LE CORBUSIERLE CORBUSIER

PRESENTED BYKUSHAGRA GOEL

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

•CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET NOW POPULARLY KNOWN AS CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET NOW POPULARLY KNOWN AS LE CORBUSIERLE CORBUSIER

•BORN ON 6BORN ON 6thth OF OCTOBER’ 1887 AT LA CHAUX DE FONDS IN OF OCTOBER’ 1887 AT LA CHAUX DE FONDS IN SWISSJURA MOUNTAINS 4 KMS FROM FRENCH BORDERSWISSJURA MOUNTAINS 4 KMS FROM FRENCH BORDER

•HE STARTED WORKING UNDER CONTRACTER PERRET, LE HE STARTED WORKING UNDER CONTRACTER PERRET, LE CORBUSIER’S SO CALLED MASTERCORBUSIER’S SO CALLED MASTER

•HE AS A CHILD PREPARED HIMSELF FOR A MANUAL HE AS A CHILD PREPARED HIMSELF FOR A MANUAL OCCUPATION OCCUPATION

•HE LEFT HIS SCHOOL AT THE AGE OF 13½ YRSHE LEFT HIS SCHOOL AT THE AGE OF 13½ YRS•JOINED AN ART SCHOOL LATER JOINED AN ART SCHOOL LATER

IDEOLOGYIDEOLOGY

THE PILOTISTHE PILOTISROOF GARDENROOF GARDENFREE FLOOR PLANFREE FLOOR PLANELONGATED WINDOWELONGATED WINDOWFREE FACADE FREE FACADE

THE PILOTISTHE PILOTIS

• PILOTIS MEANS COLUMNSPILOTIS MEANS COLUMNS• IT HELPED TO REDEFINE THE HOUSE AS A IT HELPED TO REDEFINE THE HOUSE AS A

MATTER OF FORM AND FUNCTIONMATTER OF FORM AND FUNCTION• REINFORCED CONCRETE GAVE US THE PILOTISREINFORCED CONCRETE GAVE US THE PILOTIS• IT RAISED THE BUILDING IN THE AIR, FAR FROM IT RAISED THE BUILDING IN THE AIR, FAR FROM

THE SOIL, WITH GARDENS STRETCHING THE SOIL, WITH GARDENS STRETCHING BENEATH THE BUILDINGBENEATH THE BUILDING

• FOR E.G VILLA SAVOYE,POISSY IN FRANCE IN FOR E.G VILLA SAVOYE,POISSY IN FRANCE IN 19291929

• PILOTIS USUALLY SERVED AS AN ELEMENT OF PILOTIS USUALLY SERVED AS AN ELEMENT OF DRAMATIZATION AND VISUAL ISOLATIONDRAMATIZATION AND VISUAL ISOLATION

PILOTIS

THE ROOF GARDENTHE ROOF GARDEN

• USUALLY KNOWN AS HANGING USUALLY KNOWN AS HANGING GARDENGARDEN

• FIRST REALIZATION OF THIS IDEA WAS FIRST REALIZATION OF THIS IDEA WAS IN THE SMALL HOUSE THAT THE IN THE SMALL HOUSE THAT THE ARCHITECT BUILT FOR HIS PARENTS ARCHITECT BUILT FOR HIS PARENTS ON LAKE GENEVA IN 1923 IS ON LAKE GENEVA IN 1923 IS DESCRIBED IN A HYMNAL TONEDESCRIBED IN A HYMNAL TONE

• REINFORCED CONCRETE MADE THE REINFORCED CONCRETE MADE THE STRUCTURALLY HOMOGENOUS ROOF STRUCTURALLY HOMOGENOUS ROOF POSSIBLEPOSSIBLE

• REASON OF TECHNIQUE, ECONOMY REASON OF TECHNIQUE, ECONOMY AND COMFORT LEAD TO THE AND COMFORT LEAD TO THE ADOPTION OF THE ROOF TERRACE ADOPTION OF THE ROOF TERRACE AND THE ROOF GARDENAND THE ROOF GARDEN

• THE ROOF GARDEN OFTEN EQUIPPED THE ROOF GARDEN OFTEN EQUIPPED FOR SPORTS, EMULATES THE FOR SPORTS, EMULATES THE ‘CONDITION OF NATURE’ IN HUMAN ‘CONDITION OF NATURE’ IN HUMAN HABITAT HABITAT

ROOF GARDEN

THE FLOOR PLANTHE FLOOR PLAN

• REINFORCED CONCRETE BROUGHT THE REINFORCED CONCRETE BROUGHT THE INNOVATION OF THE FREE PLAN IN WHICH INNOVATION OF THE FREE PLAN IN WHICH THE INTERIORS WERE NO LONGER THE THE INTERIORS WERE NO LONGER THE RIGIDLY DETERMINED BY THE STRUCTURAL RIGIDLY DETERMINED BY THE STRUCTURAL WALLS , THEY HAD BECOME FREE WALLS , THEY HAD BECOME FREE

• IN PARIS, THE PRINCIPLE HAD BEEN IN PARIS, THE PRINCIPLE HAD BEEN BEAUTIFULLY DEMONSTRATED BY PERRET’S BEAUTIFULLY DEMONSTRATED BY PERRET’S APARTMENT HOUSE APARTMENT HOUSE

