Leadership, Behavior & St
Transcript of Leadership, Behavior & St
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Leadership,Leadership,
Behavior & StyleBehavior & Style
Presented by Presented by
H I R A T A S L E E MH I R A T A S L E E M
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LeadershipLeadership
LeadershipLeadership isis statedstated asas thethe ´process´process of of socialsocial
influenceinfluence inin whichwhich oneone personperson cancan enlistenlist thethe aidaid
andand supportsupport of of othersothers inin thethe accomplishmentaccomplishment of of aacommoncommon task task..
Ref: Chemers, M. M. (2002). MetaRef: Chemers, M. M. (2002). Meta--cognitive, social, andcognitive, social, and emotional intelligenceemotional intelligence of of
transformational leadership: Efficacy and Effectiveness. In R.E. Riggio, S.E.transformational leadership: Efficacy and Effectiveness. In R.E. Riggio, S.E.
Murphy, F. J. Pirozzolo (Eds.), Multiple Intelligences and Leadership.Murphy, F. J. Pirozzolo (Eds.), Multiple Intelligences and Leadership.
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Definitions more inclusive of followers haveDefinitions more inclusive of followers havealso emerged.also emerged. Alan Keith of GenentechAlan Keith of Genentech statesstatesthat, ´Leadership is ultimately about creating athat, ´Leadership is ultimately about creating a
way for people to contribute to making way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen.µsomething extraordinary happen.µ
Ref: Kouzes. J. , and Posner, B. (2007). The Leadership Challenge.Ref: Kouzes. J. , and Posner, B. (2007). The Leadership Challenge.
CA: Jossey Bass.CA: Jossey Bass.
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Behavioral and style theoriesBehavioral and style theories
Of LeadershipOf Leadership
InIn responseresponse toto thethe early early criticismscriticisms of of thethe traittrait
approach,approach, theoriststheorists beganbegan toto researchresearch leadershipleadershipasas aa setset of of behaviors,behaviors, evaluating evaluating thethe behaviorbehavior of of
'successful''successful' leaders,leaders, determining determining aa behaviorbehavior
taxonomy taxonomy andand identifying identifying broadbroad leadershipleadership
stylesstyles..
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DavidDavid--McClellandMcClelland,, forfor example,example, LeadershipLeadership
takestakes aa strong strong personality personality withwith aa wellwell developeddeveloped
positivepositive egoego.. NotNot soso muchmuch asas aa patternpattern of of motives,motives, butbut aa setset of of traitstraits isis crucialcrucial.. ToTo leadlead;;
self self--confidenceconfidence andand aa highhigh self self--esteemesteem isis useful,useful,
perhapsperhaps eveneven essentialessential..
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A graphical representation of the managerial grid model
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Kurt LewinKurt Lewin, Ronald Lipitt, and Ralph White, Ronald Lipitt, and Ralph White
developed in 1939 the seminal work on thedeveloped in 1939 the seminal work on the
influence of leadership styles and performance.influence of leadership styles and performance.The researchers evaluated the performance of The researchers evaluated the performance of
groups of elevengroups of eleven--yearyear--old boys under differentold boys under different
types of work climate.types of work climate.
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In each, the leader exercised his influence regarding theIn each, the leader exercised his influence regarding the
type of group decision making, praise and criticismtype of group decision making, praise and criticism(feedbacks), and the management of the group tasks(feedbacks), and the management of the group tasks(project management) according to four styles as we(project management) according to four styles as wehave learned in our course too:have learned in our course too:
AutocraticAutocratic
DemocraticDemocratic
FreeFree--ReinRein
ParticipateParticipate
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TheThe managerial grid modelmanagerial grid model is also based on ais also based on a
behavioral theory. The model was developed by behavioral theory. The model was developed by
Robert BlakeRobert Blake andand Jane MoutonJane Mouton in 1964 andin 1964 and
suggests five different leadership styles, based onsuggests five different leadership styles, based on
the leader·s concern for people and theirthe leader·s concern for people and their
concern for goal achievement.concern for goal achievement.
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B.F. Skinner is the father of BehaviorB.F. Skinner is the father of Behavior
Modification and developed the concept of Modification and developed the concept of
positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcementpositive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement
occurs when a stimulus is presented contingentoccurs when a stimulus is presented contingent
upon a behavior which results in a higherupon a behavior which results in a higher
probability of that behavior increasing in theprobability of that behavior increasing in the
future.future.
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Empirical research covering the last 20 yearsEmpirical research covering the last 20 years
suggests that reinforcement theory has a 17suggests that reinforcement theory has a 17
percent increase in performance. Additionally,percent increase in performance. Additionally,
many reinforcement techniques such as the usemany reinforcement techniques such as the use
of praise are inexpensive which can result inof praise are inexpensive which can result in
higher performances for low monetary costs.higher performances for low monetary costs.
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