LEAD LEACHING FROM GLASS TABLEWARE the story of a Guideline from the Council of Europe Massimo...
-
Upload
randell-willis -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of LEAD LEACHING FROM GLASS TABLEWARE the story of a Guideline from the Council of Europe Massimo...
LEAD LEACHING FROM GLASS TABLEWARE
the story of a Guideline from the Council of Europe
Massimo Denaro
Dept. of Environment and Primary Prevention
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Roma - ITALIA
when the idea of a guideline on cristals was
born?it was a long time ago, that is in 1956, with the conclusion of the
Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health
the history of decisions • Resolution (51) 62 (2nd August 1951) - Partial Agreements
• Western European Union: transfer of the exercise of social and cultural activities to the Council of Europe
• Resolution (59) 23 - 16th November 1959 - Extension of the activities of the Council of Europe in the social and cultural fields
• Resolution (61) 40 (16th December 1961) - Cultural and scientific co-operation - transfer to the Council for Cultural Co-operation of the cultural activities listed in the Appendix to Resolution (59) 23
• Statutory Resolution (93) 28 (14 May 1993) - Partial and Enlarged Agreements
• Resolution (96) 34 (2nd October 1996) - Authorising the states concerned to revise the Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field
• Resolution (96) 35 (2nd October 1996) - Revising the Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field
• Resolution (96) 36 (17th October 1996) - Establishing the criteria for Partial and Enlarged Agreements of the Council of Europe
Protection of pub lic health
Rehabilitation and integration o f people w ith disabilities
Partial Agreement
the Partial Agreement includes two sectors:
Public Health C ommittee (S teering Committee)
Committee of experts on materials com ing into contact w ith food
Protection of pub lic health
within the Protection of Public Health there are two Committees
safety evaluation of food contact substances
recycled fibres
test conditions for paper and board
tissue papers
packag ing inks
coatings
cork
rubber
lead leaching from g lass
Ad hoc Groups of the Com m ittee of experts on:
the Committee of Experts is divided in several ad hoc groups
elaboration of guidelines
set out in Technical documents
approved by the Committee of Experts
adopted by the Public Health Committee
not to submitted to the Committee of Ministers
approval
what the Ad Hoc Group on lead from cristal was committed for
• requirements to be taken into account in the context of resolutions or...
• … models for the implementation of national policies
• provide practical guidance for the application of resolutions
• lay down technical and/or scientific specifications for the manufacture
• amendable, if necessary, to follow scientifical, technical, and manufacturing developments
what the guidelines are or do
how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew
up(a rationale of health risks)
1. lead may be absorbed orally (e.g. Pb contamined foodstuffs)
2. 214µg of lead per day, for a 60kg body weight is tolerable (from FAO/WHO)
3. Pb sources are industrial wastes, lead pipes for drinking water, lead soldered food cans, lead cristal table glassware
how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew
up (what the the Council of Europe
recommends)• …• monitor and control of lead
migration from materials in contact with foods and beverages
• …
how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew
up(the scientific basis - 1)
Co-operative Study on the Release of Lead from cristalwareby Guadagnino1, Gramiccioni2, Denaro2, Baldini 2
1 - Stazione Sperimentale del Vetro
2 - Istituto Superiore di Sanità
issued onPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE 11, 45-57 (1998)
how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew
up(the scientific basis - 2)
•4% acetic acid•a whisky •a white wine •an acidic soft drink •22°C 2°C•contact times of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 120, 180 mins
experimental test liquids, temperature and times
how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew
up(the scientific basis - 3)
• only 24% PbO crystal stemglasses
• 150 mL capacity
• exposed surface of 98 cm2/100 mL of liquid
• chemical composition
• hydrolitic resistance, according to DIN 12111
• extractable lead, according to ISO 7086
how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew
up(the scientific basis - 4)
1. migration trend : 1 mL of test liquid is drawn and analyzed at standard times, replaced by 1mL of fresh liquid
2. take-half-glass-and-fill : 50 mL of liquid are sampled at standard times; the glass is made up by 50 mL of fresh liquid
3. empty-and-fill-again : 100mL of liquid are drawn at standard times for analysis; the glass is filled again with 100 mL of fresh liquid
how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew
up(the scientific basis - 5)
chemical composition : SiO2 61%, Fe2O3 0.009%, BaO 0.76%, ZnO 1.6%, PbO2 25%, Na2O 4%, K2O 7%, Sb2O3 0.24%
hydrolytic resistance (DIN 12111) : 60-65 µg/L of Na2O
extractable lead test (ISO 7086) : 290 µg of Pb/L
how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew
up(the scientific basis - 6)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
time (minutes)
µg
of
lea
d/1
00
mL
of
be
ve
rag
e
wine cola
how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew
up(the scientific basis - 7)
pH
glass aging
inner surface aging
glass hydrolitic resistance
manufacturing process
alcohol concentration
parameters influencing on migration besides time and temperature
how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew
up(the scientific basis - CONCLUSIONS)
1. a regular daily use of crystalware is quite uncommon. Thus, the risk assessment lead to lower the concern on crystalware
2. the overall lead intake from table glassware contribution ranges from 4 to 7 % of PTWI*
3. crystal is a non critical source of dietary lead intake
* PTWI = Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake
what the guidelines on lead crystal finally is
COUNCIL OF EUROPE’S POLICY STATEMENTSCONCERNING MATERIALS AND ARTICLES
INTENDED TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH FOODSTUFFS
COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON MATERIALS COMING INTO CONTACTWITH FOOD
42nd session
Strasbourg, 2 – 5 December 2003
GUIDELINES ON LEAD LEACHING FROM GLASS TABLEWARE INTO FOODSTUFFS
(Draft version)Document prepared by the ad hoc Group on lead leaching
(27.06.2003)
what the guidelines on lead crystal finally says (1)
[...]
Field of application 2.1. These Guidelines apply to glass tableware made from lead-bearing glass. The commercial lead bearing glass has a PbO content ranging from 6% up to 32% w/w. 2.2. They do not take into consideration the release of cadmium because the presence of cadmium in lead-bearing glass is exclusively due to the minimum presence of impurities in the raw materials. The concentration of cadmium in glass and therefore its migration is considered negligible. 2.3. They do not apply to ceramics, glass-ceramic ware, either decorated or undecorated, and to decorated glassware.
what the guidelines on lead crystal finally says (2)
[...]
Field of application 2.1. These Guidelines apply to glass tableware made from lead-bearing glass. The commercial lead bearing glass has a PbO content ranging from 6% up to 32% w/w. 2.2. They do not take into consideration the release of cadmium because the presence of cadmium in lead-bearing glass is exclusively due to the minimum presence of impurities in the raw materials. The concentration of cadmium in glass and therefore its migration is considered negligible. 2.3. They do not apply to ceramics, glass-ceramic ware, either decorated or undecorated, and to decorated glassware.