• LE CORBUISER SUGGESTED A COMPLETE LE CORBUISER SUGGESTED A COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE OF STRUCTURAL SUPPORT INDEPENDENCE OF STRUCTURAL SUPPORT ARCHITECTURAL “INFILL”ARCHITECTURAL “INFILL”

• HE USED SLIDING WALLS THAT DIVIDED THE HE USED SLIDING WALLS THAT DIVIDED THE LIVING ROOM INTO THREE BEDROOMS AT LIVING ROOM INTO THREE BEDROOMS AT NIGHTNIGHT

THE ELONGATED WINDOWTHE ELONGATED WINDOW

• LE CORBUSIER’S OBSESSION WITH THE LE CORBUSIER’S OBSESSION WITH THE FORM OF THE FACADE LONG WINDOWS FORM OF THE FACADE LONG WINDOWS THAT IS TOTALLY INDEPENDENY OF THAT IS TOTALLY INDEPENDENY OF STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

• ITS NO SURPRISE THAT THE ARCHITECT ITS NO SURPRISE THAT THE ARCHITECT ONCE AGAIN PRODUCED A SCIENTIFIC ONCE AGAIN PRODUCED A SCIENTIFIC DEMONSTRATION IN ORDER TO PROVE DEMONSTRATION IN ORDER TO PROVE THE SUPERIORITY OF THE NEW WINDOW THE SUPERIORITY OF THE NEW WINDOW TYPETYPE

• FOR EXAMPLE , ON AN INTIMATE SCALE FOR EXAMPLE , ON AN INTIMATE SCALE ON THE UPPER FLOOR OF THE VILLA ON THE UPPER FLOOR OF THE VILLA VAUCRESSON AND IN THE JEANNERET VAUCRESSON AND IN THE JEANNERET HOUSE ON LAKE GENEVA HOUSE ON LAKE GENEVA

ELONGATED WINDOW

THE FREE FACADETHE FREE FACADE

• PILLARS RETREATED FROM THE PILLARS RETREATED FROM THE FACADE TO THE INSIDE OF THE HOUSE FACADE TO THE INSIDE OF THE HOUSE I.E THE FACADE BECAME NO MORE I.E THE FACADE BECAME NO MORE THAN LIGHT MEMBRANE THAN LIGHT MEMBRANE

• CONSIST OF ISOLATING EALLS OR CONSIST OF ISOLATING EALLS OR WINDOWSWINDOWS

• FACADE WAS NOW FREE AND THE FACADE WAS NOW FREE AND THE WINDOWS COULD EXTEND WITHOUT WINDOWS COULD EXTEND WITHOUT INTERRUPTION FRON ONE END TO THE INTERRUPTION FRON ONE END TO THE OTHER.OTHER.

• THE REAL MOTIVATION FOR IT WAS LE THE REAL MOTIVATION FOR IT WAS LE CORBUSIER’S URGE TO BRING HIS CORBUSIER’S URGE TO BRING HIS OLYMPIAN STATEMENTS TO THE OLYMPIAN STATEMENTS TO THE NUMBER NUMBER FIVE FIVE

THE MODULARTHE MODULAR• THE MODULAR WAS A SYSTEM OF THE MODULAR WAS A SYSTEM OF

PROPORTIONINGWORKED OUT BY PROPORTIONINGWORKED OUT BY LE LE CORBUSIERESSENTIALLY THE CORBUSIERESSENTIALLY THE MODULAR IS A SERIES OF MODULAR IS A SERIES OF PROPORTIONS PROPORTIONS NOT UNLIKE THE GOLDEN SECTION USED NOT UNLIKE THE GOLDEN SECTION USED BY ANCIENT GREEKS. BY ANCIENT GREEKS.

• BASED ON THE MEASUREMENTS OF A SIX- FOOT BASED ON THE MEASUREMENTS OF A SIX- FOOT MAN IN VARIOUS POSITIONS, STANDING SITTING, MAN IN VARIOUS POSITIONS, STANDING SITTING, LYING DOWN ETC. LYING DOWN ETC. TWO SERIES OF TWO SERIES OF MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENTS WERE DEVELOPED, THE ONE WERE DEVELOPED, THE ONE DERIVED FROM A STANDING FIGURE, THE OTHER DERIVED FROM A STANDING FIGURE, THE OTHER FROM A FIGURE WITH AN ARM UPRAISED.FROM A FIGURE WITH AN ARM UPRAISED.

IMPORTANT WORKSIMPORTANT WORKS

VILLA SAVOYE,1929VILLA SAVOYE,1929PALACE OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS,GENEVA,1927PALACE OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS,GENEVA,1927SWISS STUDENTS HOSTEL CITE UNIVERSITAIRE PARIS,1930-32SWISS STUDENTS HOSTEL CITE UNIVERSITAIRE PARIS,1930-32THE MODULAR,1945THE MODULAR,1945MRS MANORAMA SARABHAIS HOUSE,AHMEDABAD,1954MRS MANORAMA SARABHAIS HOUSE,AHMEDABAD,1954SHODAN HOUSE AHMEDABAD,1956SHODAN HOUSE AHMEDABAD,1956MILLOWNERS ASSOCIATION AHMEDABAD,1954MILLOWNERS ASSOCIATION AHMEDABAD,1954CHAPEL OF NOTRE-DAME RONCHAMP,1950-55CHAPEL OF NOTRE-DAME RONCHAMP,1950-55UNITED D’ HABITATION MARSEILLES,1946-52UNITED D’ HABITATION MARSEILLES,1946-52MUSEUM,AHMEDABAD,1954-57MUSEUM,AHMEDABAD,1954-57CHANDIGARH,1951CHANDIGARH,1951

