Learning English Better

7/28/2019 Learning English Better

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LEARNING ENGLISHLEARNING ENGLISH

BETTERBETTER


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English may be a foreignEnglish may be a foreignlanguage, but we cannot denylanguage, but we cannot denyits importance in todaysits importance in todays

world. Dont hesitate speakworld. Dont hesitate speakconfidently and get over yourconfidently and get over your

shyness.shyness.


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Day 1Day 1


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NOUNSNOUNS


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Teaching formal grammar is something of aTeaching formal grammar is something of achallenge. It ischallenge. It is

something which helps in acquiring the skill tosomething which helps in acquiring the skill tomatch grammarmatch grammar

vocabulary with the usage they have alreadyvocabulary with the usage they have alreadyacquired.acquired.


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The objective is to do awayThe objective is to do awaywith stiff traditionalwith stiff traditionaldefinitions and introduce partsdefinitions and introduce parts

of speech with simpleof speech with simpleexplanationsexplanations


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Today let us take on simpleToday let us take on simpledefinitions in grammar like nouns,definitions in grammar like nouns,verbs, and adjectives. Many of youverbs, and adjectives. Many of you

might think or feel that you alreadymight think or feel that you alreadyknow about these, but will beknow about these, but will besurprised to know that even simplesurprised to know that even simplegrammar keeps springing surprisesgrammar keeps springing surpriseson us.on us.


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Let Us Take On Nouns Let Us Take On Nouns

To explain in simple words, aTo explain in simple words, anoun is the name of a person,noun is the name of a person,

animal, place or thing.animal, place or thing.


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Nouns- Singular & Plural .Nouns- Singular & Plural .There are some general rules for changing theThere are some general rules for changing the

singular form of a noun to its plural form.singular form of a noun to its plural form.

Eg:Eg: Common nouns.Common nouns. Pen(singular) Pen(singular) Pens(plural)Pens(plural)

Collective nouns.Collective nouns. Army(singular) Army(singular)

Armies(plural)Armies(plural)

Proper, abstract & material nouns can have pluralProper, abstract & material nouns can have pluralforms when they are used as common nouns.forms when they are used as common nouns.

All of you must be aware that the most commonAll of you must be aware that the most commonform of forming a plural by adding an s to theform of forming a plural by adding an s to thenoun.noun.

Eg:Eg: Hand - HandsHand - Hands

House - HousesHouse - Houses


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Plural of the nouns ending in x sh or ch (aPlural of the nouns ending in x sh or ch (ahissing sound) is formed by adding es at the end.hissing sound) is formed by adding es at the end.

Eg:Eg: glass - glassesglass - glasses

box - boxesbox - boxes

brush - brushesbrush - brushes

bench - benchesbench - benches

Plural of the nouns ending in a y and having aPlural of the nouns ending in a y and having aconsonantconsonant before y is formed by changing ybefore y is formed by changing yinto ies.into ies.

Eg:Eg: army - armiesarmy - armies

lady - ladieslady - ladies

baby - babiesbaby - babies

fly - fliesfly - flies


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If there is a vowel before the y, we just add sIf there is a vowel before the y, we just add sto the noun to form its plural.to the noun to form its plural.

Eg:Eg: monkey - monkeysmonkey - monkeys boy - boysboy - boystoy - toystoy - toys donkey - donkeysdonkey - donkeys

day - daysday - days key - keyskey - keys

There are some nouns which are used in pluralThere are some nouns which are used in pluralsense, though theysense, though they looklooksingular.singular.

Eg:Eg: These cattle (not cattles)These cattle (not cattles)

These peopleThese peopleThese folkThese folk


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Some nouns are used in singular form.Some nouns are used in singular form.

Eg:Eg: This scenery is beautiful.This scenery is beautiful.

All this information was wrong.All this information was wrong.

Furniture is sold here.Furniture is sold here.

Some nouns have the same formSome nouns have the same form bothboth in singularin singularand plural.and plural.

Eg:Eg: This deer.This deer. These deer.These deer.

This sheep.This sheep. These sheep.These sheep.This fish.This fish. These fish.These fish.


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CompoundCompound nouns form their plural bynouns form their plural byadding s to the important word.adding s to the important word.

Eg:Eg: mother-in-law - mothermother-in-law - motherss-in-law-in-lawstep-son -step-son - step-sonstep-sons

passer-by - passerpasser-by - passers-by-by

maid-servant - maid-maid-servant - maid-

servantservants..


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To Change ---To Change ---

Nouns which are used only in singularNouns which are used only in singular

though they look likethough they look like pluralsplurals..

Eg:Eg: TheThe newsnews is _____________is _____________

PhysicsPhysics is ______________is ______________

MathematicsMathematics is ___________is ___________PoliticsPolitics is ________________is ________________

AnAn inningsinnings ____________________________

AA meansmeans __________________________


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The following are nounsThe following are nouns

-- mountains, tree,-- mountains, tree,

postman, cupboard,chair,postman, cupboard,chair,apple, pen.apple, pen.


