Leadership Role in State - 9

8/13/2019 Leadership Role in State - 9

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LECTURE 9Role of leaders and the parliament with regardto national consensus on public policy issues


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Leadership

DefinitionsThe ability of a superior to influence the

behaviour of subordinates and persuade them

to follow a particular course of action.(Barnard 1938)

Leadership:

is a major way in which people change theminds of others and move organizations forward

to

accomplish identified goals.


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Nature of Leadership

Effective leadership is a key factor in the life andsuccess of an organization.

Leadership is the ultimate act which brings to

success all of the potent potential that is in anorganization and its people.

Leaders propose new paradigms when old ones

lose their effectiveness. Leadership transforms potential into reality.


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Leadership Theories

Over time, a number of theories of leadershiphave been proposed, including:

1. Great Man

2. Trait3. Contingency

4. Situational

5. Behavioural6. Participative

7. Management

8. Relationship


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Great Man Theory

It assume that the capacity for leadership is

inherentthat great leaders are born, notmade. These theories often portray great

leaders as heroic, mythic and destined to riseto leadership when needed. The term "Great

Man" was used because, at the time,

leadership was thought of primarily as a male

quality, especially in terms of military

leadership.


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Trait Theory

Similar in some ways to Great Man theories, traittheories assume that people inherit certain qualities and traitsthat make them bettersuited to leadership. Trait theoriesoften identify particular personality or behaviouralcharacteristics shared by leaders. For example, traits like

extraversion(more purified), self-confidence, and courage areall traits that could potentially be linked to great leaders.

If particular traits are key features of leadership, then how do weexplain people who possess those qualities but are notleaders? This question is one of the difficulties in using traittheories to explain leadership. There are plenty of people who

possess the personality traits associated with leadership, yetmany of these people never seek out positions of leadership.


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Contingency Theory

Contingency theories of leadership focus on

particular variablesrelated to the environment

that might determine which particular style of

leadership is best suited for the situation.According to this theory, no leadership style is

best in all situations. Success depends upon a

number of variables, including the leadership

style, qualities of the followers and aspects of

the situation.


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Situational Leadership

Situational theories propose that leaders choosethe best course of action based uponsituational variables.Different styles of

leadership may be more appropriate for certaintypes of decision-making. For example, in asituation where the leader is the mostknowledgeable and experienced member of agroup, an authoritarian stylemight be mostappropriate. In other instances where groupmembers are skilled experts, a democraticstylewould be more effective.


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Behavioural Theory

Behavioral theories of leadership are based

upon the belief that great leaders are made,

not born. Consider it the flip-side of the Great

Man theories. Rooted in behaviorism, thisleadership theory focuses on the actions of

leaders not on mental qualities or internal

states. According to this theory, people

can learnto become leaders through teaching

and observation.
http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm


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Participative Theory

Participative leadership theories suggest that the

ideal leadership style is one that takes the

input of others into account. These leaders

encourage participation and contributions fromgroup members and help group members feel

more relevant and committed to the decision-

making process. In participative theories,

however, the leader retains the right to allow

the input of others.


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Management Theory

Management theories, also known

as transactional theories, focus on the role of

supervision, organization and group

performance. These theories base leadershipon a system of rewards and punishments.

Managerial theories are often used in

business; when employees are successful,

they are rewarded; when they fail, they are

reprimanded or punished. Learn more about

theories of transactional leadership.


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Relationship Theory

Relationship theories, also known as

transformational theories, focus upon the

connections formed between leaders and

followers. Transformational leaders motivateand inspire people by helping group members

see the importance and higher good of the

task. These leaders are focused on the

performance of group members, but also want

each person to fulfil his or her potential.

Leaders with this style often have high ethical

and moralstandards.


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Leadership Qualities

There are some leadership qualities which a leader should

have:

Visionary

Honest Leading from the front

Ideological Approach

Man of Principles

Stead fast

Initiative Takers

Strong Character


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Styles of Leadership and their

CharacteristicsCharismat ic leadersh ip

It is widely believed that charismatic leaders havethe following personal characteristics:

they have extremely high confidence;

they show obedience and strong conviction oftheir beliefs;

they have a compelling sense of vision andpurpose;

they communicate this vision clearly to followersto identify with;

they consistently focus on and pursue their vision;

they know their own strengths and capitalise on

them


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Transact ional leadersh ip :

Style of leadership that is based on the setting of clear objectivesand goals for the followers as well as the use of either punishmentsor rewards in order to encourage compliance with these goals.Transactional leadership styles are more concerned with maintaining thenormal flow of operations.

Transactional leadership can be described as "keeping the ship afloat."

Transactional leaders use disciplinary power and an array of incentives tomotivate employees to perform at their best. The term "transactional" refersto the fact that this type of leader essentially motivates subordinates byexchanging rewards for performance.

