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Transcript of Learning theories
Learning Theories that Influence Utilization of Instructional
Media Resources
University of the PhilippinesCollege of EducationEducational Technology DepartmentEDTECH101
Ferdinand B. Pitagan, PhDProfessor of Education
Humanism vs. Technology
Technology
High
High
Low
Humanism
D C
A B
Educational Technology: Foundations
Communications
Psychology
Systems approach
Feedback
Schramm’s model – Field of Experience/ Feedback
Teacher Learner
Mediaas
a channel of communication
Dale’s Cone of Experience
Source: from Dale, E., Audio-Visual Methods in Teaching, 1st Edition, © 1969. Reprinted with permission of Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.
Systems Approach
1
2
34
56 7
9
8
10
• Behaviorism• Cognitivism• Constructivism
Psychology
Behaviorism
1. Early behaviorism -- Pavlov (1849 - 1936)
Focus on reflexive behavior
Food Unconditioned Stimulus
SalivationUnconditioned Response (natural, not learned)
Bell Conditioned Stimulus
SalivationConditioned Response (to bell)
Behaviorism
2. B.F. Skinner
Focus on voluntary behavior and reinforcement
“Learning is a function of change in overt behavior.”
B. F. Skinner 1904 – 1990
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1b-NaoWUowQ
Skinner box
Psychology
English Major
Book, Wallden II
Behaviorism
“--- A person comes under the control of a stimulating environment, responds to subtle properties of that environment, and responds to it in many complex ways because of the consequences contingent upon earlier responses.---- ”
(Operant Conditioning) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
1) Initial behavior – 2) Consequences (reinforcement/punishment) – 3) Next behavior
Behaviorism
How to shape behavior and maintain it in strength?
How to design instruction?
Use Contingencies of Reinforcement
consequences of that behaviorA certain behavior
Behaviorism
1. Positive reinforcement
2. Instant reinforcement
3. Frequent reinforcement
4. Multiple scheduled reinforcement
Behaviorism
Use of Media:
Teaching machine
Programmed instruction
Structured
Focus on objectives
Cognitivism
1) Information Processing Model2) Mental Development Model
Focus on Active Mental Process
Cognitivism1) Information Processing Model
Sensory register
Long-term memory
-- Working memory
Short-term memory
Cognitivism1) Information Processing Model
AttentionAttention
RememberingRemembering
Not Forgetting
Not Forgetting
Sensory register
Long-term memory
-- Working memory
Short-term memory
Cognitivism1) Information Processing Model
AttentionAttention
RememberingRemembering
Not forgettingNot forgetting Long-term memory
-- Working memoryShort-term memory
Sensory registerAttention gaining strategies:
e.g. visuals, paradox
Active processing strategies:e.g. chucking/organizing content
Retrieval strategies:e.g. relate new info. to old info.
Cognitivism
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html
2) Mental Development Model
Swiss philosopher and psychologist
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcjPkPIwsog
Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
Observe/listen to children
Piaget: What makes the wind? Julia: The trees. P: How do you know? J: I saw them waving their arms. P: How does that make the wind? J (waving her hand in front of his face): Like this. Only they are bigger. And there are lots of trees. P: What makes the wind on the ocean? J: It blows there from the land. No. It's the waves...
## Four stages of childhood development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational)
Cognitivism2) Mental Development Model
Assimilation:
New info. into existing
structure
Assimilation:
New info. into existing
structure
Accommodation: modifying
existing structure/creating new one
Accommodation: modifying
existing structure/creating new one
Schemata
(Mental structures)
Cognitivism2) Mental Development Model
Assimilation??
Accommodation??
Cognitivism2) Mental Development Model
Assimilation:
New info. into existing
structure
Assimilation:
New info. into existing
structure
Accommodation: modifying
existing structure/creating new one
Accommodation: modifying
existing structure/creating new one
Schemata
(Mental structures)
Useful instructional strategiesAdvanced OrganizersTransferMnemonics Organization and more…..
Constructivism Different from Objectivism such as Behaviorism/Cognitivism
The correct structure
Objective entities/realities
Constructivism Constructivistic philosophy
A real world we experience
Multiple perspectives
Constructivism
“Situating” our cognitive experiences in authentic activities
Real world problems emphasized
• Learning: ????
• Teaching: ????
Constructivism
• Learning: based on experience/ construction of meaning/ social interaction
• Instructional strategies??- social collaboration- multiple perspectives- negotiation of meanings- situated in real cases
Constructivism
Social Constructivism
Lev Vygotskyhttp://www.kolar.org/vygotsky/
Social Constructivism
Lev Vygotsky
1. Between people, then inside self
2. Zone of Proximal Development (ZDP)
- social interactions
Remember!!(A. Bednar, et al. )
“Instructional design and development
must be based upon some theory of
learning and/or cognition; effective design
is possible only if the developer has
developed reflexive awareness of the
theoretical basis underlying the design.”
Remember !!“ Theories of Learning and prescriptions for
practice must go hand in hand.” – (T. Duffy and D.
Jonassen)
Behaviorism
Instructional Design (Prescriptions for practice)
CognitivismConstructivism
Activity
1.1. Case 1:Case 1: JapanNew teachersHow to serve physically challenged students
2.2. Case 2:Case 2: USAA mix of slower and faster learners; thirty 7th gradersTeach existing of different cultures in Asia
3. 3. Case 3:Case 3: ParisFilipino as a second language; intermediate levelA mix of 10 senior citizens; 10 university studentsTeach them Filipino 。
4.4. Case 4:Case 4: IndonesiaHigh school students (above average)Teach to be active, creative…
NEXT MEETING:Issues and trends in the use of
media technology for classroom instructions