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ConcreteConcrete nouns are names of people and things wenouns are names of people and things wecan touch or see.can touch or see.

Nouns can also name things that cannot be seen orNouns can also name things that cannot be seen ortouched, but can be thought and felt. They expresstouched, but can be thought and felt. They expressa quality, a state, a feeling or an action.a quality, a state, a feeling or an action.

Such nouns are calledSuch nouns are called AbstractAbstract nouns. So announs. So an

abstract noun is anabstract noun is an IDEAIDEA, for example, honesty,, for example, honesty,childhood, happiness, bravery.childhood, happiness, bravery.

C t N A f 4Concrete Nouns Are of 4


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Concrete Nouns Are of 4Concrete Nouns Are of 4Kinds Kinds example

2.2. Common NounsCommon Nouns chair,crow,flower.chair,crow,flower.

(nouns of one class(nouns of one classor kind)or kind)

6.6. Proper NounsProper Nouns Delhi, Ram, Everest.Delhi, Ram, Everest.

(special name)(special name)

9.9. Material NounsMaterial Nouns water, gold, wood.water, gold, wood.

(names of things(names of things

from which otherfrom which other

things are made)things are made)

14.14.Collective NounsCollective Nouns fleet, army, bunch.fleet, army, bunch.

(a group of things(a group of things

considered as one)considered as one)


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Role-Play -- LiveRole-Play -- Live

2 Role-Plays to Understand the2 Role-Plays to Understand theTypes of NounsTypes of Nouns


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Home AssignmentHome Assignment

Do It Yourself Exercise on NounsDo It Yourself Exercise on Nouns

2 Sets of Assignments on Types of2 Sets of Assignments on Types of

NounsNouns


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Of these, common and collective nouns areOf these, common and collective nouns areCountableCountable nouns .nouns .

eg. Fruit, rabbit, box, pen, city, hero.eg. Fruit, rabbit, box, pen, city, hero.

These nouns have plural forms. They take on theThese nouns have plural forms. They take on theadjectives e.g. few, many, several, one, two etc.adjectives e.g. few, many, several, one, two etc.

eg. Severaleg. Severalpages(plural)pages(plural) in the book are missing.in the book are missing.

Nouns that cannot be counted in no.s are calledNouns that cannot be counted in no.s are calledUncountableUncountable nouns.nouns.

e.g. rice, wool, sugar, water, soil, music, air, coffeee.g. rice, wool, sugar, water, soil, music, air, coffeeetc. These nouns have no plural forms. They takeetc. These nouns have no plural forms. They takeon adjectives like much little or a little. Theyon adjectives like much little or a little. They

cannot be used with nos.cannot be used with nos.

Ch h C bl d


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Choose the Countable andChoose the Countable andUncountable Nouns from theUncountable Nouns from the

following table following table

GlassIronTeamPoemPoetryTea

PenShopMilkFamilyClassPaperDirt

StonePictureFurniture

Freedom

ClothStarApple


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Role-Play --- LiveRole-Play --- Live

1 Role-Play1 Role-Play


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Do It Yourself Exercise on NounsDo It Yourself Exercise on Nouns

1 Assignment1 Assignment

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VERBSVERBS

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All About Verbs All About Verbs AA verb,verb, as we all know, shows action. It also tells us the timeas we all know, shows action. It also tells us the time

of action. The verb tells us whether the action has alreadyof action. The verb tells us whether the action has already

taken place, is taking place or will take please. To show thetaken place, is taking place or will take please. To show thetime in which the action is taking place, sometimes severaltime in which the action is taking place, sometimes severalverbs are put together.verbs are put together.

Ex: The flyEx: The fly sitssits on the fruit.on the fruit.

here the verb tells us what is happening in thehere the verb tells us what is happening in the presentpresent ororwhat happens from time to time(present tense).what happens from time to time(present tense).

Ex: The flyEx: The fly satsat on the fruit.on the fruit.

Here the verb consists of one word and tells us of the actionHere the verb consists of one word and tells us of the actionthat took place in thethat took place in the pastpast (past tense)(past tense)

Ex: The flyEx: The fly willwill sitsit on the fruit.on the fruit.

Here it consists of 2 verbsHere it consists of 2 verbs willwill sitsit. To show what will happen. To show what will happenin thein the futurefuture, the verb, the verb sitsit takes on the helping verbtakes on the helping verb willwill(future tense)(future tense)

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All About Verbs All About Verbs

A verb does two things in a sentenceA verb does two things in a sentence..It shows the action ( ex-works) or the state of being (ex It shows the action ( ex-works) or the state of being (ex

is,was) of the subject.is,was) of the subject.

