Learning about Springs & Groundwater_ Dr.Jared Buono and Dr. Himanshu Kulkarni_2014
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Transcript of Learning about Springs & Groundwater_ Dr.Jared Buono and Dr. Himanshu Kulkarni_2014
![Page 1: Learning about Springs & Groundwater_ Dr.Jared Buono and Dr. Himanshu Kulkarni_2014](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022102815/554a5db0b4c905522f8b51bf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
झरे� सं�रेक्षण कार्य�शाळा
Spring Protection Short Course
March 2014IofC Centre, Panchgani
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• Welcome• Introductions• Organizational Overview
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- In 53 countries
- In India since 1968 by Rajmohan Gandhi
- Conducts training in ethical leadership, values, personal development & trust building
ABOUT IofC India
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MISSION: - Empower rural India
through thoughtful, community-led programs
CORE AREAS:- Livelihoods- Governance- Health &
Environment
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Time Session
10:15-10:40 Welcome, intros, & overview
10:40-11:00 Spring definitions, general characteristics, & geography
11:00-12:15 Hydrogeology , groundwater, local examples & discussion
12:15-1:00 Best practices, water quality, spring ecology
1:00-2:00 Lunch 2:00-3:30 Case Studies – springshed mapping, ecological status,
recommendations (Godavalli, Kirunde, etc)3:30-4:00 Campus tour, sustainable demos & organic garden visit
4:00-4:30 Tea
4:30-6:30 Forest & geology trek
7:00 Dinner & wildfire movie
Overview of day 1, March 20th
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Time Session
7:00-8:00 Nature walk & meditation
8:00-9:00 Breakfast
9:00-1:30 Field visit & workday, Umbari village
BRING A WATER BOTTLE!1:30-2:30 Lunch
Overview of day 2, March 21st
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Why Springs?
• Water biggest issue in local villages• Lots of opportunity for springs as solution• Grampari started spring protection programme 3 years ago
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Map Credit: wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
• Now part of larger initiative funded by Arghyam to make springs national priority• Other partners in corners of India• We are partners for Western Ghats
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वि�वि�रे� वि� स्प्रिं��ग्ज
•पं�पिंपं�ग खर्च�•शा�द्ध पंण�•�र्ष�भरे पं�रे�ठा
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Arghyam-Grampari का�र्य�क्रम
विहं�गा�लो�कान
पू�र्ण� प्रकाल्पू��ची�
Where we’ve worked
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Arghyam-Grampari का�र्य�क्रम
विहं�गा�लो�कान
पू�र्ण� प्रकाल्पू��ची�
विची�रा�धी�न प्रकाल्पू
Current projects
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Arghyam-Grampari का�र्य�क्रम
विहं�गा�लो�कान
पू�र्ण� प्रकाल्पू��ची�
विची�रा�धी�न प्रकाल्पू
च्र्य� पूलो�काडे� जा�र्ण�
Outreach conducted
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सो�ल्र्य�शन्सो
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Extent and Characteristics of Western Ghat Springs
• Definition & Characteristics• Geography• Examples• Benefits• Eco-status
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Basalt:• Fine grained• Groundwater flow
limited to cracks, vesicles
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Deccan traps• 66M year old lava• 500K km2 area• ~2000m thick
Present day Iceland
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Laterite Cap
Basalt Layers
Potential Spring Locations
Villages Accessing Spring Water
Typical setting
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SpringFormation
Laterite Cap
Typical Groundwater Flow Paths- At contacts- Occasional fractures- Laterite plateaus
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Typical spring
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Includes shallow ground water sites
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Spring recharge zone
Spring discharge zone
Well recharge zone
Springs
Springshed vs. watershed
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Typical CharacteristicsDischarge = up to 1,00,000 liters per dayElevation = 50 to 1400 m above sea levelGeology: basalt, laterite or talusSpring type: contact or fracture
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Typical CharacteristicsUses: drinking, irrigation, temples, animalsSafe, sustainable source of drinking water• Gravity-fed = no pumping cost• Year round supply • Water quality very high
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Cultural value
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Credit: Rohit Gowaikar, Wikipedia/Flickr
Historic value
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Sole drinking water source for many
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Ecohydrologic Status• Generally, declining discharge due to:– groundwater exploitation– ecological degradation
• Poor maintenance, mismanagement common
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Current state of many springs
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• Construction in recharge areas• Loss to bore and well pumping
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• Springs being damaged or lost• Many blasting or digging wells on spring locations
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• Destroys spring ecosystem• Does not yield
more water
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• How many springs are there? • How many people
affected?
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DON’T KNOW YET!
