Learning Through a Mobile Device David McDyre Dr Averil Meehan Dr Stephen Wright.
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Transcript of Learning Through a Mobile Device David McDyre Dr Averil Meehan Dr Stephen Wright.
Learning Through Learning Through a Mobile Devicea Mobile Device
David McDyreDavid McDyre
Dr Averil MeehanDr Averil Meehan
Dr Stephen WrightDr Stephen Wright
OverviewOverview
This workshop describes the experience This workshop describes the experience of developing an interactive educational of developing an interactive educational game for a mobile phone. game for a mobile phone.
David McDyre MSc Computer Games – David McDyre MSc Computer Games – Dissertation topic.Dissertation topic.
Outlines the tools used, the resulting Outlines the tools used, the resulting game, the results from trying it outgame, the results from trying it out
Considers what issues that are important Considers what issues that are important to consider when developing educational to consider when developing educational gamesgames
Example of an Educational Example of an Educational GameGame
While the game was written for school While the game was written for school aged children, aged children,
many of the problems encountered many of the problems encountered and solutions developed are also and solutions developed are also applicable to mobile game programs applicable to mobile game programs developed for students of all ages.developed for students of all ages.
Range of Mobile GamesRange of Mobile Games
What do we mean by a mobile game.What do we mean by a mobile game. These can range from text based These can range from text based
programs such as simply answering programs such as simply answering questions to more interesting games questions to more interesting games using graphics. using graphics.
Keep them interestedKeep them interested
This is the aim of educators at all levels of This is the aim of educators at all levels of the educational systemthe educational system
Students now are used to flicking from Students now are used to flicking from screen to screen, web page to web page, so screen to screen, web page to web page, so keeping interest can be challenge.keeping interest can be challenge.
As most students now use a mobile phone, As most students now use a mobile phone, games developed for a mobile device that games developed for a mobile device that also reinforce pedagogic aims specific to a also reinforce pedagogic aims specific to a course of study are potentially a useful way course of study are potentially a useful way to teach skills while keeping students to teach skills while keeping students interested. interested.
Mobile TechnologyMobile Technology
The current generation of handheld The current generation of handheld computers and mobile phones have computers and mobile phones have increasing power making this an increasing power making this an increasingly viable approach. increasingly viable approach.
Practical ArtefactPractical Artefact
J2ME mobile phone gameJ2ME mobile phone game Morrison’s High Seas ExampleMorrison’s High Seas Example Tile and sprite gameTile and sprite game Mixes game and educational elementsMixes game and educational elements Teach geography of Ireland to National School childrenTeach geography of Ireland to National School children Issues:Issues:- Understanding and adapting Morrison's example into an - Understanding and adapting Morrison's example into an
educational gameeducational game- Reuse spritesReuse sprites- Memory ManagementMemory Management
Screenshot of Example Screenshot of Example GameGame
TechnicalTechnical
Tools Used:Tools Used:- J2ME, J2ME, - J2ME Wireless Toolkit, J2ME Wireless Toolkit, - Mappy, Mappy, - Paint Shop ProPaint Shop Pro
Case StudiesCase Studies
Practical artefact in its real world environmentPractical artefact in its real world environment Testing process – tweak for intended usersTesting process – tweak for intended users 2 schools – 24 students, Age 7-92 schools – 24 students, Age 7-9 Evaluation was Observation and questionnaire Evaluation was Observation and questionnaire
basedbased
Results of Case StudyResults of Case Study
Re-iterated a number of issues in the literature:Re-iterated a number of issues in the literature:- Educational games and mobile devices pose Educational games and mobile devices pose
challengeschallenges- Students are more enthusiastic about learningStudents are more enthusiastic about learning- Special needs students are especially receptiveSpecial needs students are especially receptive
Practical ConsiderationsPractical Considerations
ProgrammingProgramming Working with an emulatorWorking with an emulator Varying specifications among Varying specifications among
different mobile phone different mobile phone manufacturersmanufacturers
Limited available memoryLimited available memory Deployment of developed gameDeployment of developed game
ProgrammingProgramming
Requires knowledge of a programming Requires knowledge of a programming language such as Java or C++language such as Java or C++
Due to limited resources, the Due to limited resources, the programming language is adapted to programming language is adapted to enable it to run on a small device. enable it to run on a small device. Most of the language classes are Most of the language classes are available, but some may be modified.available, but some may be modified.