VILLA SAVOYE, POISSY,FRANCE VILLA SAVOYE, POISSY,FRANCE 19311931

• VILLA SAVOYE IS RELATED TO THE WHOLE RANGE OF LE CORBUSIER’S ARCHITECTURE VILLA SAVOYE IS RELATED TO THE WHOLE RANGE OF LE CORBUSIER’S ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN PLANNING

• IT IS SITUATED ON SMOOTHLY SLOPING HILL TOP IN MIDST OF FIELDS IT IS SITUATED ON SMOOTHLY SLOPING HILL TOP IN MIDST OF FIELDS • IT ILLUSTRATES WITH EXTREME CLARITY AND IS PERHAPS THE MOST FAITHFUL IN ITS IT ILLUSTRATES WITH EXTREME CLARITY AND IS PERHAPS THE MOST FAITHFUL IN ITS

OBSERVATION OF HI FIVE POINTS I.E PILOTIS, ROOF GARDEN, FREE FLOOR PLAN , OBSERVATION OF HI FIVE POINTS I.E PILOTIS, ROOF GARDEN, FREE FLOOR PLAN , ELONGATED WINDOW, AND FREE FAÇADEELONGATED WINDOW, AND FREE FAÇADE

• COLUMNS OF THE BUILDINGS ARE DEFINED BY A SYSTEM OF WALLS INDEPENDENT OF COLUMNS OF THE BUILDINGS ARE DEFINED BY A SYSTEM OF WALLS INDEPENDENT OF STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

• ENTRY TO THE PROPERTY IS THROUGH A GATE AT ONE END OF HIGHENTRY TO THE PROPERTY IS THROUGH A GATE AT ONE END OF HIGH STONE WALLSTONE WALL• THERE IS SMALL GATE KEEPER’S LODGE AT THE ENTRANCE THERE IS SMALL GATE KEEPER’S LODGE AT THE ENTRANCE • THE MAIN PORTION OF THE HOUSE IS RAISED ON THE COLUMNS WHICH ARE SET ON THE MAIN PORTION OF THE HOUSE IS RAISED ON THE COLUMNS WHICH ARE SET ON

GRASS PLANEGRASS PLANE• SECOND LEVEL WITH OPEN GARDEN TERRACE, AS THE EXTENTION OF THE MAIN ROOMS SECOND LEVEL WITH OPEN GARDEN TERRACE, AS THE EXTENTION OF THE MAIN ROOMS

OF THE HOUSE IS LIFTED UPON COLUMNSOF THE HOUSE IS LIFTED UPON COLUMNS• FROM THE HALL A TWO STAGE RAMP LEAD UP INTO THE LIVING AREAFROM THE HALL A TWO STAGE RAMP LEAD UP INTO THE LIVING AREA• ROOMS ARE ARRANGED IN L- SHAPEDROOMS ARE ARRANGED IN L- SHAPED• ABOUT 1/3ABOUT 1/3RDRD OF THE SURFACE AREA IS OCCUPIED BY AN OPEN TERRACE ENCLOSED BY OF THE SURFACE AREA IS OCCUPIED BY AN OPEN TERRACE ENCLOSED BY

THE WALL OF THE HOUSETHE WALL OF THE HOUSE• CORNER TO CORNER SLITS OF THE ELONGATED WINDOWS OFFERED A VIEW OF THE CORNER TO CORNER SLITS OF THE ELONGATED WINDOWS OFFERED A VIEW OF THE

DISTANTS LANDSCAPEDISTANTS LANDSCAPE• THE MOST STRIKING FEATURE OF THE VILLA IS RAMP WHICH LEAD A SIMPLE WALK ON THE MOST STRIKING FEATURE OF THE VILLA IS RAMP WHICH LEAD A SIMPLE WALK ON

THE TERRACETHE TERRACE

• LIVING AREA OPENS ON THE SOUTH TO THE GARDEN THROUGH LARGE LIVING AREA OPENS ON THE SOUTH TO THE GARDEN THROUGH LARGE FLOOR TO CEILING SLIDING GLASS DOORSFLOOR TO CEILING SLIDING GLASS DOORS

• GROUND FLOOR IS A PERFECT SQAURE AND IS DEFINED AS ZONE OF GROUND FLOOR IS A PERFECT SQAURE AND IS DEFINED AS ZONE OF MOTIONMOTION

• THE MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS OF AN AUTOMOBILE DETERMINED THE THE MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS OF AN AUTOMOBILE DETERMINED THE RADIUS OF THE SEMI CIRCULAR GROUND FLOOR THAT CONTAINS AN RADIUS OF THE SEMI CIRCULAR GROUND FLOOR THAT CONTAINS AN ELEGANT RECEPTION HALL, GARAGE AND THE SERVANT QUARTERSELEGANT RECEPTION HALL, GARAGE AND THE SERVANT QUARTERS

• FROM THE HALL A TWO STAGE RAMP LEAD UP INTO THE LIVING AREAFROM THE HALL A TWO STAGE RAMP LEAD UP INTO THE LIVING AREA• ROOMS ARE ARRANGED IN L- SHAPEDROOMS ARE ARRANGED IN L- SHAPED• ABOUT 1/3ABOUT 1/3RDRD OF THE SURFACE AREA IS OCCUPIED BY AN OPEN TERRACE OF THE SURFACE AREA IS OCCUPIED BY AN OPEN TERRACE