The boy walks to schoolThe boy walks to school

The flower is beautifulThe flower is beautiful

It shows the time of the action(the tense)It shows the time of the action(the tense)

Ex: The boy walked to schoolEx: The boy walked to school

27ll b bAll Ab t V b


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....

TheThe SimpleSimpletensetense

This tense shows the present, past or future ofThis tense shows the present, past or future of

the action in its simplest form.the action in its simplest form.He goes to school. (simple present tense)He goes to school. (simple present tense)

He wants to go to school. (simple presentHe wants to go to school. (simple presenttense)tense)

He will go to school. (simple future tense)He will go to school. (simple future tense)

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Let us examine verb in a simple tense.Let us examine verb in a simple tense.

eg: The peoneg: The peon ringsrings the bell.the bell.

(every hour or every day)(every hour or every day)

The earthThe earth goesgoes round the sun.round the sun.

WeWe eateatevery day.every day.

MotherMothervisitsvisits the temple daily.the temple daily.

Here, the simple tense of the verb shows routineHere, the simple tense of the verb shows routinework, awork, a permanent truth or habit.permanent truth or habit.

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The thing to be noted is that the verb ends with an s in aThe thing to be noted is that the verb ends with an s in a

simple present tense if the subject is he, she or it.simple present tense if the subject is he, she or it.

Eg:Eg: The minister brings a brief case to the office.The minister brings a brief case to the office.

She sings in a melodious voice

When the word have is used to mean possession we useWhen the word have is used to mean possession we usehas for he, she or it, and have for other subjects.has for he, she or it, and have for other subjects.

E.g: IE.g: I havehave a pena pen SheShe hashas a pena penWeWe havehave penspens HeHe hashas a pena pen

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TheThe Continuous tenseContinuous tense shows that the action (in present,shows that the action (in present,past and future) is still continuing or not yet complete.past and future) is still continuing or not yet complete.

eg:eg: He is selling the product.He is selling the product. (present(presentcontinuous)continuous)

He was selling the productHe was selling the product (past continuous)(past continuous)

He will be selling the productHe will be selling the product (future(futurecontinuous)continuous)

This is also calledThis is also called Imperfect tenseImperfect tense because it shows anbecause it shows anaction which is incomplete or imperfect.action which is incomplete or imperfect.

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TheThe Perfect tensePerfect tense shows that an action is in a completed or perfectshows that an action is in a completed or perfect

state.state.

eg:eg: I have done my workI have done my work

Present TensePresent Tense

She has done her workShe has done her work

I had done my workI had done my work

Past PerfectPast Perfect

She had done her workShe had done her work

I shall have done my work

Future Perfect

He will have done his work

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All About Verbs .All About Verbs .

TheThe Simple Past tenseSimple Past tense is used to describe actions andis used to describe actions andstates in the past that are complete in themselves.states in the past that are complete in themselves.

Verbs in this tense usually go with the adverb (adverbialVerbs in this tense usually go with the adverb (adverbialphrases) like yesterday, last week, (month year) an hourphrases) like yesterday, last week, (month year) an hourago, in 1942, etc.ago, in 1942, etc.

Eg:Eg: I found a pen yesterday.I found a pen yesterday.

We drove to Bangalore last week.

You arrived here last year.

India won freedom in 1947.

The agent came here a few minutes ago.

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2 Role-Plays2 Role-Plays

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Do It Yourself Exercise on VerbsDo It Yourself Exercise on Verbs

2 Assignments2 Assignments

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Lets look at how many formsLets look at how many forms

the word Be can takethe word Be can take

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BeingBeingBeenBeen

AmAm

IsIs

bebe AreAreWasWas

WereWere

Shall beShall be

Will beWill be

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Day 2Day 2

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SENTENCESSENTENCES

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When we speak or write , we use words, we put lettersWhen we speak or write , we use words, we put letterstogether to form words. Words put together formtogether to form words. Words put together formsentences.sentences.

Eg: Important it client please to is .Eg: Important it client please to is .

These are group of words, but isThese are group of words, but is notnota sentencea sentencebecause they dont mean anything. Let us howbecause they dont mean anything. Let us howrearrange the words.rearrange the words.

It is important to please a client.It is important to please a client.

In the words, we can say, that a sentence is aIn the words, we can say, that a sentence is agroup of words, which make sense.group of words, which make sense.

41All About SentencesAll About Sentences


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All About Sentences All About Sentences ....Some sentences describe things or give information.Some sentences describe things or give information.

Some ask questions.Some ask questions.

Sentences that describe or give information areSentences that describe or give information arecalledcalled assertiveassertive sentences. They actually make asentences. They actually make asentence.sentence.

Sentences that ask questions are calledSentences that ask questions are calledinterrogativeinterrogative sentences. Tosentences. To interrogateinterrogate means tomeans toask. These sentences always end with a questionask. These sentences always end with a questionmark. The customer or the client may ask youmark. The customer or the client may ask you

many questionsmany questions

E.g.: What is the product you sell?E.g.: What is the product you sell?

