LearningIs it all in the mind?

Lessons from psychology.

Behaviourism

Skinner (1957)

Positive reinforcement to program learning

Cognitive approaches to learning

Information processing

Constructivism

A continuum:

e.g. Working memory, Baddely,2007 e.g. problem solving skills,

Puchta & Williams, 2011)

Socio-cultural perspectives

Vygotsky:

Scaffolding: learning takes place with support from others

ZPD: Zone of Proximal Development

Ecological and Complexity perspectives:

Gibson (1979) individuals must be understood in their real world context

Larsen-Freeman (2012) learners as part of complex, dynamic systems

References

Baddeley, A. (2007). Working memory, thought and action. Oxford:OUP.

Gibson, J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston,MA: Houghton Mifflin.

Larsen-Freeman, D. (2012). Complex, dynamic systems: A new transdisciplinary theme for applied linguistics?. Language teaching, 45 (2). 202-214.

Puchta, H., & Williams, M. (2001). Teaching young learners to think. Innsbruck:Helbling Languages.

Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal behaviour. New York,NY: Appleton