Choice of language may be based on Choice of language may be based on knowledge of a particular language or knowledge of a particular language or on technical or security considerationson technical or security considerations
Sun Java™ Wireless Toolkit Sun Java™ Wireless Toolkit is smallis small
J2ME profiles and J2ME profiles and configurationsconfigurations
PagersPagers Mobile Mobile PhonesPhones PDAsPDAs
Car Car Navigation Navigation
SystemsSystems
Internet Internet AppliancesAppliances
Set-Set-top top
BoxesBoxes
Mobile Mobile Information Information
Device Profile Device Profile (MIDP)(MIDP)
Personal Personal Digital Digital
Assistant Assistant Profile (PDAP)Profile (PDAP)
Personal ProfilePersonal Profile
Personal Basis ProfilePersonal Basis Profile
Foundation ProfileFoundation Profile
Connected, Limited Device Connected, Limited Device Configuration (CLDC)Configuration (CLDC)
Connected Device Connected Device Configuration (CDC)Configuration (CDC)
Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME)Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME)
Graphics and AnimationGraphics and Animation
2D graphics primitives2D graphics primitives Lines, rectangles, ellipses etcLines, rectangles, ellipses etc
AnimationAnimation Supports Sprites (images that can be Supports Sprites (images that can be
moved and animated)moved and animated) Sprite collision detectionSprite collision detection
Tiles layers Tiles layers Used to create larger backgrounds – Used to create larger backgrounds –
aids reuse and so helps conserver aids reuse and so helps conserver memorymemory
Adding InterestAdding Interest
Sound in mobile gamesSound in mobile games Playback of audio (and also video) Playback of audio (and also video)
Networked gamesNetworked games Java was designed for networked Java was designed for networked
programsprograms May add cost to running programMay add cost to running program Makes updates easierMakes updates easier Helps memory resources – e.g. if data Helps memory resources – e.g. if data
stored in file or database on a web serverstored in file or database on a web server
Using EmulatorsUsing Emulators The easiest way to develop a mobile game The easiest way to develop a mobile game
is to use an emulator. is to use an emulator. Unfortunately, different mobile phone Unfortunately, different mobile phone
companies use different technologies, so companies use different technologies, so that a program developed on a generic that a program developed on a generic emulator will not necessarily work the emulator will not necessarily work the same on all phones. same on all phones.
Using a custom emulator has the Using a custom emulator has the disadvantage that the game developed disadvantage that the game developed will work best (and possibly only work) on will work best (and possibly only work) on one brand of phone. one brand of phone.
Varying Mobile Varying Mobile SpecificationsSpecifications
Even if the program works, Even if the program works, differing screen sizes and differing screen sizes and different levels of available memory different levels of available memory
found on different brands of phone found on different brands of phone mean that games may appear mean that games may appear
differently and even work differently differently and even work differently on one phone than on another. on one phone than on another.
GUIs for Small DevicesGUIs for Small Devices
Input can be by keypress or touch Input can be by keypress or touch screen.screen.
Default emulator
MemoryMemory
While the memory on mobile phones is While the memory on mobile phones is increasing with each release, so too is increasing with each release, so too is the range of items that can be stored on the range of items that can be stored on it. it.
Phones double as MP3 players, download Phones double as MP3 players, download emails and internet information, hold emails and internet information, hold photographs and even videos. photographs and even videos.
All this leaves less memory available for All this leaves less memory available for running educational games.running educational games.
Profiling Memory UsageProfiling Memory Usage
SecuritySecurity
MIDP 2.0's Security ArchitectureMIDP 2.0's Security Architecture http://developers.sun.com/techtopics/http://developers.sun.com/techtopics/
mobility/midp/articles/permissions/ mobility/midp/articles/permissions/
Public key cryptography: Public key cryptography: MIDP Application Security 1: Design MIDP Application Security 1: Design
Concerns and CryptographyConcerns and Cryptography http://developers.sun.com/techtopics/http://developers.sun.com/techtopics/
mobility/midp/articles/security1/ mobility/midp/articles/security1/
Additional ToolsAdditional Tools
Mappy for PC - A utility for Mappy for PC - A utility for creating flexible 'maps' for 2D creating flexible 'maps' for 2D and 3D tile based gamesand 3D tile based games
http://www.tilemap.co.uk/mappy.phphttp://www.tilemap.co.uk/mappy.php
DeploymentDeployment
Because of the range of differences Because of the range of differences in screen size and memory to run in screen size and memory to run programs found on different phones,programs found on different phones,
It is important to port the game once It is important to port the game once it is developed onto the various it is developed onto the various phones used by the students to test phones used by the students to test out how it appears on each model. out how it appears on each model.
This porting of the example program This porting of the example program was found to be problematic on was found to be problematic on some phonessome phones
DeploymentDeployment
The example game was deployed to 3 leading The example game was deployed to 3 leading phone manufacturers:phone manufacturers:
- Motorola, Sony Ericsson, Nokia- Motorola, Sony Ericsson, Nokia
2 successful remote deployments:2 successful remote deployments:- Via SD memory card, Via SD memory card, - USB cableUSB cable
Not all attempts at deployment were successful Not all attempts at deployment were successful
RecommendationsRecommendations
Recommendations based on literature, case Recommendations based on literature, case studies, development and deploymentstudies, development and deployment
Use J2ME and J2ME Wireless ToolkitUse J2ME and J2ME Wireless Toolkit Use a map building toolUse a map building tool Monitor size of applicationMonitor size of application Reuse sprites / objects Reuse sprites / objects Change images to .png formatChange images to .png format Deploy locallyDeploy locally
ConclusionsConclusions
Overall the high interest and Overall the high interest and enthusiasm shown by the students enthusiasm shown by the students suggest that this is a viable way to suggest that this is a viable way to teach or revise skills.teach or revise skills.
However there are challenges in the However there are challenges in the development of such games that development of such games that need to be considered to make need to be considered to make optimum use of this innovative optimum use of this innovative medium.medium.