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What we do know• Springs found throughout
Western Ghats
Western Ghats
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Karjat Area:Elevation – 50 mFlow – ~7 l/m Use – irrigationStatus – disuse, loss to bore wells
Pune Area:Elevation – 700 mFlow – ~10 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – loss to bores, wells
Koyna Area:Elev – 800 mFlow – ~30 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – healthy in unpopulated area
Panchgani Area:Elev – 1200 mFlow – ~9 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – loss to bores, wells
Western Ghats
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Western Ghats
Satara District
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Maharashtra Location Map
SATARA DISTRICT SPRINGSLegend
District Boundary Taluka Boundary Spring Locations (Subsample) Laterite Tableland Formations
• Our growing map of springs• For every point there are probably
100 more
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Detailed survey:• >20 spring systems• 10 dependent villages• ~9000 people• All springs threatened
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Maharashtra Location Map
SATARA DISTRICT SPRINGSLegend
District Boundary Taluka Boundary Spring Locations (Subsample) Laterite Tableland Formations
Conclusion:Lakhs and lakhs of people in District dependent on springs
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National Importance of the Western Ghats
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Western Ghats
Modified from Molur et al. 2011
• Considered one of eight top biodiversity hotspots in the world
• Only 6% of the primary vegetation remains intact
*Myers et al. 2000
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Western Ghats Watersheds- Cover 9 states- Direct water supply for
120 million people - Indirect, >400 million
*Molur et al. 2011
Modified from Molur et al. 2011
Western Ghats
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Hydrogeology
• Springs in Himalaya vs Western Ghats• Groundwater & springs• Local investigation of Akehgani – Springs, aquifers & recommendations for recharge
& protection
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BaUjala vyavasqaapna va Jaro saMvaQa-na
ACWADAM & Grampari
Supported by Arghyam, Bengaluru
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Modified after Tolman, 1937
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Ja-yaa-Mcao mah%va
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BaUgaiBa-ya P`akairta: BaUjalaaivaYayaI ivaivaQata samajaNyaacaM pihlaM pa}la
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
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maharaYT/acao KDkAfter GSI, GSDA
N
S C A L E -1 :1 0 0 0 0 0 0
G E O L O G IC A L M A P O F M A H A R A S H T R A
L AT E R IT E S
D E C C A N T R A P L AVA F L O W S(H A R D R O C K S )
S E D IM E N T A R Y R O C K S(S O F T R O C K S )
M E TA M O R P H IC S(H A R D R O C K S )
G E O L O G IC A L F O R M A T IO NS H A L L O W A L L U V IU M
D E E P A L L U V IU M
M U M B A I
C H A N D R A P U R
B H A N D A R A
G O N D IA
N A G P U RA M R AVAT I
YAVAT M A LWASHIM
G A D C H IR O L I
W A R D H A
N A N D U R B A R
D H U L E
N A SIK
J A L G A O N
B U L D H A N A
A U R A N G A B A D
A K O L A
N A N D E D
PA R B H A N I
H IN G O L I
B E E D
J A L N A
L AT U R
N A G A R
O SM A N A B A D
P U N E
S O L A P U R
S ATA R A
R AT N A G IR I
R A IG A D
K O L H A P U R
S A N G L I
S IN D H U D U R G
T H A N E
I N D E X
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
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doSa BaUjalaavar AvalaMbaUna . . .
–3 kaoTI ivaihrI va ik%yaok kaoTI Jaro
– ipNyaasaazI – g`aamaINa BaagaaMt 85T@@yaahUna AiQak
–SaotIsaazI – 60 to 65 T@ko
–SahraMt vaapr – javaL javaL 50 T@ko
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
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Jaro: BaUjalaacaaca ek Baaga
jamaInaItIla “BaUjala” ijaqaM jamaInaIvar baahor pDtM %yaa izkaNaI “Jara” saapDtao
BaUjala “BaUjalaQaarkat” (aquifer) AaZLtM. BaUjalaQaarkatIla naOsaiga-kir%yaa baahor pDNaaro PaaNaI Jara mhNaUna AapNa pahtao.
Points of Groundwater Discharge
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
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Jaro: ivaivaQa P`akar
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Ja-yaa-Mcao P`akar samajaUna GaoNa AavaSyak…
-Depression spring
-Contact spring
- Fracture spring
- Fault spring
- Karst spring
Modified after Tolman, 1937
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Jara va ivaihr yaat kaya samaanata Aaho ?
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
AQUIFER ikMvaa BaUjalaQaark
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What normally comes to mind when we refer to “groundwater”.....
Aquifer
looking beyond
sources...
...understanding the resource
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
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Mountain sources – water in two villages: beyond topography, watersheds and admin boundaries…
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
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BaUjala iva&ana va punaBa-
MrNa ..,.