ENCLOSED BY THE WALL OF THE HOUSEENCLOSED BY THE WALL OF THE HOUSE• CORNER TO CORNER SLITS OF THE ELONGATED WINDOWS OFFERED A CORNER TO CORNER SLITS OF THE ELONGATED WINDOWS OFFERED A

VIEW OF THE DISTANTS LANDSCAPEVIEW OF THE DISTANTS LANDSCAPE• THE MOST STRIKING FEATURE OF THE VILLA IS RAMP WHICH LEAD A THE MOST STRIKING FEATURE OF THE VILLA IS RAMP WHICH LEAD A

SIMPLE WALK ON THE TERRACESIMPLE WALK ON THE TERRACE

INTERIORSINTERIORS

PLANS PLANS

UNITE D’ HABITATIONUNITE D’ HABITATION

UNITE D’ HABITATIONUNITE D’ HABITATION

• IT WAS THE TIME WHEN EUROPE WAS RISING FROM THE SMOULDERING IT WAS THE TIME WHEN EUROPE WAS RISING FROM THE SMOULDERING FUNERAL PYRE OF AND ITS NEWLY LIBERATED PEOPLE WERE TO FUNERAL PYRE OF AND ITS NEWLY LIBERATED PEOPLE WERE TO ESTABLISH SOME PROGRAMME DIRECTION OF NEW LIFEESTABLISH SOME PROGRAMME DIRECTION OF NEW LIFE

• LE CORBUSIER HAD A REVOLUTIONARY EVENT, SUN, SPACE AND LE CORBUSIER HAD A REVOLUTIONARY EVENT, SUN, SPACE AND GREENERY WAS DEVELOPED HERE.GREENERY WAS DEVELOPED HERE.

• TO UNDERSTAND THE CHANGE OF MIND OF YHE PEOPLE AROUNDTO UNDERSTAND THE CHANGE OF MIND OF YHE PEOPLE AROUND• IT WAS LE CORBUSIER’S BEST CONTRIBUTION TO A MODERN TYPOLOGY IT WAS LE CORBUSIER’S BEST CONTRIBUTION TO A MODERN TYPOLOGY

OF SOCIAL HOUSING OF SOCIAL HOUSING • THE BUILDING US SITUATED ON 9 ACRE SITE ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF THE BUILDING US SITUATED ON 9 ACRE SITE ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF

MARSEILLEMARSEILLE• IT HAS AN EAST WEST ORIENTATIONIT HAS AN EAST WEST ORIENTATION• IT IS 450’ LONG, 80’ WIDE AMD 185’ HIGH IT IS 450’ LONG, 80’ WIDE AMD 185’ HIGH • IT FOLLOOWS THE THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER’S LOGIC IT FOLLOOWS THE THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER’S LOGIC

OF CONSTRUCTION OF CONSTRUCTION • 4 LIFTS EACH WITH A CAPACITY OF 20 TRAVELLING WITH A SPEED AT 4 LIFTS EACH WITH A CAPACITY OF 20 TRAVELLING WITH A SPEED AT

40 FT PER SECOND.40 FT PER SECOND.

• IT HAS SKELETON OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND REST ON IT HAS SKELETON OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND REST ON POWERFUL PILLARS WHICH LEAVS THE GROUND FREEPOWERFUL PILLARS WHICH LEAVS THE GROUND FREE

• ALL PIPING PASSES THROUGH THESE PILLARS (PILOTIS) ALL PIPING PASSES THROUGH THESE PILLARS (PILOTIS) • ALL APARTMENTS ARE BUILT IN TWO LEVELS ALL APARTMENTS ARE BUILT IN TWO LEVELS • THE NORTHEN FAÇADE IS BLANK, WHILE THE OTHER FACADES ARE THE NORTHEN FAÇADE IS BLANK, WHILE THE OTHER FACADES ARE

ANIMATED WITH GLASS WALLS AND SUNBREAK LOGGIAS OF LIVING ANIMATED WITH GLASS WALLS AND SUNBREAK LOGGIAS OF LIVING AREA AREA

• THE PLAN IS NOT COMPLETELY FREE ; THE PARTITION WALLS THE PLAN IS NOT COMPLETELY FREE ; THE PARTITION WALLS BETWEEN THE APARTMENTS ARE LOAD BEARINGBETWEEN THE APARTMENTS ARE LOAD BEARING

• STRONG SOUND PROOFING BETWEEN APARTMENTSSTRONG SOUND PROOFING BETWEEN APARTMENTS• IT IS 9 STOREYS HIGHIT IS 9 STOREYS HIGH• THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO TWENTY THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO TWENTY THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF

APARTMENTSAPARTMENTS• 337 APARTMENTS IN ALL337 APARTMENTS IN ALL• RECREATIONAL ROOMS ARE ON THE ROOFRECREATIONAL ROOMS ARE ON THE ROOF

• THE LIVING ROOM HAS DOUBLE HEIGHT OF 16’ AND GLASS THE LIVING ROOM HAS DOUBLE HEIGHT OF 16’ AND GLASS WALL OF 12’ X 16’WALL OF 12’ X 16’

