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Learn to Read Latin: Ch. 14

131: Result Clauses

Subordinate clause reporting the result of an action. A result may be:

an event likely to follow upon the action of a main verb

an event actually occurring or actually having occurred

Result clauses are introduced by utand take verbs in the subjunctive based on the

rules of sequence.

Result clauses are usually signaled by adverbs or adjectives of degree, including:

ade, ita, sc, tam, tlis, tle, tantus, -a, -um, tot

132: Relative Clauses of Result A result clause combined with the Relative Clause of Characteristic.

Uses qu / qun.

133: Substantive UtClauses Certain verbs and verb phrases appear with noun clausescalled Substantive Ut

clauses. These clauses function as either subjects or direct objects.

Common expressions that introduce these clauses:

acciditor fitit happens

fierpotestit is able to happen / it is possible

efficereor facereto bring it about / to see to it

Negated by ut nn, ut nm, etc. Nmay be used in a command or exhortation.

134: Fore utConstruction To make an Indirect Statement containing a future passive verb, Latin uses

forethe future active infinitive of sum, esse, fu, futrus

substantive utclause with a subjunctive verb in sequence

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135: Impersonal Constructions

Common regular impersonal verbs:

licet, licre, licuit / licitum est it is allowed, it is permitted

necesse est it is necessary

oportet, oportre, oportuit it is proper, it is right

Impersonal constructions can take:

subject infinitive + subject accusative

Necesse est hominssse cibum.

It is necessary for men to eat food.

subject infinitive + dative of Reference

Licet Domina Gaga canat.

Lady Gaga singing is permitted.

subjunctive (without ut) Oportet omns dmorte timeant.

All fearing death is proper.

136: Genitive of Characteristic

Genitive of Possession, extended to describe characteristics.

Vocabulary

lna, lnae f. moon

aets, aettis f. age; lifetime; time

agmen, agminisn. line (of march), column; army; multitude, throng

auctrits, auctrittisf. authority; influence

nmen, nminisn. name

s, risn. [in sing. or pl.] mouth; face

sl, slism. sun

aliquis, aliquid or quis, quid or quisquam, quicquam [indef. pron.] someone,

something; anyone, anything

aliqu, aliqua, aliquod or qu, qua, quod [indef. adj.] some, anyquisque, quidque / quicque [indef. pron.] each/every man/woman, each/every thing

quque, quaeque, quodque [indef. adj.] each, every

spect, spectre, spectv, specttus to look (at), observe

accid, accidere, accid, to happen

effici, efficere, effc, effectus to make; bring about

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metu, metuere, metu, to fear, dread

occid, occidere, occid, occsrus to fall, set; die

prem, premere, press, pressus to press (hard); overpower; check

opprim, opprimere, oppress, oppressus to press on; close, overwhelm, oppress

orior, orr, ortus sum to rise, arise

absum, abesse, fu, futrus to be absent, be distant

adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus to be present, be near

cnfer, cnferre, contul, colltus to bring together, collect; compare; direct; confer

licet, licre, licuit / licitum est it is permitted

oportet, oportre, oportuit it is proper, it is right

cnctus, -a, -um all

reliquus, -a, -um remaining, rest (of)

absns, absentis absent

vetus, veteris old

necesse [indecl. adj.] necessary

ade [adv.] to such/so great an extent, (so) very

haud [adv.] not at all, by no means

quods [conj.] but if

vel [conj.] or; [adv.] even

vel vel either or

vix [adv.] scarcely, hardly

LEARN TO READ LATIN CH. 14