Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperativity Disorder (AD/HD)
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Transcript of Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperativity Disorder (AD/HD)
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Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperativity Disorder (AD/HD)
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Most commonly diagnosed childhood psychiatric disorderGreat deal of controversy and misconceptions“He’ll grow out of it” “It’s just a matter of self-control” “Poor parenting” “Food additives” “Fast-paced culture” “Too much TV and Nintendo”Are psychotropic medications given too much? Too little?
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New labels for an old disability?
http://www.fln.vcu.edu/struwwel/philipp_e.html
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New labels for an old disability?
Moral deficit, minimal brain dysfunction, hyperkinesis, hyperactivity, ADD ==Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [AD/HD]1902: George Still’s theory of subtle brain injury1917-18: The Great Flu Epidemic – left some children with impaired attention, memory, and impulse control (similar to Still’s patients)BIG ISSUE: free will or determinism?
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Definitions
What does IDEA say about AD/HD?Now mentioned directly in new regs under OHI“is due to . . . Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . . . Adversely affects a child’s educational performance.”Most often, the DSM-IV definition is used:
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DSM-IV
“The essential feature of AD/HD is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development.”Before age 7 and for 6 months
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Characteristics
AD/HD kids differ from peers in ability to concentrate and control impulses
Not all are hyperactive – some are hypoactiveThree main subtypes of AD/HD: (yes, a slash)1. Predominately inattentive type2. Predominately hyperactive-impulsive type3. Combined (inattentive and hyperactive)
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1. Predominately Inattentive type
Trouble paying attentionEasily distractedForgetful and “spacey”DaydreamersConfused, lost in thoughtStares, seems apatheticADDOften girls
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Predominately Hyperactive-Impulsive
Cannot seem to sit stillTalk excessivelyHave difficulty playing quietly“Challenging” to parents and teachersBedwetting, sleep problemsTemper tantrums
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Combined type
ADHD without the slashAs many as 85% of AD/HD kids are ADHDBarkley feels that inattentive type is significantly different from the hyperactive/impulsive and the combined typesInattentive’s core problem is focused or selective attentionOther 2 have problems with poor goal-directed persistence and interference control (inhibiting distraction)One has problems getting started, other with finishing
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A Conceptual Model of Self-regulation Characteristics
Barkley now theorizes that difficulty with behavioral inhibition is the big problem hereBy this, we mean the ability to:A) delay personal gratification or reinforcementB) interrupt an ineffective response to replace it with a more effective behaviorC) Continue with a desirable behavior despite interferenceA,B,C affect executive functions and time perceptionDisability of performance, not skill
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What Are These 4 “Executive Functions?”
Not publicly observablePurpose is to internalize behavior to plan for change and the future1. Nonverbal working memory: Allows students to recover auditory, visual, and other sensory images of the past2. Internalization of speech: Ability to talk to yourself, plan what you will do or say, recognize when it is appropriate to speak your thoughts out loud.
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More executive functions
3. Self-regulation of affect, motivation, and arousal.Barkley: “lack the drive, in the presence of external rewards, that fuels the individual’s persistence in goal-directed actions.”4. Reconstitution: The skill of analyzing and synthesizing behaviors. Breaking tasks up into component steps
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Time Perception
This is also a problem, in addition to executive functionsOverestimate time intervalsPerception that time moves more slowlyProcrastinate – think they have more time
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Causes of AD/HD
Too much sugar?Too little sugar?Aspartame?Food sensitivity?Food additives? Colors?Lack of certain vitamins?TV? Video games?Yeast? Lightning?Fluorescent lights?Allergies?
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Environmental Explanations
Poor parenting?Research does not support this (Barkley)Often sibs are not AD/HDPerhaps negative behavior of mothers is a reaction to their child’s AD/HD rather than the causeStress in the family? Too short term, really
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Biological Explanations
Big area of study right nowTwo areas of research interest:1. Pre-, peri-, and postnatal trauma2. Brain differences resulting from faulty genes
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Pre-, peri-, and postnatal trauma
Certain teratogens increase the likelihood that a child will develop AD/HDMaternal smokingAlcohol/Drug abusePoor maternal nutritionMother’s exposure to chemical poisonsAccounts for 20-30% of AD/HD in boys, less in girls