What is the price of this product?What is the price of this product?

Will you give me a discount?Will you give me a discount?

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All About Sentences All About Sentences

Some sentences express a wish, a command or aSome sentences express a wish, a command or a

request. They are calledrequest. They are called imperativeimperativesentencessentences

Ex: May god be with you.(wish)Ex: May god be with you.(wish)

Call the doctor at once.(command)Call the doctor at once.(command)

Wait for me please.(request)Wait for me please.(request)

Sentences that express a strong or suddenSentences that express a strong or sudden

feeling are known asfeeling are known as exclamatoryexclamatory sentences.sentences.They always end with an exclamation mark.They always end with an exclamation mark.

Ex: What a wonderful day !Ex: What a wonderful day !

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So we can safely say that a sentence is aSo we can safely say that a sentence is agroup of words which has a subject and itgroup of words which has a subject and ittells something about the subject. It istells something about the subject. It ismeaningful by itself.meaningful by itself.

It is important to make a completeIt is important to make a completesentence : using the right combination ofsentence : using the right combination ofnouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositionsnouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions

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Role Play -- LiveRole Play -- Live

3 Role Plays3 Role Plays

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Do It Yourself Exercise onDo It Yourself Exercise onSentencesSentences


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Silent Letters in WordsSilent Letters in Words

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There are certain wordsThere are certain wordswhich have a particularwhich have a particularletter or letters that areletter or letters that aresilent and therefore thesilent and therefore thepronunciation of the word ispronunciation of the word isdifferent.different.

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For Example For Example

B Silent inB Silent inwords likewords like

CombComb

DumbDumb

DebtDebt

C - Silent in wordsC - Silent in wordslikelike

SceneScene

ScentScent

D - Silent inD - Silent inwords likewords like

JudgeJudge

EdgeEdge

G - Silent inG - Silent inwords likewords like

ResignResign

SignSign

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For Example For Example

GH Silent inGH Silent inwords likewords like

BroughtBrought

ThoughThough

NightNight

H - Silent inH - Silent inwords likewords like

HourHour

HonorHonor

K- Silent in wordsK- Silent in wordslikelike

KnowKnow

KneeKnee

L - Silent in wordsL - Silent in wordslikelike

TalkTalk

HalfHalf

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For Example For Example ..

N Silent inN Silent in

words likewords like

AutumnAutumn

P - Silent in wordsP - Silent in wordslikelike

PsychologyPsychology

PneumoniaPneumonia

T - Silent in wordsT - Silent in wordslikelike

ListenListenCatchCatch

U- Silent in wordsU- Silent in wordslikelike

TongueTongue

GuardGuard

W - Silent inW - Silent inwords likewords like

WriteWriteAnswerAnswer

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Role Play --- LiveRole Play --- Live

1 Role Play1 Role Play

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HOMONYMSHOMONYMS

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PRONUNCIATIONSPRONUNCIATIONS

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Pronunciation is the way inPronunciation is the way inwhich a word is pronounced orwhich a word is pronounced or

spoken.spoken.

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Ways To Improve YourWays To Improve YourPronunciationPronunciation

2.2. Listen to the English newsListen to the English newsregularlyregularly

- CNN- CNN

- BBC- BBC

- Star News- Star News

7.7. Be attentive when you hear othersBe attentive when you hear othersspeak.speak.

9.9. Look up the dictionary for theLook up the dictionary for thecorrect pronunciation of words.correct pronunciation of words.

11.11.Read the paragraph loudly andRead the paragraph loudly andthen tape it. After listening to thethen tape it. After listening to the

Tape, correct your mistakes andTape, correct your mistakes ands eak a ain.s eak a ain.

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Ways To Improve YourWays To Improve YourPronunciation Pronunciation

5.5. The formation of the mouth andThe formation of the mouth andplacing of the tongue is importantplacing of the tongue is importantfor correct pronunciation.for correct pronunciation.

Looking into a mirror will help.Looking into a mirror will help.

5.5. Enjoy the company of people whoEnjoy the company of people whospeak fluentspeak fluent

English.English.

7.7. Buy tapes of speeches of greatBuy tapes of speeches of greatleaders of the world and listen toleaders of the world and listen tothem.them.

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Pronunciation And SpeechPronunciation And Speech

A skillful speaker never pronounces aA skillful speaker never pronounces aword in a way that is alien to theword in a way that is alien to thehabits of his listener.habits of his listener.

The three most common mistakesThe three most common mistakesthat happen while pronouncing:that happen while pronouncing:

-- carelessness-- carelessness

-- a put-on accent-- a put-on accent

-- pronunciation that is-- pronunciation that is tootoo carefulcareful

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Pronunciation And SpeechPronunciation And Speech....