A transactional leader generally does not look ahead in strategically guidingan organization to a position of market leadership; instead, these managersare solely concerned with making sure everything flows smoothly today.

transactional leadership is characterized by the following factors:

Contingency rewardswhere the leader rewards followers for attainingcommon goals and objectives. The interaction between leaders andfollowers is positive reinforcement based on the exchange of desired items;


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Contd.......(Transactional

Leadership)

Management by exceptionwhere the leader

intervenes only when mistakes are made or

when problems occur;

Laissez Fairewhere the leadership factor isabsent or not available. Here decisions are

delayed not made or happen by accident.

There is no intervention of any kind.


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A transformational leader goes beyond managing day-

to-day operations and crafts strategies for taking his

company, department or work team to the next level of

performance and success. Transformational leadership

styles focus on team-building, motivation andcollaboration with employees at different levels of an

organization to accomplish change for the better.

Transformational leaders set goals and incentives to

push their subordinates to higher performance levels,while providing opportunities for personal and

professional growth for each employee.

Transformational leadership is characterized by the

following factors:

Charisma - trusted and respected followers want to

Transfo rmat ional leadersh ip


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Contd..........(Transformational

Leadership) Inspirational motivation- the leader uses symbols and

appeals to the followers emotions to reinforceawareness and understanding in the pursuit of shared

goals.

Intellectual stimulation -followers are encouraged to

question their old ways of doing things, their values and

beliefs (including those of the leader and the

organization) and to think of new ways to meet

challenges. Individualized considerations -followers are treated

according to their needs which may be raised to a higher

level. They are helped to meet challenges and to

become more effective in attaining goals.


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Parliament

Parliaments vary in size, in how members are

elected, how long they hold office, in their ways

of relating to political parties and to constituents,

in their relations with executive powers, in theirresponsibilities in lawmaking and budgeting, in

how they oversee executive spending and

activities, and in a dozen other ways.


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The Role of Parliament

The role of parliament in government varies

depending a number of factors. Four factors are

imp: the type of political and electoral system,

formal legislative powers, political will and politicalspace, and technical capacity.

The question of the role of parliament in

government has become even more important to

understand in the past decade as more and morecountries are making a transition to democratic

forms of government. These countries that are

making the transition are faced with a number of

new challenges as well as opportunities.


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Functions of Parliament

There are three functions common to parliamentsin democracies;

1. Representation,

2. Lawmaking

3. Oversight

Parliaments represent the diversity of individuals

and groups in society; as the supremelawmaking institution in a nation they make therules by which society is governed; and theyare designed to oversee executive spending

and performance.


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Representation

chief executives, who represent entire nations,

or bureaucrats and judges, whose

responsibility it is to carry out and interpret the

law impartially toward all citizens, legislatorsare responsible for representing the

differences in society, and for bringing these

differences into the policy-making arena.


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Contd............(Representation)

Democratic parliaments are the most

transparent and accessible of the three

branches of government. Most parliaments

open their plenary sessions to the public andto the press, and a growing number al-low

citizens to attend committee meetings.


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Law Making

Legislatures is to make laws, the rules that

govern society. Effective legislatures not only

represent the differences in society, they must

also reach agreements on policy, taxing and

spending with which groups and individuals

generally agree. This is difficult under the best

of circumstances, but it becomes more so indeeply divided societies and in poor nations

with few re-sources to distribute.


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Oversight

Oversight is one of the legislatures check andbalance functions, through which it seeks toensure that programs are carried out legally,

effectively, and for the purposes for which theywere intended. In practicing oversight,

parliaments look back on government spending

and activities to determine whether money wasspent appropriately, and to ask value formoney questions.


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Contd.......(Oversight)

Legislative oversight tools include:

The question period for ministers

The use of public accounts committees

Investigatory and departmental committees

Auditors general

ac ors n uenc ng ow


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ac ors n uenc ng owlegislatures

carry out their functions Pol i t ical and electo ral systems

Pol it ical systems

The degree of separation or unity between the

legislative and executive branches is perhapsthe major factor in determining legislativestrength and independence. Specifically, thecleaner separation between executive and

legislative powers in presidential systemsencourages presidential legislatures to playmore independent lawmaking and oversightroles than their parliamentary counterparts.


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Parliamentary System

In parliamentary systems, the parliamentarymajority party or coalition selects the chiefexecutive from among its members. Cabinetmembers are also named from theparliamentary majority. This unity between thelegislature and executive is a disincentive forthe legislature to develop a strong committeesystem or deep policy expertise, which couldbe used to challenge the executive. A loss ofsupport or vote of no confidence in thegovernment results in both the governmentand parliament leaving office.


