LEARNING IN THIS CHAPTER ■ Program and Programming Concepts • High-Level Language

• Machine Language • Fourth Generation Language

• Assembly Language

Language is a medium to express our views and feelings. To communicate w ith a computer, we need a language that

a computer understands. For every action, a computer has to be given instructions accordingly.

o A Program is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.

O The process of writing specific instructions in a computer language is called Programming. Each programming

language has its own specific rules. The development of programming languages has improved considerably,

with the ease and ability of programmers to write powerful application programs.

The development of computer languages has been classified into the following categories:

( Computer Languages ) I

+ i + Assembly High-Level Language language

• MACHINE LANGUAGE (FIRST GENERATION)

It is the only language that a computer understands. It is expressed in binary

fonn, i.e., '0' and 'l' where O means 'Off' state and 1 means 'On' state.

Machine Language has the advantage of very high speed and very low

memory utilisation.

But understanding and learning machine language is a tough and time

consuming process. It is very difficult to write and debug programs written in

machine language. It is extremely machine-dependent. That is why Machine

IMluai• ls also regarded as Low Level Language (LLL). A machine language

lf'f $11 Wtlten on one computer may or may not run on another computer.

+ Fourth-Generation

language

of_..., wsyfew people opt for specialization in machine language. Figure 1.1: First Generation Computer

IUAGE (SECOND GENERATION}

(Odes or Symbols In place of O and 1. For example, If the operation code for add is oolO

le drectty written as 'ADD' In assembly language, as Assembly language uses symbolic

..-,_,.mblylanguage than In binary language.

-Gl1y machine language, so assembly language programs have to be converted

..,..,. ""own as Assemblers were developed to convert the assembly

language program into machine 1 anguage.

A program written in assembly 1 . anguage 1s called the Source program, whereas th . . ' e program converted into machine language by th • e assembler is called J f ObJect program or Object code. ~ ff

Like machine language asse bl 1 ' m Y anguage is also machine-dependent and p . . . rogramming in this Figure 1.2: Second

language ts quite time-consumi·ng Th Generation Computer . us, it is also regarded as a Low Level Language (LLL).

• HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE (THIRD GENERATION)

The restrictions in the usag f h' e o mac me and assembly languages prompted people to

develop a language with the following features:

0 Simple and user friendly language

0 Language that is machine-independent

Owing to the above mentioned features, it became

easy to learn and use the computer languages. A

large number of people started writing computer

programs using these languages. It is also known as

High-Level Language (HLL). High-level language is

quite similar to the English language. Basic, C, C++,

Java, etc., are some of the very popular examples of

high-level languages.

High-level language programs need to be translated

into machine Janguage by using the Translator

programs. There are two types of translator

programs which are as follows:

INTERPRETER

Figure 1.3: Third Generation Computer

This translator program is used to convert a high-level language program into machine

language. An Interpreter translates line by line, executes the instruction and then

repeats the procedure for the remaining instructions. If any errors are found, they are to

be removed immediately. As the converted form is not stored anywhere, so it has to be

generated at the time of execution of a program. Interpreter programs are preferred for

beginners and are slow in execution speed.

the French President is visiting India on an official tour. In order to

each other, both the French President and the Indian Prime Minister

8h •• p •• to tranSlate the French language into the English

versa.

Fact File

Lady Ada Lovelace, a mathematician, is regarded

as the first computer

~

programmer. She was the daughter of famous English

poet, Lord Byron. 1

- - -

Fact File

The term Software was first I used by John W. Tukey in

19s1. I ~

If there are several pieces 1 of source code in a

program, they can be linked together into one

program with the use of a program called Linker. The linker runs on the

machine code generated by the compiler to

generate a final program. This final program is what

the user runs and the , original source code is not

1

needed.