Take for example:Take for example:

Two most commonly used words :Two most commonly used words :

EitherEither NeitherNeither

When pronounced as Either andWhen pronounced as Either andNeither, no one notices them.Neither, no one notices them.

But if they are pronounced as EyetherBut if they are pronounced as Eyetherand Nyether, they will be certainlyand Nyether, they will be certainlynoticed and the chances are that theynoticed and the chances are that theywill cause irritation.will cause irritation.

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Role-Play --- AudioRole-Play --- Audio

Listening To PronunciationsListening To Pronunciations

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Role-Play --- LiveRole-Play --- Live

Speaking and RehearsingSpeaking and RehearsingPronunciations As Given in thePronunciations As Given in the

Audio PieceAudio Piece

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There are words used inThere are words used insentences which either formsentences which either form

the strong part or take thethe strong part or take theweak form.weak form.

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For Example For Example Strong FormStrong Form Weak FormWeak Form

AreAre Here theyHere they areare TheyThey arearecomingcoming

AtAt ShootShoot atat himhim StopStop at the newat the newhousehouse

BeBe It cantIt cant bebe He must beHe must bestupidstupid

CouldCould I would stay if II would stay if I You couldYou couldbebe betterbettercouldcould than thisthan this

ForFor What is heWhat is he HeHe isiswaiting forwaiting for

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Give the topics for the Skit and aGive the topics for the Skit and abrief on what would be expected.brief on what would be expected.

Each team is assigned one topic.Each team is assigned one topic.Also, the group is told the day onAlso, the group is told the day on

which the skit will be enactedwhich the skit will be enacted(Day7)(Day7)

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Day 3Day 3

66All About Sentences All About Sentences


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All About Sentences All About Sentences The different kinds of words that make up fullThe different kinds of words that make up full

sentences are known assentences are known as parts of speechparts of speech

These terms come up frequently in the study ofThese terms come up frequently in the study ofthe sentence. They fall into 8 categories. Herethe sentence. They fall into 8 categories. Hereis a list of them and their usual definitions tois a list of them and their usual definitions to

jog your memory.jog your memory.

A nounA noun names something.names something.Shakespeare, cloud, advertisementShakespeare, cloud, advertisement

A pronounA pronoun takes the place of a noun.takes the place of a noun.

you, her,Iyou, her,I

A verbA verb expresses action or refers to an event orexpresses action or refers to an event ora state of being.a state of being.

is, amaze, ensure, show, seemis, amaze, ensure, show, seem

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All About Sentences All About Sentences An adjectiveAn adjective qualifies-tells us something about a nounqualifies-tells us something about a noun

or a pronoun.or a pronoun.

beautiful, angry, strange, small, deliver.beautiful, angry, strange, small, deliver.

An adverbAn adverb qualifies a verb an adjective or anotherqualifies a verb an adjective or anotheradverb.adverb.

cleverly, very, usually, angrily, agocleverly, very, usually, angrily, ago

A prepositionA preposition shows a relation between a word and ashows a relation between a word and anounnoun

(or a pronoun) that follows it.(or a pronoun) that follows it.

from, in, at, with, of, among, behind.from, in, at, with, of, among, behind.

A conjunctionA conjunction connects words or group of wordsconnects words or group of wordsand, but, although,or,yetand, but, although,or,yet

An interjectionAn interjection express emotions acts as a signal orexpress emotions acts as a signal oradds a conversational touchadds a conversational touch

hey!wow!hello!well!oh!say!hey!wow!hello!well!oh!say!

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To add a little humour, but at theTo add a little humour, but at the

same time to get to know the rightsame time to get to know the rightway of expressing something, hereway of expressing something, hereis a simple conversation.is a simple conversation.

A little boy said to his teacher I ain't gotA little boy said to his teacher I ain't got

no pencilno pencilThe teacher corrected him at once: Its IThe teacher corrected him at once: Its Idont have a pencil. You dont have adont have a pencil. You dont have apencil. We dont have any pencils.pencil. We dont have any pencils.

They dont have pencilsThey dont have pencils

Is that clear?Is that clear?

No said the surprised child. whatNo said the surprised child. whathappened to allhappened to all themthem pencils?pencils?

69Verbs And SentencesVerbs And Sentences


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Verbs And Sentences Verbs And Sentences The verb be takes these forms.The verb be takes these forms.

The Past Continuous Tense. This tense shows that theThe Past Continuous Tense. This tense shows that theaction was going on for some time in the past. It alsoaction was going on for some time in the past. It alsoshows what was happening for a period of time beforeshows what was happening for a period of time beforethe action was completed.the action was completed.

If two actions occurred at the same time, we use the pastIf two actions occurred at the same time, we use the past

continuous tense to describe one of them.continuous tense to describe one of them.

E.g : I was reading the newspaper when theE.g : I was reading the newspaper when thepostman rang the bell.postman rang the bell.

