LearnRussian Gramatica 1de10

7/26/2019 LearnRussian Gramatica 1de10

1/13

Personal Endings of Russian Verbs,Present Tense

In Russian there are generally two types of verbs, and every verb has different endingsdepending on the person and number you use. The table below will help you understandthe difference between these two groups.

If the in nitive of the verb ends with - or - , then it falls into group 1.

If the rst in nitive form ends with anything else (typical endings are - and - ),then it is part of the group 2.

Personal Endings of Russian Verbs, Present Tense

In nitive: In nitive:

Group 1 Group 2

/

/


2/13

1

Adverbs and

Time in the Russian language is described with the help of the adverbs and .

The adverb can mean that:

The adverb can mean that:

a process has not started yet;

the desired result has not been achieved so far;

an action which was to have nished at the moment of speech is still going on.

a process has nished;

the result has been achieved;

there is already another action under way at the moment of speech.

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

.

, !

, .

, .

, .

, .

, .

, .

Do you have a car? No, not yet.

Do you have a car? Yes, I have one already!

Is Olga resting?

No, she is still working.

Is Olga resting?

Yes, she is already resting.

Does he work? No, he is still a student.

Is he a student? No, he is already working.

Are you having lunch?

No, not yet. I am working.

Are you having lunch?

No, I am already working.

lunch is over


3/13

1

Conjunctions , , ,

Conjunctions in the Russian language are used to connect words in a sentence.The conjunction connects the components of a sentence.

The conjunction contrasts actions, objects and their characteristics.

Part 1.

Part 2.

Conjunction

Conjunction

.

- .

.

, .

, .

, .

I am reading a book andthinking

He speaks English and Russianwell.

Its mom and dad.

He reads German poorly, but he can speak it well.

This is a small, but interestingtown.

I speak Russian badly, but I understand it well.

The conjunction is used to give a more accurate description of an object or action,rather than to contrast them.

Part 3. Conjunction a

, .

, .

, .

Moscow is not a small, but a big city.

My name is not Maria, but Marina.

Im not from America, but Australia.


4/13

1

Whose? ? Possessive pronouns

The question Whose? has several forms in Russian. Each form depends on the genderand number of the object ? (masculine),? (feminine),? (neuter),? (plural for all genders). To answer this question we use possessive pronouns, which alsodepend on the gender and number of the object about which you want to speak.

,

,,

,

,,

,

,,

,

,,

Possessive Pronouns

Pronouns , , are static, they never change their form. Other pronouns changeaccording to the gender of the noun theyre used to describe, and not according to genderof the person, whos speaking.

. ?

. ?

. ?

. ?

Remember

my your her his our your their


5/13

2

?

? ?

? ?

? .

. .

.


6/13

1

Where?

General rule

This is the most popular question in the Russian language. ? (Where haveyou been?), ? (Where is my computer?), ?(Where is my money?). You can answer questions with using the PrepositionalCase (which can be used to show location).

To put a word in the Prepositional Case, add the ending - to the unchangeable partof a masculine singular noun ( , ) or changethe ending of a feminine singular noun to - ( ; ).

The prepositions and (in, at and on, at) are used to describe location: means inside something or inside any building ( , , ), means a position on a horizontal surface, in the open, or to indicate a process( on a table, at the market, at a lecture).

How to form Prepositional case

a

On a horizontal surface Inside something Process

? ?

, , , , , ,

, , , ,, ,

, , , ,, ,

, , , ,

, , , ,


7/13

2

Some situations to use either or

There are a few words that never change their ending

, , , , ,

, , , ,

. I am going to the seaside ( = at the seashore). . A ship is sailing in the sea. (A ship is inside the sea).

. Money is in the coat (Inside of it). . There is a hole at your coat (on a surface of it).

. He lost everything in casino.

( = ). Yesterday we were in the cinema.

. I am in metro. (Inside of a system). . Pavel goes by metro. (He uses a transport system).

Remember

/

/

/

Continents, countries, cities,locations , , , , ,

Institutions, establishments , , , , , , , , , ,

Social groups , ,

Inside , , ,

Directions , , ,

Islands; shores of rivers, lakes,seas; mountains , , , ,

Surfaces and oors

, , ,

, ,

Processes , , , , ,

Situations to use Situations to use


8/13

Professions

Professions can be either masculine ( artist, journalist)or feminine ( , ). There are also some professions that can

be both masculine and feminine, depending on gender of a person you are speakingabout ( manager, designer). Here is the list of somecommonly used professions.

Actor

Actor, artist

Basketball player Volleyball player

Journalist

Waiter

Singer

Pianist

Sportsman

Student

Tennis player

Football player

Boss

Broker

Designer

Diplomat

Director

Doctor

Engineer Manager

Minister

Operator

Politician

President

Programmer

Psychologist

Secretary

Trader

Chief

Economist

Lawer

=


9/13

,

Russian names


10/13

Gender Endings of a Noun

As you may have noticed, Russian nouns have genders. You can identify genderof a noun by its ending. Check out the table below for all possible variants. Please note:

both masculine and feminine nouns can end with the soft sign - . To avoid confusion,memorize such words and their gender by heart.

(masculine)

(feminine)

(plural)

(neuter)

, ,,

, ,,

, ,, ,

, ,, ,,

,

, ,, ,

, ,, ,

,

,, , ,,

,, , , , ,

, , , , ,

, ,

, ,, ,,

,

, ,,

,

, ,, ,

, ,

Table: Endings of Nouns According to their Gender

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - - /- - Exceptions

A word endson a consonant

usually denote professions

80% of Russian words

also some months

after consonants

, , , , , , only after only after

These nouns are only in Plural (), , , ,

,

, , , ,, , ,

Some nouns have an unusual Plural form:

These words have an - a endings in Plural

1.

2.

3.

Remember


11/13

Nouns Animate and Inanimate

In the Russian language, all nouns fall into two categories animate and inanimate.The rst unites human beings (including professions and places in society), animals,

birds and sh. All of these words answer the question ? The second categoryincludes objects which answer the question ?

,

Names of social groups, like , , are inanimate in Russian.

a table

a housea car

a computer

juice

a book

a lamp

metro

a ticket

a human

a doga cat

mama

a friend

a brother

a teacher

a director

a student

a manager

a lion

a shark

Animate Inanimate

? ?Who is it? What is it?

Remember


12/13

Australia

Austria

England

() America, (USA)

Argentina

Belgium

Bulgaria

Germany

Netherlands (Holland)

Greece

Denmark

Spain

Italy

Canada

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

C Country

Where from?

His nationality

Her nationality

Their nationality

Spoken language

Language

China

Korea

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Russia

Romania

Serbia

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Countries, Nationalities and Languages

1


13/13

C Country

Where from?

His nationality

Her nationality

Their nationality

Spoken language

Language

Turkey

Finland

France

Czech Republic

Switzerland

Sweden

Japan

-

-

-

-

- - -

-

-

LearnRussian Gramatica 1de10

Documents

Transcript of LearnRussian Gramatica 1de10