Let's Know More

Syntax are the rules

governing the formation of statements in a

Programming languqe,

•JIJ tar prtGtplfflt uMd to convtn I high lev,t language program lnto

2 A w.a•r ~ the whole program at once, i.e., it generat<!s

:, ._. P'Of lffl-. With me Jtst of mon. The execution speoo of a H'fl#.IMf'tldNltoln~lr

81NEIA110N LANGUAGE (4Gl)

..... -.--.111•iW1n........, 1tt doar to human language tlmn ony other hfgn level

If

I• 0U1•~1r1combioltk>nof la"guages with the f ollowfng features~ ,.,,,u ,u...,d)'lnd\ndtptndtntofonyoptraUngsyitcm.

• _,..,.._..otexttuUM OUl,gntd to reduce ,....,.ofpr~tffons

• W 11 .w. tr.GU fmm the us.tr to obtatn any • ltlJf ....

• Oa 111 1 ~ to ~ tht overall time tt takes to .,..,, IOftw~ and ,he coit of ,of""'~,,,,, ••t du, ••at- 1n ar..t tht UW1 hH to &nAAfu Offl) f igure 1.4:

~ ~•-'H, Fourtft GeMtatiOn Compute, ._,,:q;ul'ld ~ ttwywan\, while the com,>met th re LIM& tllt~\eof innNttlOns that wi ac~t sh those results.

FEATURES Ute atorsanddau. Mldw~

er:.

lfS,mbolslnltudofblrwy~

was Ont of Utt t?:Oft est fi ftIDJ~U Ond dcwgned for stlur,t!Jts:

11flelflectJ ' (OIOl wa\de~fot !

RCUUSf,s

·%4#■ ~., was tht riru

lmt>rattwe compvte, c-me,

Lot's Know More

In SCffift"it

br'J ttka::e rt1ffl ~ • p,oduct o, a

which lu~ dcvdopment.

ttlusc o,1'y foJ and enwition

!!!i!.!~.~'~,~--~---· -·~<~i WMl~.tlop«atorJ. ................

byfnlnSIMorpr~(tnttrprttfflfatld(.OnljlGetS) .... ' ........ ,....

'i) BRAIN DEVElOPER

SECTION -A

A. Fill in the blanks:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

A----=-------- is a set of instructions, which tells the computer what to do. The development of computer languages can be classified into _________ _ ... categories.

------------- language consists of binary numbers, i.e., o and 1.

_ convert the assembly language program into machine language.

_.,.... __________ language uses simple English words and Mathematical operators.

_____________ language uses mnemonic codes or symbols.

_____________ are the rules governing the formation of statements in a programming language.

In binary language, Omeans __________ and 1 means _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ state.

t#OUf.11 ~ Machine v High Level

,, Syntax

., On

~ Assembly

V Off

"' Assemblers J Four ., Program

8.

1

2.

3.

4

5

6

7

8

C.

l

State True or False:

Machine language is the only language, which a computer understands.

Assembly language is regarded as the first generation language.

Each programming language has its own specific rules.

Compiler converts a high level language program into machine language, line by line.

High-level language program has to be converted into machine language by translator programs.

Fortran language was designed for business users.

Programming ts the process of writing specific instructions in a computer language.

D D D D D D D D Machine language uses mnemonic codes.

Applicat ion Based Questions: Kapil's aunt was a computer programmer during the third generation of computer language. Which kind of

langUagedid she use then?

2 SI.Wnlt

15 uYin8 bis hand at Java programming, but he does not know which type of language it is. Help him to

..... query.

SECTION- B

A Multiple Choice Questions:

1. A program written in the assembly language is called .................... ............................................. .

a.Assembler b. Source Program c. Object Program

2. An .................................................................... converts a high-level language program into machine language, line by line.

a. Assembler b.Compiler c. Interpreter

3. The program converted into machine language by the translator is caUed ..................................................... -... - ..... ..

a. Source Program b. Object Program c. Assembler

4. The term software was first used by ................................................................... .

a. John McCarthy b. John W. Tukey c. John von Neumann

B. Answer the following:

1. What do you mean by Machine language?

--· . . ... - ·-··-· ······- ··- ··············· ........................................................... _ ................................................................................................... ..................................... ~-...... . ........ ·····---··- ....................................................... ................. ............................................................................................................................... ---

2. How is Assembly language different from Machine language?

._....._ .. -·. - -· ......... ····••··-·--......................................... -....................................................................... ......................... ~ .............................. _ .. ,, ... ,.,..........._ ... _ ..... ~ ............... .

