Learning by Doing in the Context of Distance Learning
description
Transcript of Learning by Doing in the Context of Distance Learning
BTL
Learning by Doing in the Context of Distance Learning
Allen Munro
University of Southern CaliforniaRossier School of Education
Behavioral Technology Laboratory
in collaboration withUCLA-CRESST
AERASan Diego, CAApril 13, 2004
BTLOverview
• Learning in simulation contexts requires assessment and instruction in those contexts.
• Cost-effective development of simulations for training requires a consistent set of services.
• iRides Author was used to develop a ‘simulation’ that provides a decision aiding application to advanced students.
• Student use of this decision aiding tool can be automatically recorded for analysis.
BTLHow Does Learning Happenin Simulation Contexts?
• Simulations ==> Learning ???
• Military simulations often require human teachers, frequently with one or two teachers per student.
• Fully exploiting the computer
• Not only simulation interactions
• But also pedagogical interactions
BTLThe Problem of Distance Learning in Simulation Contexts
• Simulation learning often requires human teachers/coaches; how to bring about learning without them?
• Provide an artificial tutor to handle the most frequently needed interventions!
BTLModes of Trainingin Simulation Contexts
• Demonstration
• Often with explanation
• Can be student-paced
• Monitored Practice
• Tight monitoring—e.g., single track
• Loose monitoring—a variety of measures can be utilized to assess progress and generate advice
BTLAssessmentin Simulation Contexts
• Summative assessments—Like practice, but without support features
• Micro-assessments• Used during monitored practice• Types
• Assessing actions• Assessing effects• Monitoring for special states
BTLUniversal Architecture for Teaching in Simulation Contexts
STUDENT
TUTOR
SIMULATION(or REAL SYSTEM)
USES
STUDENT
SIMULATION
SERVICES
ARTIFICIALTUTOR
Human Tutoring Machine Tutoring
BTLUniversal Service Set for Simulations that Teach
• Report Object Selection• Ignore Manipulations• Resume Manipulations• Draw Attention to• Set Value / Set Values• Perform Manipulation• Pause/Resume Manipulation• Require Manipulation• Require State
BTLOne Approach
• Authoring application• Generates data that
specify simulation behavior
• Delivery system• Incorporates the set of
services required
• Interprets data that specify simulation behavior
• Developers don’t have to figure out how to re-implement the services for every simulation
STUDENT
SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT
SERVICES
ARTIFICIALTUTOR
Machine Tutoring
UNIVERSAL SIMULATION ENGINE
BTLSimulation Behavior and Instruction Authored Separately
• Simulation author—Behavior accuracy
g
Parallel_FNormal_F
Normal_F = g * sin(20º)
Parallel_F = g * cos(20º)
BTLRelational Descriptions of Behavior
• Simulation author—Natural specifications
BTLComplex Decision Making:Learning in the Context of a Tool
• Support systematic evaluation
BTLComplex Decision Example: Dealing with a Refueling at Sea Subsystem Crisis
• Vendor plans to leave the business. But your project requires RAS!
• Evaluate alternatives
• List possible approaches / decisions
• Consider possible outcomes
• Evaluate the utility of each outcome in terms of several attributes
• Estimate the probability of each outcome
Tools support this process
BTLHuge Project
• Need to consider proximate & remote outcomes
FFS Variant 1 ACQ ScheduleFY04FY03 FY06FY05 FY08FY07 FY10FY09 FY12FY11 FY14 FY16FY13 FY15 FY17 FY19FY18
Milestones andPhases
BPhase B Phase C – Production & Deployment
Contract Awards
1 2 2 2 2
Lead Ship Events
Lead Ship Award
Lay Keel
AEGIS Light Off
Start Fabrication
Main Engine Light Off
Builder’s Trials
Acceptance Trials
Ship Deliveries Lead Ship Delivery
Follow Ship Delivery
DT&E
LFT&E
OT&E
DT-C2DT-C1DT-B1
DOT&ELFT&EReport
Follow Ships Awards
DT-C3TECHEVAL
OT-C1 DOT&EBLRIP Report
OT-C2
DT / OT-B2
OT-C3 OPEVAL
LFT&E
In-Service
DT / OT-B2
Shock Trials
Final Contract Trials
Delivery
Post Delivery Availability
Sail Away
Commissioning
IOC
1
C
1 1 1SY 1
SY 2
1
PSA
Degaussing
FOT&E
FY20 FY21
R&D EffortsIPS R&D
CDR
Test Ship Award
Test Ship Delivery 1 1 3 3 3 2 1
Aegis Integration R&D
18 years!
BTLUsing the Tool:Edit Node Labels
• Name the alternative decisions, resulting events, and possible outcomes.
BTLDefine ‘Utility’ in Context
• Decide on number and names of attributes• Weight the attributes
BTLAssign Utilities using Attributes
• Give a number to each attribute of utility: Cost, Performance, and Schedule
• For every possible outcome, assign values
BTLAssign Probabilities to Outcomes
• When there are exactly two possible outcomes of an event, automatic adjustment occurs.
BTLTracking Student Actions
Utility attribute value changes
Probability changes
Threshold value changes
Changes to attribute weights
Creation/Deletion of nodes
…
BTLOffering Instruction