Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How...

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Learning and Behaviour • Learning – Enduring change in behaviour – Due to experience – How something is done • Behaviour – Procedures and actions performed – Learning – Non-learning – What is done

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Page 1: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Learning and Behaviour

• Learning– Enduring change in

behaviour– Due to experience– How something is

done

• Behaviour– Procedures and

actions performed– Learning– Non-learning– What is done

Page 2: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Types of Learning

• Habituation/sensitization

• Classical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

• Observational/vicarious

Page 3: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Adaptation

• Changing conditions

• Time scales

• Learning only one type of adaptation

Page 4: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Innate Behaviours

Page 5: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Innate Behaviours

• Evolved• Environmental change• Re: Learning

– Roots in innate behaviours– Parallels

• Homeostasis, reflexes, tropisms, modal (fixed) action patterns

Page 6: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Evolutionary Theory

• Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)

• On the Origin of Species (1859)

• Artificial, natural, and sexual selection

• Adaptation to environment

Page 7: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Natural Selection

• Variation, inheritance, selection

• Differential reproductive success

• No intelligent design

• Level of the individual

• Change over generations

Page 8: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Examples: Physical Evolution

Australopithecus afarensis (400cc), Homo erectus (1200cc), Homo sapiens (1400cc)

• Skull• Bipedalism

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/07/1/quicktime/l_071_02.html
Page 9: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Examples: Behavioural Evolution

• Cooperation (e.g., food sharing, child rearing)

• Pair bonding

• Altruism

Page 10: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Homeostasis

• Internal balance of the body

• Drives

• Regulatory drives

Page 11: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Control System

• Comparator

• Reference input

• Actual input

• Action system

• Output

• Feedback system (closed-loop system)

• Response lag

Page 12: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Blood Salinity

Comparator

Output

Eat peanuts!

Action System

Actual input

Eat more peanuts!Drink water!

Reference input

Page 13: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Reflexes

• Stereotypic movement patterns

• Reliably elicited by appropriate stimulus

• Survival benefit

Page 14: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Example: Grasping in Infants

• Humans, other primates

Page 15: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Example: Eyeblink

• Stimulus (e.g., airpuff)• Eyelid closes

Page 16: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Example: Limb Retraction

• Sharp rock, hot surface, etc.

• Fast muscle contraction

• Pulls limb away

Page 17: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Reflexes

• Rapid response

• Simple neural pathways

• Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron

Page 18: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Reflex Arc

muscle

sensoryneuron

interneuron

motorneuron

?

Page 19: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Tropisms

• Movement, or change in direction, of the entire animal

• Jacque Loeb– Geotropism

Page 20: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Geotropism

Page 21: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Types of Tropisms

• Kinesis– Movement random with respect to stimulus

• Taxis– Non-random (directed) movement with respect

to stimulus

Page 22: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

heatsource

testing arena

Kinesis• Movement in a random direction

hot

cool

medium fastslow

Page 23: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Taxis• Movement that bears some relationship to

the location of a stimulus

testing arena heatsourcehot

cool

Page 24: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

The Models• Kinesis

– Random turn– Set move length– No more than 180° turn– Movement speed variable (fast, medium, slow)

• Taxis– Turn so as to move away from heat– Set move length– No more than 180° turn– Movement speed fixed

Page 25: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Modal (Fixed) Action Patterns

• Originally “fixed”; variable to some degree

• Species specific, often state dependent

• Sign stimulus (“releaser”) activates a dedicated neural system

• To completion in sequence

Page 26: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Graylag Goose

• Rolls displaced egg near its nest back with beak

• Sign stimulus: displaced egg

• Remove egg during sequence

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZv-ByPkU

www.cerebromente.org.br/n09/fastfacts/comportold_I.htm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZv-ByPkU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZv-ByPkU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZv-ByPkU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZv-ByPkU
Page 27: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Stickleback

Bruno Cavignaux / Biosphotowww.arkive.org/three-spined-stickleback/gasterosteus-aculeatus-aculeatus/image-A23078.html

http://www.mylot.com/w/image/1967361.aspx

Page 28: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Supernormal Stimuli

• Extreme version of sign stimulus

• Size, colouration, etc.

• Preference sometimes detrimental

Page 29: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Beetles on the Bottle

• Gwynne & Rentz (1983)

• Male Jewel beetles (Julodimorpha bakewelli)

• Colour and reflection of bumps on bottle as supernormal stimuli for female beetle

Page 30: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

General Behaviour Traits

• Behavioural traits strongly influenced by genes

• Not the same as Modal Action Patterns– GBTs more plastic than MAPs– No single sign stimulus

• e.g., Species Specific Defense Reactions– Freeze, flee, fight– Mouse vs. bear

Page 31: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Environmental Interaction

• Not strictly genetically controlled

• Susceptible to conditioning

• e.g., twin studies

Page 32: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Behavioural Influence

• Selective breeding studies

• Artificial or natural selection

• e.g., morphine addiction in rats

• e.g., Silver foxes

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ot2www2CF3Y

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ot2www2CF3Y
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ot2www2CF3Y
Page 33: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Habituation and Sensitization

Simplest form of Learning

Page 34: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Habituation and Sensitization

• Changes reflex response

• Learning without new axons/synapses

• Temporary effect at existing synapse– E.g., less neurotransmitter released from axon

terminal

Page 35: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Habituation

• Decease in a response following repeated stimulus presentation

• Note: note everything that results in a decrease in response is habituation

Sensitization

• Increase in a response following repeated stimulus presentation

Page 36: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Example: Banana Slug Habituation

• Eyestalk retraction• Touch back• Record time until

eyestalks are fully re-extended

Page 37: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Results

• Slug eyestalk re-extension times– Trial 1: 23 sec

– Trial 2: 12 sec

– Trial 3: 10 sec

– Trial 4: 7 sec

– Trial 5: 3 sec

– Trial 6: 1 sec

25

12.5

Trial

1 2 3 4 5 6

Tim

e (s

ec.)

Page 38: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Example: Rat Sensitization

• 1. Gentle touch, no response

• 2. Painful shock, flinch

• 3. Gentle touch, flinch

Page 39: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Habituation Sensitization

Generalization Less More

Length of effect Longer Shorter

Rate of relearning

Quicker than initially

Quicker than initially

Habituation and Sensitization

• Generalization: treat other stimuli like learned stimuli

• Discrimination: distinguish other stimuli from learned stimuli

Page 40: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Spontaneous Recovery

• Post habituation or sensitization

• Return to original level of responding

• Due to passage of time

Page 41: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Limits of Natural Selection

• Adaptation relatively slow

• Generally not helpful during a lifetime

• Select best adapted individuals from each generation

• Evolutionary time lag

• Variation within species

Page 42: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Learning: Evolved Modifiability

• Selective pressure

• Learning– Going beyond innate behaviour patterns

• All animals

• Evolutionarily selected for

• Allows individuals to adapt to rapid environmental change

Page 43: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

Nature and Nurture

• Long debate

• British Empiricists vs. Nativists

• Not “either/or,” but “both”

• Genes and environment constantly interact

• Biology and experience both shape an organism’s behaviour patterns

Page 44: Learning and Behaviour Learning –Enduring change in behaviour –Due to experience –How something is done Behaviour –Procedures and actions performed –Learning.

The Ability to Learn

• A by-product of both heredity and experience

• e.g., rats reared in complex environments

• e.g., educational aids for infants


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