• OTHER ROOMS ARE 8’ HIGHOTHER ROOMS ARE 8’ HIGH• THE TERRACE ROOF HAS BEEN PROVIDED WITH NUMBER OF THE TERRACE ROOF HAS BEEN PROVIDED WITH NUMBER OF

FACILITIES FOR COLLECTIVE USE : DAY NURSERY, FACILITIES FOR COLLECTIVE USE : DAY NURSERY, KINDERGARTEN, GYMNASIUM FOR ADULTS , OPEN AIR KINDERGARTEN, GYMNASIUM FOR ADULTS , OPEN AIR THEATER,AND THREE HUNDRED METER RACE TRACKTHEATER,AND THREE HUNDRED METER RACE TRACK

• CONCRETE IS USED AS NOBLE MATERIALCONCRETE IS USED AS NOBLE MATERIAL• FEW DISADVANTAGES OF THIS BUILDING ARE AS FOLLOW:FEW DISADVANTAGES OF THIS BUILDING ARE AS FOLLOW:• THE FOREST OF PILOTIS ON THE GROUND FLOOR IS SIMPLY THE FOREST OF PILOTIS ON THE GROUND FLOOR IS SIMPLY

LUGUBRIOUSLUGUBRIOUS• THE INDIVIDUAL CELLS ARE TOO NARROWTHE INDIVIDUAL CELLS ARE TOO NARROW• SHOPPING STREET IS TOO LARGE COMPARED TO THE SIZE OF SHOPPING STREET IS TOO LARGE COMPARED TO THE SIZE OF

BUILDINGBUILDINGHE IMLEMENTED MOST OF HIS RADICAL IDEAS.

IT HAD A ROUGH CONCRETE FINISH TO THE COMPLEX.

HUGE PILOTIS LEAVING THE GROUND FREE CONCRETE AS NOBLE MATERIAL

DOUBLE HEIGHT LIVING ROOM WITH GLASS WALL

GLASS WALL OF 12’ X 16’

DOUBLE HEIGHT BALCONIES TOO

ROOF NURSERY

COLOURFUL WALLS IN BALCONIES

NARROW ROOMS ( 8’ HIGH ROOMS)

OPEN TERRACE

NOTRE-DAM-DU-HAUT-NOTRE-DAM-DU-HAUT-RONCHAMPRONCHAMP

• NOTRE-DAM-DU-HAUT IS SITUATED ON SOURTHEN FOOTHILLS OF THE VOSAGESNOTRE-DAM-DU-HAUT IS SITUATED ON SOURTHEN FOOTHILLS OF THE VOSAGES• LE CORBUSIER TACKLED THE PROBLEM FIRST OF ALL AS A MATTER OF “PURE” LE CORBUSIER TACKLED THE PROBLEM FIRST OF ALL AS A MATTER OF “PURE”

SPACE SPACE • IN THIS CONTEXT, LE CORBUSIER HIMSELF SPOKE OF LANDSCAPE ACOUSTICS IN THIS CONTEXT, LE CORBUSIER HIMSELF SPOKE OF LANDSCAPE ACOUSTICS

THUS CREATING AN ECHO IN THE HALLTHUS CREATING AN ECHO IN THE HALL• THE FORM HE FINALLY CAME UP WITH EQUAL JUSTICE TO THE PRACTICLE THE FORM HE FINALLY CAME UP WITH EQUAL JUSTICE TO THE PRACTICLE

PURPOSE OF SANCTUARY AND THE EVOCATIVE CHALLENGE OF THE LANDPURPOSE OF SANCTUARY AND THE EVOCATIVE CHALLENGE OF THE LAND• IT IS COVERED WITH MUSHROOM SHAPED ROOF IT IS COVERED WITH MUSHROOM SHAPED ROOF • FOLLOWING THE SHAPE OF HILL , THE NAVE OF THE CHURCH IS INCLINED FOLLOWING THE SHAPE OF HILL , THE NAVE OF THE CHURCH IS INCLINED

TOWARDS EASTTOWARDS EAST• THE ROOF IS INDEPENDENT OF WALLSTHE ROOF IS INDEPENDENT OF WALLS• A THIN STRIP OF DAYLIGHT IS REVEALED BETWEEN THE CHAPEL WALLS AND A THIN STRIP OF DAYLIGHT IS REVEALED BETWEEN THE CHAPEL WALLS AND

THE ROOF THE ROOF • IT CREATS A STRONG TENSION BETWEEN THE INDOORS AND OUT DOORS IT CREATS A STRONG TENSION BETWEEN THE INDOORS AND OUT DOORS

•THE MAIN HALL HAS A CAPACITY OF 200 THE MAIN HALL HAS A CAPACITY OF 200 PEOPLEPEOPLE

•IT WAS THIS CHPEL THAT HE FIRST IT WAS THIS CHPEL THAT HE FIRST FORMULATED THE IDEA ARCHITECTURALLY FORMULATED THE IDEA ARCHITECTURALLY IN THE FORM OF PERISCOPE LIGHT SHAFTS IN THE FORM OF PERISCOPE LIGHT SHAFTS CAPTURING THE SUNLIGHT AND SPILLING IT CAPTURING THE SUNLIGHT AND SPILLING IT OVER THE ALTARS OF THE THREE SIDED OVER THE ALTARS OF THE THREE SIDED CHAPELCHAPEL