The continuous tense takes a helping verb to show the tense.They are is, am, are, was, were, being.

Eg: The boys were playing when mother called them.

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ADVERBSADVERBS

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An Adverb is a word whichAn Adverb is a word whichmodifies the meaning of amodifies the meaning of a

Verb, an Adjective or anotherVerb, an Adjective or anotherAdverbAdverb

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An Ad erbAn Adverb


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An Adverb An Adverb

For example :For example :

Rahul runsRahul runs quicklyquickly

---- quickly shows HOW (or in whatquickly shows HOW (or in whatmanner)manner)

-- quickly modifies the Verb-- quickly modifies the Verb runsruns

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An AdverbAn Adverb


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An Adverb An Adverb


This a is aThis a is a veryverybeautiful paintingbeautiful painting

---- very shows HOW MUCH (or in whatvery shows HOW MUCH (or in whatdegree)degree)

-- very modifies the Adjective-- very modifies the Adjectivebeautifulbeautiful

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An AdverbAn Adverb


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An Adverb An Adverb


Govind readsGovind reads quitequite clearlyclearly

-- quite shows HOW FAR (or to what-- quite shows HOW FAR (or to whatextent)extent)

-- quite modifies the Adverb-- quite modifies the Adverb clearlyclearly

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Kinds of AdverbsKinds of Adverbs

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Which shows when :Which shows when :

I have heard thisI have heard this before.before.

We shallWe shall nownow begin to work.begin to work.

He comes hereHe comes here daily.daily.

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80Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of Frequency


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q yq y

Which shows how often :Which shows how often :

I have told youI have told you twice.twice.

HeHe oftenoften makes mistakes.makes mistakes.

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Adverbs of PlaceAdverbs of Place


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Adverbs of Place Adverbs of Place

Which shows where :Which shows where :

StandStand here.here.

He lookedHe looked up.up.

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84Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of Manner


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Which shows how or in what manner :Which shows how or in what manner :

Rashmi readsRashmi reads clearly.clearly.

The story isThe story is

wellwell

written.written.

The boy worksThe boy works hard.hard.

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Adverbs Of DegreeAdverbs Of Degree


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Adverbs Of Degree Adverbs Of Degree

Which shows how much or to whatWhich shows how much or to whatextent :extent :

He wasHe was tootoo careless.careless.

I amI am fullyfullyprepared.prepared.

I amI am soso glad.glad.

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88Adverbs of Reason Adverbs of Reason


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HeHe thereforetherefore refused to help.refused to help.

It wasIt was hencehence

completed on time.completed on time.

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90Adverbs of Affirmation orAdverbs of Affirmation or


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NegationNegation

Surely,Surely, you are mistaken.you are mistaken.

I doI do notnot

know him.know him.

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Do It Yourself Assignments onDo It Yourself Assignments ontypes of Adverbstypes of Adverbs


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VOWELSVOWELS

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How many vowels exist andHow many vowels exist and

what are they?what are they?

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Vowels Vowels


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Vowels Vowels

AA

EE

II

OO

UU

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Vowels Vowels


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Vowels Vowels

Lets look at words that reflect theLets look at words that reflect theparticularparticular

vowel ....vowel ....

Vowel AVowel A

Words we use everyday :Words we use everyday :

Name, Brain, Far, Heart, Palm, Castle,Name, Brain, Far, Heart, Palm, Castle,Sat, BadSat, Bad

Words we would use with customers :Words we would use with customers :

Available , Payment , Waiver ,Available , Payment , Waiver ,Location , AssistLocation , Assist

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Vowels Vowels


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Vowels Vowels



Vowel EVowel E


Hotel, Met, Her, Birth, Said, Red,Hotel, Met, Her, Birth, Said, Red,ThreadThread


Receive, Enable, Credit, Perfect,Receive, Enable, Credit, Perfect,Attention, ReferenceAttention, Reference

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Vowels Vowels



Vowel IVowel I


Mine, Side, Dye, Hire, Bid, Busy, TrimMine, Side, Dye, Hire, Bid, Busy, Trim

Words we would use with customers :Words we would use with customers :Deliver, Eligibility, Assign, Expiry, FeeDeliver, Eligibility, Assign, Expiry, Feesystemsystem

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Vowels Vowels


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Vowels Vowels



Vowel OVowel O


More, Bore, Four, Floor, Fort, Got,More, Bore, Four, Floor, Fort, Got,Shot, Bought, Foot, Mood, Good,Shot, Bought, Foot, Mood, Good,Moon, BoneMoon, Bone


Account, Problem, Wonderful,Account, Problem, Wonderful,Apologize, Form, Content, Product,Apologize, Form, Content, Product,

Would, CouldWould, Could

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Vowels o e s



Vowel UVowel U


Pure, Run, Turn, Love, New, ViewPure, Run, Turn, Love, New, View

Words we would use with customers :Words we would use with customers :Update, Unable, Customer, SureUpdate, Unable, Customer, Sure

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Do It Yourself Exercise on VowelsDo It Yourself Exercise on Vowels


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Day 4Day 4

Adjectives / PrepositionsAdjectives / Prepositions

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ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES

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An Adjective is a word whichAn Adjective is a word whichqualifies a noun. They arequalifies a noun. They arepicture words as they create apicture words as they create a

certain picture in the mind.certain picture in the mind.In other words, adjectivesIn other words, adjectives

show the property of a noun.show the property of a noun.