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In presidential systems, by contrast, the

president and legislature are elected

separately, from different constituencies and

often for different terms. The president selects

the cabinet from outside parliament. Termlengths for presidents and parliaments are

fixed and the fates of the legislature and

president are not intertwined as they are in

parliamentary systems. With the governmentthus divided, parliament has incentives to

develop strong, effective committees and to

play a competitive lawmaking role.

Presidential System


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Elec toral systems

MPs in every nation must win elections to getinto, and to stay, in office. But the systemthrough which they compete will affect the waythey relate to constituents, and theirindependence once in office. MPs elected insingle-member districts (also called plurality-majority, or constituency-based), whereconstituents in a geographic area vote directlyfor a candidate and the candidate receivingthe most votes wins, will likely be moreindependent and responsive to constituentsthan MPs elected through proportionalrepresentation systems.


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Parliament of Pakistan

The Parliament of Pakistan, officially termed the

MajliseShoora (Urdu: Majlis-e r);is the federal and supreme legislative body of

Pakistan. It is a bicamera(Bicameralism is anessential and defining feature of the classical

notion of Mixed Government)l federal legislature

that consists of the Senate and the National

Assembly.Article 50 of the Constitution provides that the

Parliament of Pakistan shall consist of president

and the two houses known as the National

Assembly and the Senate.


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National Assembly Lower house of the parliament. The National Assembly has

342 seats, 272 of which are directly elected, 60 are reservedfor women and a further 10 for religious minorities.

Countrys sovereign legislative body. Five-year term on the basis of adult franchise and one-man

one-vote.

The tenure of the National Assembly also comes to an end ifdissolved on the advice of the Prime Minister or by thepresident in his discretion under the Constitution.

The National Assembly makes laws for the Federation inrespect of the powers enumerated in the Federal Legislative

list. Through its debates, adjournment motion, question hourand Standing Committees.

Only the National Assembly, through its Public AccountsCommittee

scrutinizes public spending and exercises control of expenditureincurred by the government.


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Contd....(National Assembly) The National Assembly has an edge over the Senate by legislating

exclusively on money matters. The bill relating to the Federal Legislative List can be originated in

either house. If the house passed the bill through majority vote, itshall be transmitted to the other house. If the other house passes itwithout amendment, it shall be presented to the president for assent.

If the bill, transmitted to the other house, is notpassed within ninety

days or rejected, it shall be considered in ajointsitting to besummoned by the president on the request of the house in which thebill was originated. If the bill is passed in the joint sitting, with orwithout amendments, by the votes of majority of the members of thetwo houses, it shall be presented to the president for assent.

If the bill is presented to the president for assent, he shall assent to

the bill in not later than tendays. If it is not a money bill, thepresident may return the bill to the Majlis-e-Shoora with a messagerequesting that the bill be reconsidered and that an amendmentspecified in the message be considered. The Majlis-e-Shoora shallreconsider the bill in a joint sitting. If the bill is passed again, with orwithout amendment, by vote of the majority of the members presentand voting, it shall be presented to the president and the president

shall give his assent within ten days.


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Contd....(National Assembly) If the Federal Government proclaims State of Emergency in any

province, the power to legislate about that province is vested in theParliament. But the bills passed by the Parliament during the Stateof Emergency, shall cease to be in force after the expiration of sixmonths from the date Emergency is lifted.

In the formation of the Cabinet the major portion (75%), goes toNational Assembly while the rest (25%) are taken from the Senate.

In this respect a resolution for a vote of no-confidence is moved bynot less than 20%of the total membership of the National Assembly.

the removal or impeachment of the president, not less than one-halfof the total membership of either house may give in writing itsintention to do so, to the Speaker National Assembly. if the resolutionis passed by the votes of not less than two thirds of the total

membership of the Parliament, the president shall cease to holdoffice.

The eighteenth amendment revised Article142(d) of the constitutionto explicitly limit the National Assemblys legislative authority tosubjects in the federal list, unless specifically authorized by aprovincial assembly under Article 144.


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Senate The main purpose for the creation of the

Senate of Pakistan was to give equalrepresentation to all the federating units sincethe membership of the National Assembly wasbased on the population of each provincenational cohesion.

Punjab = 23 Sindh = 23 KPK = 23 Balochistan= 23 FATA = 8 Islamabad = 4 TOTAL = 104 .

the Senate elections in accordance with thesystem of proportional representation bymeans of a single transferable vote throughelectoral colleges. The term of the members of

the Senate is 6 years.

C itt t i


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Committee system in

Parliament

Standing Committees

Special Committees

Parliamentary Committees

Non-Ministerial Standing Committees

R l f P li t i P ki t


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Role of Parliament in PakistansDemocratic Transition

Strengthening the Legislature

Parliamentary Committees

Beyond broad constitutional and legal

reforms, the best case for parliamentarysupremacy rests in the day-to-day exercise ofits legislative functions.