•HE PLAYED WITH MASS AND VOID ON THE HE PLAYED WITH MASS AND VOID ON THE EXTERIORS OF THE WALLSEXTERIORS OF THE WALLS

MASS VOID APPEARANCE

INTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL

IRREGULAR VOIDS

PAINTINGPAINTING

CCHHAANNDDIIGGAARRHH

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

• SINCE PUNJAB EAS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS, THE CAPITAL WAS LEFT SINCE PUNJAB EAS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS, THE CAPITAL WAS LEFT IN PAKISTAN THERE FORE PUNJAB IN INDIA REQUIRED NEW CAPITALIN PAKISTAN THERE FORE PUNJAB IN INDIA REQUIRED NEW CAPITAL

• LE CORBUSIER WAS APPROACHED BY PUNJAB GOVERNMENT AND THE LE CORBUSIER WAS APPROACHED BY PUNJAB GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIME MINISTER OF INDIAPRIME MINISTER OF INDIA

• CHANDIGARH IS A BOLD EXPERIMENT IN MODERN CIVIC DESIGN CHANDIGARH IS A BOLD EXPERIMENT IN MODERN CIVIC DESIGN • CHANDIGARH HAS PROVOKED FRESH THINKING AND IN FACT SHOWN CHANDIGARH HAS PROVOKED FRESH THINKING AND IN FACT SHOWN

NEW WAY OF LIFENEW WAY OF LIFE• MAXWELL FRY, JANE DREW AND PIERRE JEANNERET WERE ALSO MAXWELL FRY, JANE DREW AND PIERRE JEANNERET WERE ALSO

INVOLVED IN THE TEAM OF ARCHITECTSINVOLVED IN THE TEAM OF ARCHITECTS• WHEN LE CORBUSIER ASSUMED CONTROL OF THE CHANDIGARH WHEN LE CORBUSIER ASSUMED CONTROL OF THE CHANDIGARH

PROJECT IN 1951, HOWEVER THE DESIGN OF THE CITY HAD ALREADY PROJECT IN 1951, HOWEVER THE DESIGN OF THE CITY HAD ALREADY BEEN DEVISED BY THE NEW YORK FIRM OF MAYER, WHITTLESEY, AND BEEN DEVISED BY THE NEW YORK FIRM OF MAYER, WHITTLESEY, AND GLASS WHO RECEIVED A CONTRACT FOR THE MASTER PLAN OF GLASS WHO RECEIVED A CONTRACT FOR THE MASTER PLAN OF CHANDIGARH IN 1950 CHANDIGARH IN 1950

ALBERT MAYER THE MASTER ALBERT MAYER THE MASTER PLANPLAN

• MAYER WAS THE FIRST ONE TO GET THE CHANDIGARH PROJECTMAYER WAS THE FIRST ONE TO GET THE CHANDIGARH PROJECT• MATTHEW NOWICKI WAS INVITED TO JOIN THE STAFF ASSEMBLED TO MATTHEW NOWICKI WAS INVITED TO JOIN THE STAFF ASSEMBLED TO

PLAN CHANDIGARH.HIS DITIES WERE TO TAKE THE FORM OF PLAN CHANDIGARH.HIS DITIES WERE TO TAKE THE FORM OF ARCHITECTURAL CONTROL. ARCHITECTURAL CONTROL.

• MAYER STATED THAT HE WAS TRYING TO CREATE SOMETHING”THAT MAYER STATED THAT HE WAS TRYING TO CREATE SOMETHING”THAT REALLY APPLIES TO WHAT WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT MUCH BUT WHICH REALLY APPLIES TO WHAT WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT MUCH BUT WHICH HAS BEEN AT BEST DONE IN A LIMITED WAY IN RADBUBN,THE HAS BEEN AT BEST DONE IN A LIMITED WAY IN RADBUBN,THE GREENBELT TOWNS AND BALDWIN HILLS. GREENBELT TOWNS AND BALDWIN HILLS.

• THE BASIC AIM,STATED MAYER,WAS A BEAUTIFUL CITY. THE BASIC AIM,STATED MAYER,WAS A BEAUTIFUL CITY. • THE MASTER PLAN WHICH ALBERT MAYER PRODUCED FOR CHANDIGARH THE MASTER PLAN WHICH ALBERT MAYER PRODUCED FOR CHANDIGARH

ASSUMES A FAN-SHAPED OUTLINE,SPREADING GENTLY TO FILL THE FILE ASSUMES A FAN-SHAPED OUTLINE,SPREADING GENTLY TO FILL THE FILE THE SITE BETWEEN THE TWO RIVER BEDS.THE SITE BETWEEN THE TWO RIVER BEDS.

• THE PROVINCIAL GOVT. BUILDINGS ARE LOCATED THE UPPER EDGE OF THE PROVINCIAL GOVT. BUILDINGS ARE LOCATED THE UPPER EDGE OF THE CITY WITHIN A FORK IN ONE OF THE RIVERS,WHILE THE CENTRAL THE CITY WITHIN A FORK IN ONE OF THE RIVERS,WHILE THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT OCCUPIES AN AREA NEAR THE CENTER.A CURVING BUSINESS DISTRICT OCCUPIES AN AREA NEAR THE CENTER.A CURVING NETWORK OF MAIN ROADS SURROUNDS THE RESIDENTIAL NETWORK OF MAIN ROADS SURROUNDS THE RESIDENTIAL SUPERBLOCKS,EACH OF WHICH CONTAINS A CENTRAL AREA OF SUPERBLOCKS,EACH OF WHICH CONTAINS A CENTRAL AREA OF PARKLAND.PARKLAND.