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Types of AdjectivesTypes of Adjectives

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Adjective of Quality Adjective of Quality ..

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Descriptive Adjectives Descriptive Adjectives


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p jp j

1.11.1 Of what qualityOf what quality

e.g Ae.g A smallsmallboyboy

1.21.2 Of what stateOf what state

e.g Ae.g A carefulcarefulgirlgirl

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Proper Adjective .Proper Adjective .


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p jj

Made with proper nouns:Made with proper nouns:

e.g Thee.g The EnglishEnglish languagelanguage

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Adjectives of Quantity Adjectives of Quantity ..

113Quantitative Adjectives Quantitative Adjectives


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Answer the question : how much andAnswer the question : how much and

how manyhow many

Used with Countable nounsUsed with Countable nouns

e.ge.g muchmuch waterwaterlittlelittle ricerice

enoughenough moneymoney

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Numeral Adjectives Numeral Adjectives


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Answer the question : how much andAnswer the question : how much andhow manyhow many

Used with Uncountable nounsUsed with Uncountable nouns

e.ge.g manymanystarsstars

fewfew booksbooks

enoughenough chanceschances

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Demonstrative AdjectivesDemonstrative Adjectives

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Answer the question whichAnswer the question which

e.ge.g thisthis bookbook

thatthattreetree

suchsuch friendsfriends

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Distributive AdjectivesDistributive Adjectives..

121Distributive Adjectives Distributive Adjectives .


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..

Show whether the noun that followsShow whether the noun that followsis taken singly or in separate lots.is taken singly or in separate lots.

The four distributive adjectives areThe four distributive adjectives are

Each, Every, Either, NeitherEach, Every, Either, Neither

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Possessive Adjectives Possessive Adjectives ..

124Possessive Adjectives Possessive Adjectives ..


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..

Answer the question whoseAnswer the question whose

e.ge.g mymybookbook

ourourcountrycountry

youryourvoicevoicehishis jobjob

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Final Role Play --- LiveFinal Role Play --- Live

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Do It Yourself Exercise onDo It Yourself Exercise onAdjectivesAdjectives

Two AssignmentsTwo Assignments

1.1 Seven Assignments to practice1.1 Seven Assignments to practicetypes of Adjectivestypes of Adjectives

1.2 One Assignment as a final role1.2 One Assignment as a final roleplayplay

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PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS

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PrepositionsPrepositions


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The book is the desk.The book is the desk.

-- this statement doesnt make any-- this statement doesnt make anysensesense

The book isThe book is onon the desk the word ONthe desk the word ONshows the relationship between theshows the relationship between thedesk and the book.desk and the book.

The book can also beThe book can also be inin the desk,the desk,

underunder the desk orthe desk or besidesbesides the desk.the desk.

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Prepositions Prepositions


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All these words which show theAll these words which show therelationship between one noun (or arelationship between one noun (or aword standing for a noun) andword standing for a noun) andanother word in the sentence areanother word in the sentence are

calledcalledPrepositions.Prepositions.

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A preposition is a word placed beforeA preposition is a word placed beforea noun or a noun equivalent to showa noun or a noun equivalent to showin what relation that noun or nounin what relation that noun or nounequivalent stands to something elseequivalent stands to something else

in that sentence.in that sentence.

A preposition can be one word or aA preposition can be one word or agroup of words.group of words.

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BelowIntoInOfOffOn

BehindAcrossUp toUpForByAlongWithinOntoThroug

hToAt

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Do It Yourself Exercise onDo It Yourself Exercise onPrepositionsPrepositions

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Day 5Day 5

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ESSAYESSAY

WRITINGWRITING

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Essay writing improves your skills asEssay writing improves your skills asa complete communicator.a complete communicator.

It improves your writing skills, allowsIt improves your writing skills, allowsscope to express better and combinesscope to express better and combines

communication skills with knowledgecommunication skills with knowledgeabout the subject.about the subject.

Essays, if well written, convey aEssays, if well written, convey a

message to the reader who looks atmessage to the reader who looks atyour points of view and feelsyour points of view and feelsconvinced.convinced.