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www.acwadam.org [email protected]
AaKogaNaItIla BaUjalaQaarktIla P`avaah: ivaihrI va Jara yaaMnaa paNaI doNaara ekca s`aaot
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Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management Email: [email protected]: www.acwadam.org
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
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Best PracticesBuild awareness & empower community to: • Find & fix leaks• Identify springshed • Protect from fire, grazing, tree cutting• Limit nearby pumping (bores, wells)• Build/maintain spring box, prevent contamination
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Empowerment
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Field Survey
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• Leaks a major problem• Up to 25% of supply lost
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Shramdhan
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Springshed Restoration & Recharge
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Spring Box
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Standard Spring Box
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Sub-surface Box
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Nalla-box (sand dam)
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Nalla-box (sand dam)
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Nalla-box (sand dam)
With livestock or wildlife guzzler
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Water quality of springs
• Contamination generally due to poor design in harvest and storage• Conversion to surface water sources (i.e. blasting)• Surface water runoff• Storage tank hygiene
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Water Quality of Springs
• Water quality very good; min & max values
– Temp: 17 – 22 °C (winter)– Ph: 7.3 – 8.3 – TDS: 35 – 160 mg/l– EC: 70 – 320 mmho/cm – Hardness (CaCO3): 30 – 140 mg/l – Na: 2 – 25 mg/l
– K: 0 – 2 mg/l– Ca2: 10 – 36 mg/l– Mg2: 1 – 12 mg/l– HCO3: 31 – 177 mg/l– Cl: 7 – 14 mg/l – Fe2: 0.4 – 0.7 mg/l *****
From Naik et al. 2000
• Only iron shows marginal excess• Pathogens are rare at source (e.g. no fecals)
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Typical spring box • Installed in 1970s as drought
response• Poor design & maintenance =
leaks, contamination• Declining flow due to adjacent
pumping, ecological degradation
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Surface water runoff
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HUMAN FECES ON A SPRING BOX
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Water quality of springs
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• Conversion to surface water sources (i.e. blasting to make a spring cum well)
• Results in contamination
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Spring Restoration & Ecology• Springshed degradation• Restoration best practices• Ecological reference conditions• Importance to biodiversity
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Spring Recharge
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Misplaced wells can destroy springs
Spring Recharge
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Best case, healthy native vegetation
Spring Recharge
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Spring Recharge
Loss of trees = less monsoon captured
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Annual burning & overgrazing = more runoff
Spring Recharge
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Spring Recharge
Continued pressure = soil loss & no recharge
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Ecological Degradation
• Anthropogenic fire• Over grazing• Fuel wood collection
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CCT – Continuos Contour Trenches
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Staggered Trenches
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Farm Ponds
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Loose rock dams
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Tree planting• Survival rate is 10%• Protection from
grazing & fire• Watering
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NORTHASPECT
SOUTHASPECT
Is this ecosystem healthy???
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• Freshwater biodiversity dependent on springs (plants, insects, fish and other vertebrates)
• Many of the most threatened species (large mammals, fish & amphibians) depend on springs
• And these are some of the most heavily used ecosystems
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Nalla-box (sand dam)
With livestock or wildlife guzzler
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LUNCH!REFERENCES:
Molur, S., Smith, K.G., Daniel, B.A. and Darwall, W.R.T. (Compilers). 2011. The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Western Ghats, India. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, and Coimbatore, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation.
Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. da Fonseca, J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities. Nature 403, 853-858(24 February 2000).
Naik, P.K., · A.K. Awasthi, P.C. Mohan. 2002. Springs in a Headwater Basin in the Deccan Trap Country of the Western Ghats, India. Hydrogeology Journal (2002) 10:553–565.
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Godavalli Village
Panchgani Tableland
Main Spring at Temple
N
Godavalli Village Mapping & RecommendationsFeb 2014
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Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Sub-Watershed Spring Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour
N
Watershed & SpringFeb 2014
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Godavalli Aquifer Contour
Feb 2014
WellsSpring
*
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Longitude (decimal degrees)
Latit
ude
(dec
imal
deg
rees
)
Elevation (m)
WellsSpringFlow Vectors
*
Godavalli Aquifer Feb 2014
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Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky Plateau
Geologic SectionFeb 2014
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Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky Plateau
RECHARGE ZONE
SPRING – DISCHARGE ZONE
Recharge & Discharge Zones
Feb 2014
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Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky Plateau
Orthographic SectionFeb 2014
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Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky Plateau
Recharge ZoneFeb 2014
RECHARGE ZONE
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Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Springshed Recharge Zone Springshed Discharge Zone Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour
N
Recharge & Discharge ZonesFeb 2014
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Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Management – Reforestation Management – Roof Water Harvest & Limited Pumping Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour
N
Management RecommendationsFeb 2014
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Tomorrow’s Field VisitUmbari Village
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**
• Approximate spring locations• What do you notice about the landscape?
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**
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• Notice anything else?
Recent fire scars
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Spring Quiz!
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LEGEND- - - - Basalt – laterite contact------ Other contacts * Likely spring locations-.-.-.- Springshed ……. Sub-watershed (picture 2 only) x Management recommendations
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LEGEND- - - - Basalt – laterite contact------ Other contacts * Likely spring locations-.-.-.- Springshed ……. Sub-watershed (picture 2 only) x Management recommendations
** ** *
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LEGEND- - - - Basalt – laterite contact------ Other contacts * Likely spring locations-.-.-.- Springshed ……. Sub-watershed (picture 2 only) x Management recommendations
** ** *
XX
Protect from fire, reduce grazing, ban wood collection, limit pumping
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LEGEND- - - - Basalt – laterite contact------ Other contacts * Likely spring locations-.-.-.- Springshed ……. Sub-watershed (picture 2 only) x Management recommendations
* *
**