• TWO LARGER PARKS MAY BE SEENTWO LARGER PARKS MAY BE SEEN STRETCHING THROUGH THE STRETCHING THROUGH THE CITY.CITY.

• THE FLATNESS OF THE SITE ALLOWED ALMOST COMPLETE THE FLATNESS OF THE SITE ALLOWED ALMOST COMPLETE FREEDOM IN CREATING STREET LAYOUT AND IT IS OF INTEREST FREEDOM IN CREATING STREET LAYOUT AND IT IS OF INTEREST TO NOTE HAT THE OVERALL PATTERN DELIBERATELY AVOIDS A TO NOTE HAT THE OVERALL PATTERN DELIBERATELY AVOIDS A GEOMETRIC GRID IN FAVOUR OF A LOOSELY CURVING SYSTEM. GEOMETRIC GRID IN FAVOUR OF A LOOSELY CURVING SYSTEM.

• THE DEATH OF NOWICKI NECESSITATED THE SELECTION OF A THE DEATH OF NOWICKI NECESSITATED THE SELECTION OF A NEW ARCHITECT FOR CHANDIGARH.NEW ARCHITECT FOR CHANDIGARH.

• IT WAS THE MINISTER OF PLANNING WHO SUGGISTED LE-IT WAS THE MINISTER OF PLANNING WHO SUGGISTED LE-CORBUISER AND WHO ALSO RECOMMENDED THE INCLUSION OF CORBUISER AND WHO ALSO RECOMMENDED THE INCLUSION OF PIERRE JEANNERET WHOM HE TERMED A’’ GOOD DETAIL MAN.’’PIERRE JEANNERET WHOM HE TERMED A’’ GOOD DETAIL MAN.’’

.

MASTER PLANMASTER PLAN

• IN 1951 IT WAS GIVEN TO LE CORBUSIERIN 1951 IT WAS GIVEN TO LE CORBUSIER• IN CHANDIGARH LE CORBUSIER SYTEM OF SELF SUPPORTING NEIGHBORHOOD IN CHANDIGARH LE CORBUSIER SYTEM OF SELF SUPPORTING NEIGHBORHOOD

UNIT KNOWN AS A SECTOR HAS WORKED VERY WELLUNIT KNOWN AS A SECTOR HAS WORKED VERY WELL• SECTOR WHICH IS INTROVERTED IN CHARACTER COMMUNICATES ONLY AT 4 SECTOR WHICH IS INTROVERTED IN CHARACTER COMMUNICATES ONLY AT 4

JUNCTIONS WITH THE ADJOINING NEIGHBOURHOOD UNITSJUNCTIONS WITH THE ADJOINING NEIGHBOURHOOD UNITS• ALL THE HOUSES OPEN UP INSIDEALL THE HOUSES OPEN UP INSIDE• GRID PLANNING IS DONEGRID PLANNING IS DONE• CHANDIGARH PLANNING WAS DONE IN AN MANNER THAT EVERYTHING WAS CHANDIGARH PLANNING WAS DONE IN AN MANNER THAT EVERYTHING WAS

EASILY CLEAR ABOUT THE ROUTES AND SECTORSEASILY CLEAR ABOUT THE ROUTES AND SECTORS• CHANDIGARH UT IS SPREAD OVER AN AREA OF 114SQ KMS INCLUDING CHANDIGARH UT IS SPREAD OVER AN AREA OF 114SQ KMS INCLUDING

MANIMAJRA AND BURAIL MANIMAJRA AND BURAIL

PLAN OF THE CITYPLAN OF THE CITY

THE 7V’STHE 7V’S7 V’S ROAD SYSTEM IS USED7 V’S ROAD SYSTEM IS USED•THE ROADS ARE CLASSIFIED AS V1 ,V2 ,V3………V7THE ROADS ARE CLASSIFIED AS V1 ,V2 ,V3………V7•V1 CONNECTS CHANDIGARH TO OTHER CITIESV1 CONNECTS CHANDIGARH TO OTHER CITIES•V2 ARE THE MAJOR AVENUES OF THE CITY E.G MADHYA MARG ETCV2 ARE THE MAJOR AVENUES OF THE CITY E.G MADHYA MARG ETC•V3 ARE THE CORRIDORS STREETS FOR VEHICULAR TRAFFIC ONLYV3 ARE THE CORRIDORS STREETS FOR VEHICULAR TRAFFIC ONLY•V4…..V7 ARE THE ROADS WITHIN THE SECTORSV4…..V7 ARE THE ROADS WITHIN THE SECTORS•CHANDIGARH HAS BEEN PLANNED ON THE SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND CHANDIGARH HAS BEEN PLANNED ON THE SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND TO APPRISE THE COMING GENERATION OF THESE PRINCIPLESTO APPRISE THE COMING GENERATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES•THE MAIN FEATURE OF THIS EDICT ARE ITS-THE MAIN FEATURE OF THIS EDICT ARE ITS-

HUMAN SCALEHUMAN SCALE SELF SUFFICIENT SECTORSSELF SUFFICIENT SECTORS ROADS SYSTEM ROADS SYSTEM AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST ARCHITECTURAL CONTROLARCHITECTURAL CONTROL

THREE DISCIPLINESTHREE DISCIPLINES• THE DISCIPLINE OF MONEYTHE DISCIPLINE OF MONEY

• LE CORBUISER ONCE REMARKED THAT”INDIA HASTHE TREASURES OF A PROUD LE CORBUISER ONCE REMARKED THAT”INDIA HASTHE TREASURES OF A PROUD CULTURE,BUT HER COFFERS ARE EMPTY.” AND THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT THE DESIRE CULTURE,BUT HER COFFERS ARE EMPTY.” AND THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT THE DESIRE FOR GRANDNESS WAS HAMPERED BY THE NEED FOR STRICT ECONOMY.FOR GRANDNESS WAS HAMPERED BY THE NEED FOR STRICT ECONOMY.