138Essay Writing Essay Writing


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Special preparation needs to be doneSpecial preparation needs to be donefor good essay writing:for good essay writing:

1.1 Defining The Subject : You should1.1 Defining The Subject : You shouldhave a clear conception of the subjecthave a clear conception of the subject

of the essay.of the essay.A little bit of homework before youA little bit of homework before youstart writing goes a long way instart writing goes a long way increating good ideas.creating good ideas.

1.2 Collecting Material : For a number1.2 Collecting Material : For a numberof topics, you need to collect moreof topics, you need to collect moreinformation.information.

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Special preparation needs to be doneSpecial preparation needs to be donefor good essay writing.for good essay writing.

1.3 Logical Arrangement : Now you1.3 Logical Arrangement : Now youcan decide on the line of the essay;can decide on the line of the essay;

the logical order in which you canthe logical order in which you canarrange your points you havearrange your points you haveselected. But you must put themselected. But you must put themdown according to some plan.down according to some plan.

1.4 Filling The Content : Now that you1.4 Filling The Content : Now that youhave the outline and the way youhave the outline and the way youwant to write, you can start filling inwant to write, you can start filling inthe content in the logical order.the content in the logical order.

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Do It YourselfDo It Yourself

-- Choose your own subject and-- Choose your own subject andwrite an essay.write an essay.

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Day 6Day 6

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CONVERSATIONSCONVERSATIONSImproving your speech skillsImproving your speech skills

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Improving SpeechImproving SpeechSkillsSkills : Listening to: Listening to


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SkillsSkills : Listening to: Listening to

AudioAudioThrust areas of the two pieces :Thrust areas of the two pieces :

1.1 Voice modulation1.1 Voice modulation

1.2 Emphasis on words1.2 Emphasis on words

1.3 Punctuations1.3 Punctuations

1.4 Clarity and pace1.4 Clarity and pace

1.5 Pronunciations1.5 Pronunciations

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GROUPGROUP

DISCUSSIONSDISCUSSIONS

147Group DiscussionsGroup Discussions


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Give an opportunity to each individualGive an opportunity to each individualin the group to put across his or herin the group to put across his or herpoints of view clearly or forcefully sopoints of view clearly or forcefully sothat they may bethat they may be acceptedacceptedandandappreciatedappreciatedby others.by others.

This requires knowledge on theThis requires knowledge on thesubject and the ability to say the rightsubject and the ability to say the rightthings at the right time.things at the right time.

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Listening is a very important part ofListening is a very important part ofgroup discussions. You need to listengroup discussions. You need to listento others in the group and assimilateto others in the group and assimilateideas.ideas.

You learn to inculcate qualities likeYou learn to inculcate qualities likeempathy for points of view of others.empathy for points of view of others.

You learn to control your temper andYou learn to control your temper andalso learn to adapt easily.also learn to adapt easily.

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Day 7Day 7

Skit PerformanceSkit PerformanceEvaluationEvaluation

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Finally .Finally .

152Some Tips To Learn EnglishSome Tips To Learn English

BetterBetter


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Read an extract from a bookRead an extract from a bookeveryday. Newspaper editorials makeeveryday. Newspaper editorials makegood reading material. Read articlesgood reading material. Read articlesin magazines and try to rewrite themin magazines and try to rewrite themin your own words.in your own words.

Use the language as often asUse the language as often aspossible, but also try and be a goodpossible, but also try and be a goodlistener.listener.

Listen to the news broadcast on theListen to the news broadcast on theradio and also on the television. It willradio and also on the television. It willhelp you improve your pronunciation.help you improve your pronunciation.

153Some Tips To Learn EnglishSome Tips To Learn EnglishBetter Better


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Maintain a register and keep notingMaintain a register and keep notingdown your grey areas. Go throughdown your grey areas. Go throughthem every week and try to correctthem every week and try to correctyour mistakes.your mistakes.

Intonation and emphasis on the rightIntonation and emphasis on the rightword at the right time is veryword at the right time is veryimportant. Read aloud a passage fromimportant. Read aloud a passage froma book or a poem, record it and thena book or a poem, record it and thencorrect intonation as you listen to it.correct intonation as you listen to it.



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The dictionary should be yourThe dictionary should be yourconstant companion. When in doubtconstant companion. When in doubtabout the meaning or pronunciationabout the meaning or pronunciationof a word, always refer to theof a word, always refer to thedictionary.dictionary.

Note down some new words andNote down some new words andphrases, which you think could bephrases, which you think could beused in your day to day conversation,used in your day to day conversation,in your register.in your register.



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Group discussions are extremelyGroup discussions are extremelyimportant. Select a topic of yourimportant. Select a topic of yourchoice and discuss it with a group ofchoice and discuss it with a group offriends. It will boost your confidencefriends. It will boost your confidenceand will also allow you to think of newand will also allow you to think of newsentences.sentences.

Select a topic and try to speak aboutSelect a topic and try to speak aboutit for atit for at

least a minute in front of the mirror.least a minute in front of the mirror.

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