• • ••• • ....... ...... . . ..... . ......... . ................ . . ..... 04 . ........................ . . . . ........ . ....... . ........... . ....... - ..... . . ..... . . . . ...... . . .... . ............. ......................... .

--• -••• ...,.. • •• • •• • ----.. ••·••• • ••••••••••• .. •••••••••• • .. • • •• .. H• .. ,.• .. ••• .. • .. ••••••• .. •••• .... ••• .. • •• .. ••• .. •• • •• • .. • •• .. .. ••-•--• .. •• .. ••• • •• • • • ••...,•• .. • • • • .. • • • .. ••-• • • .. ~• • • •• •• ,_• .. • • •••• .......... ••••••• • ••• • •~•"' "'•

3. What are the features of a high-level language?

, ••••• ... - ......... .. o••••,.• •••• •• ..... .-.... •• •• .. ••••• .... ••••••••• .. •• .. •• •••• • .... ._. ,. .... . ........... . . . .... .. . .......... . ..... . ....... . .. 1•·••• ••• .. • •• -•"''"••••-•••""

• •• ................ •• ••••• .. •••••· •• • .... •••••• ... ............. •• • •••• .. •• • ••••• • •• ......... . ..... .. ... u ............ . .......... - .. u• ""'"• · •••-"" ''· ••"

• ...... . ... ••h••••·•••• .. •··· .............. , ........ • •• •U- ....... . ... . ...... .. •• •••• • .... • .. ·•• ••• .. ou .. . . . .. .. . .... . . ..... .......... . . . ..... . .. .... .. . ... . ,.oo• • t•••r"•" • •

.. ···- ..................... ........ ·-·- .................................................... .. ......... ........................ ........................................ ..... --···· .......... ······••""'-······""· ..

~•tttabebetween an interpreter and a compiler.

-••••H •••••H•••••• •-•••"h• •••••,.•••-••••••••••O.•"• ••••••••••,.•.,. •-t..i • - •••• - o UH • -•_......,,...,, _...._,

.,._Fourthpneratk>n language.

Perfection Through Practice ..... .. ··-·· . ... -- . .. .......... . ····---··""· .. ...... ..

• Open Word 2016. Set Page Margins 1.25" from all slides, line spacing to Double. Type the given text.

CHARACTER

Character is the sum total of a person's values, beliefs, and personality. It is reflected in our behaviour

and actions. It needs to be preserved more than the richest jewel in the world. To be a winner, you need to develop the right character.

Character is a combination of integrity, unselfishness, understanding, courage, loyalty, and respect.

e Apply Heading 1 style to the Title-CHARACTER. Set the font colour to red.

• Select the paragraphs and apply border to them. Make change in the line style, colour, and width.

l ift

• Set the text font size to 14. Apply WordArt style on the first word 'Character'. Insert an on line picture and save

the file. Observe the effects.

•§ ;J tI•J j I J f i!'lf lJ • j i [ ..... F o~ Conce~t -~-lari_~ ---·---·--·· ............................... . . . . " • I

w L------------ -------------------Conduct a group discussion on the topic: Development of Computer Languages.

- ---~ Using Creativity PROJECT WORK \.

. . - =- •. . ... .. . ......... ... . .. .......... ................................ ,.. .. _ ...... .. .... .. ............. .

The tenn Artificial Intelligence (Al) has become a buzzword in the field of computer science.

Search more about Al with the help of Internet, newspaper, and computer magazines. Make a

PowerPoint presentation on the topic: Development of Artificial Intelligence. -----..

ONLINE LINKS _ .: Looking For More .. .. .. •·······•··· ... .. ..................................................... . _______ _.,.. ______ --· -· ----

To know briefly about the generation of computer languages, visit the site:

h www I de har netfhashg~nt:, dt1on,cor nputer languagesppt

Tools BI Ktr>s