum System where

3 interactions out of 4 are active!

Strong, Weak, EM(Gravitational force is too weak!)

Nucleus : Quantum Finite Many-body Systemconsisting of two Fermions

4-fundamental interactions (forces)

Strong int.*

Interactions Example Transmitter

Nuclear Force Meson* (Gluon)

EM int.# Coulomb Force

Weak int.*

Photon#

Beta-decay W-, Z-boson*

Gravitational# Graviton#Apple falls!

*short-range #long-range *with mass #mass-less

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Long and short-range forces1-dimentional Universe

brightness of a star ∝1/R 2

i.e., inversely prop. to the expansion of the space

no spreading

1-dim. spread

light

2-dimentional Universe

3-dimentional Universe

2-dim. spread

distance R

Scale : 10-14 m (１辺 10 fm)

Protons・Neutrons in 12C

Size of Nuclei: 1/104 of Atoms !to overcome the repulsive force of EM int.,

a strong nuclear (strong) force is needed !

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Energy: Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet

Einstein’s “light quantum theory (hypothesis)”

E = h p = h/c：frequency : wave-lengh & = c/

Color Wave-length EnergyInfrared 1,000 nm 1.2 eVRed ~700 1.8Yellow ~580 2.1Green ~530 2.3Blue ~450 2.7Purple ~400 3.1Ultraviolet ~200 6.2

LED Handy Lump : ~3 eV

Coulomb EnergyHydrogen atom

Useful relationship

We get

By solving the Schrödinger eq. 13.7 eV

Helium NucleusProton Z=2, Neutron N=2

r = 10-10 m r = 10-15 m (1 fm)

Off course 10+5 larger !Strong force should be

much stronger !

proton proton

proton neutron

neutron

electron

Very muchcentralized system !

A system madein Harmony

(self-consistent) !

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How are Nuclei defined ?

*Quantum Finite Many-body system of two Fermions=> quantum numbers are important

L, S, J, K, T=> selection rules of Q-numbers are importnat

*Conservation LawsEnergyMomentumAngular momentum

*Studied by Measuring Decays, Reactions-decay, -decay, Nuclear Reactions

***Elements and Nuclei?

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Elements Necessary for Life

by Y. Mochizuki

large amount neededsmall amount neededprobably needed

0 50 100 150 200MASS NUMBER

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

1010

AB

UN

DA

NC

E

(Si =

106 )

H, He

C, O

Fe,Ni

Ba Pb

solar abundance distribution

Solar Abundance

Solar abundance reflects the Nuclear Structure !

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Big Bang から現在までThe Big Bang,the beginning of the Universe

13.7 By ago!

Element Necessary for Life

by Y. Mochizuki

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Supernova Cycle

TemperatureT ~ 107 K

MAJOR FEATURES OF OUR SUN

T= ~107 K at the core= ~1 keV

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1H (p) 4He: Nuclear Reaction in a Star

弱い相互作用が関与する崩壊

(Weak processes controlthe reaction rate!)

Maxwell distribution

velocity <v2>=3kT/mkinetic energy<K>=(3/2)kT

104K~ 1 eV107K~ 1 keV109K~100 keV

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Mass, Energy, Binding Energy

Mass & Energy (Einstein’s relationship)E = mc2

Total energy (mass) of a Nucleus AZN

ET = Z x mp + N x mn - BE

*a strongly coupled system has less energy!

Element Necessary for Life

by Y. Mochizuki

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CNO cycle(catalytic cycle

by CNO)

4x1H+2e+

CNO works asthe catalyst

Contributions from StrongElectro-Magnetic and Weak Interactions are combined !

start

CNO cycle(catalytic cycle

by CNO)

4x1H+2e+

CNO works asthe catalyst

Only the Weak Interaction can change Elementswithin the same A !

start

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Supernova Cycle

TemperatureT ~ 108 K

Nucleosynthesis by Y. Mochizuki

steller burning

s-process

Big Bang

r-process

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Element Necessary for Life

by Y. Mochizuki

Onion Structure in a Red Giant

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オリオン座の１等星ペテルギウスで、超新星爆発に向かうと見られる兆候が観測されている。（朝日2010年1月）

約600光年の距離にあるペテルギウスの表面がでこぼこになっている様子。（NASA)Betelgeuse: Red Giant in Orion

Rigel: Blue Giant in Orion

Can Betelgeuse in Orion be a SN？

Supernova Cycle

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Element Necessary for Life

by Y. Mochizuki

Nucleosynthesis by Y. Mochizuki

steller burning

s-process

Big Bang

r-process

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Maxwell distribution

velocity <v2>=3kT/mkinetic energy<K>=(3/2)kT

104K~ 1 eV107K~ 1 keV109K~100 keV

’s are created by pair creation !

mainly by &

K.L &G.M-PRev.Mod.Phys.75(’04)819

(A,Z)=nuclei in theCr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni region

pf -shell Nuclei !

Crucial Weak Processes

during the Collapse

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Layer Structure of Nature (by Glashow)

Particle

Molecule

Quark

1 fm

1.4 billion light years

Cycling of Elements

Big Bang H, He, Li

first generation of (heavy) stars

C … Feand

some heavy elements

SNElements up to

URG

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Cycling of ElementsBig Bang

H, He, Li

first generation (heavy) stars

C … Fe, Ni

later generation stars

Elements up to U

Red super giant

Some heavy elements

Supernova

Who am I ?Light elements are synthesized in STARS.Heavier elements : in Red Giants, and

in Supernovae.

They spread at the time of Supernova Explosion.

From the Star Dusts, our Earth was born.

Life was created “eventually !”

Therefore, YOU are the CHILDEN of STARS !

Nuclear Physics !

Astrophysics !

Biology !

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Who am I ?Light elements are synthesized in STARS.Heavier elements : in Red Giants, and

in Supernovae.

They spread at the time of Supernova Explosion.

From the Star Dusts, our Earth was born.

Life was created “eventually !”

YOU shoulder all the history of the UNIVERSE !（すべての宇宙の歴史があなたへと続く！）

Nuclear Physics !

Astrophysics !

Biology !

Snake of

Sizes