The thirteenth National Assembly had marked

another historic shift: in the role ofparliamentary committees. Upon introduction inthe house by a minister or a private member,all bills, except finance bills, are referred to a

standing committee for consideration.

B i i th P bli t P li t


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Bringing the Public to Parliament

and Parliament to the Public

The ongoing democratic transition offers an

opportunity to expand the publics knowledge

of and input into the parliamentary process. Parliament should further open its proceedings

not just to citizens scrutiny but also to theirinput. The National Assemblys rules allowcommittees to hold public hearings.


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Contd.......

While Senate rules do not specifically mention

such hearings, they authorise a committee to

invite or summon any person or member

having a special knowledge to give an expertopinion or give evidence in relation to any

matter under its consideration.

Indeed, the upper house has been much more

proactive than the National Assembly in

initiating such proceedings.


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Shaping the Policy Debate

Parliamentarians have to reconcile their roles

as representatives of their constituencies,

parties and committees. As party

representatives, they are legally obliged tofollow its directives when voting on major

legislation, such as the budget and

constitutional amendments. Under the constitution, if they vote against

party directives on a money bill, they are

deemed to have defected from the party and

are thus disqualified.


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Public Expenditures

Although the parliaments power partly lies inits ability to vote on public expenditure, its

control over such expenditure is limited. Money

bills originate in the National Assembly,presented by the finance minister or, in his

absence, any other minister authorised by the

leader of the house. No other business can be

transacted on the day the budget is introduced


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Taming the bureaucracy

While the execution of policy is an executive

prerogative, standing committees have the

power to examine the expenditure and

administration of ministries. This has politicalas well as economic implications. Historically

the junior partner during decades of direct or

indirect military interventions, the bureaucracyis an impediment to reform during democratic.


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The Parliamentary Opposition

Political leaders across party lines have long

acknowledged the potential value of shadow

governments. Shadow ministers act as

watchdogs, monitoring and holding cabinetministers and ministries accountable. Shadow

cabinets give opposition parliamentarians

knowledge and expertise in their portfolios that

will benefit their government if their party

comes to power.


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Contd......

The government, the National Assembly

speaker and the opposition leader are the key

drivers of parliamentary reform. They need to

invigorate the new National Assemblysstanding committees. Since any majorlegislation requires bipartisan support,

committees in both houses should play key

roles in achieving the necessary consensus ondemocratic reforms, as in the transitions firstphase.

Parliaments Human and


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Parliaments Human and

Technical Resources

If parliament is to exercise its oversight role

effectively and table appropriate legislation,

trained and qualified staff, equipped with up-to-

date technological tools, is essential. Poorlytrained committee and secretariat staffs with

limited research experience and without good

access to computers and the internet cannot

provide adequate support. The NationalAssembly, with 342 members, has only four

research associates.


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Federal Legislative List

Defence International and interprovincial trade

External affairs and international treaties Nuclear Energy

Immigration and citizenship Airports, Aircrafts, air navigation, air and

sea travel and shipment, lighthouses

Post and telecommunication Patents, trade marks, copyrights

Central Banking, currency, foreign

exchange

Stock Exchange and futures markets.

Corporate regulation, including banking

and insurance

National Highways and Strategic Roads.

Fishing beyond territorial waters Federal geological surveys and

meteorological organizations

Standards of weights and measures Local Government in cantonment areas

Federal Legislative List (Federation/CCI(Fed-


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g ( (

Provincial)Electricity Provincial police operations

beyond provincial boundaries

Minerals, oil and natural gas Industrial Policy

Railways National planning and national

economic coordination

Major ports Coordination of scientific and

technological research

Census All regulatory authorities under a

federal law

Public debt Standards in higher education and

research, scientific and technical

institutions.

Federal Corporate, entities including the

water and power Development authority

and Pakistan industrial development

corporation

Interprovincial matters and

coordination.

Legal, medical, and other professions

Federal Ministries/divisions


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Federal Ministries/divisions

Abolished after 18thamendment1. Food and Agriculture

2. Health

3. Education

4. Social Welfare and special Education5. Population Welfare

6. Youth Affairs

7. Environment

8. Sports

9. Culture

10. Livestock and diary


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Contd.....

11- Labour and Manpower

12- Minorities

13- Tourism

14- Women Development

15- Special Initiatives

16- Local Government and Rural Development

17- Zakat and Ushers


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conclusion

It has taken 40 years, since the 1973

constitution established a federal parliamentary

system of government, for Pakistan to witness

a transition from one democratically electedparliament to another. This parliament must

ensure the continuation and broadening of the

democratic process. But, as the experiences of

its immediate predecessor demonstrated, thethreats to democracy have not subsided.

Leadership Role in State - 9

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