• IN WORKING UP HIS DESIGNS,LE CORBUISER CONSULTED THE PROGRAM FOR EACH IN WORKING UP HIS DESIGNS,LE CORBUISER CONSULTED THE PROGRAM FOR EACH BUILDING AS GIVEN IN THE BUDGET AND THEN PREPARED THE INITIAL PROJECT.BUILDING AS GIVEN IN THE BUDGET AND THEN PREPARED THE INITIAL PROJECT.

• THE DISCIPLINE OF TECHNOLOGYTHE DISCIPLINE OF TECHNOLOGY

• AVAILABLE IN QUANTITY,HOWEVER,WAS GOOD CLAY STONE AND SAND,AND,ABOVE AVAILABLE IN QUANTITY,HOWEVER,WAS GOOD CLAY STONE AND SAND,AND,ABOVE ALL’HUMAN LABOUR.ALL’HUMAN LABOUR.

• THE MATERIALS OF WHICH CHANDIGARH HAS BEN CONSTRUCTED ARE ROUGH CONCRETE THE MATERIALS OF WHICH CHANDIGARH HAS BEN CONSTRUCTED ARE ROUGH CONCRETE IN THE CAPITOL COMPLEX AND THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT AND FOR MOST OF THE IN THE CAPITOL COMPLEX AND THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT AND FOR MOST OF THE CITY,ESPECIALLY IN HOUSING,LOCALLY PRODUCED BRICK.CITY,ESPECIALLY IN HOUSING,LOCALLY PRODUCED BRICK.

• THE DISCIPLINE OF CLIMATETHE DISCIPLINE OF CLIMATE

• BESIDES THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL REGULATONS THERE WAS A LAW OF THE BESIDES THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL REGULATONS THERE WAS A LAW OF THE SUN IN INDIA.SUN IN INDIA.

• THE ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEM CONSISTS;FIRST TO MAKE SHADE,SECOND TO MAKE A THE ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEM CONSISTS;FIRST TO MAKE SHADE,SECOND TO MAKE A CURRENT OF AIR[TO VENTILATE],THIRD TO CONTROL HYDRAULICS.CURRENT OF AIR[TO VENTILATE],THIRD TO CONTROL HYDRAULICS.

THE SECTORTHE SECTOR• TAKING CHANDIGARH AS AN EXAMPLE,WE MAY SEE AT ONCE THE TAKING CHANDIGARH AS AN EXAMPLE,WE MAY SEE AT ONCE THE

DEMOCRATIC IDEA WHICH ALLOWS US TO DEVOTE AN EQUAL CARE TO DEMOCRATIC IDEA WHICH ALLOWS US TO DEVOTE AN EQUAL CARE TO HOUSING ALL CLASSES OF SOCIETY TO SEK NEW SOCIAL GROUPINGS, HOUSING ALL CLASSES OF SOCIETY TO SEK NEW SOCIAL GROUPINGS, NEW PATTERNS OF EDUCATION AND PUBLIC WELFARE,AND MADE NEW PATTERNS OF EDUCATION AND PUBLIC WELFARE,AND MADE MORE POSSIBLE BY PRACTICAL APLICATOIN OF THE SCIENTIFIC IDEA MORE POSSIBLE BY PRACTICAL APLICATOIN OF THE SCIENTIFIC IDEA WHICH THROUGH INDUSTRIALISM,GIVES US SUCH BENEFITS AS PIPED WHICH THROUGH INDUSTRIALISM,GIVES US SUCH BENEFITS AS PIPED WATER,ELECRICITY AND CHEAP TRANSPORT.WATER,ELECRICITY AND CHEAP TRANSPORT.

• EACH SECTOR IS DESIGNATED BY NUMBER,THE CAPITAL COMPLEX EACH SECTOR IS DESIGNATED BY NUMBER,THE CAPITAL COMPLEX BEING NUMBER 1,WITH THE REMAINING SECTORS NUMBERED BEING NUMBER 1,WITH THE REMAINING SECTORS NUMBERED CONSECUTIVELY BEGINNING AT THE NORTH CORNER OF THE CITY.CONSECUTIVELY BEGINNING AT THE NORTH CORNER OF THE CITY.

• AT PRESENT THERE ARE 30 SECTORS IN CHANDIGARH,OF WHICH 24 AT PRESENT THERE ARE 30 SECTORS IN CHANDIGARH,OF WHICH 24 ARE RESIDENTIAL.ARE RESIDENTIAL.

• THE SECTORS AT THE UPPER EDGE OF THE CITY ARE OF ABBREVIATED THE SECTORS AT THE UPPER EDGE OF THE CITY ARE OF ABBREVIATED SIZE.SIZE.

• IN ALL TYPE OF HOUSING ,PARTLY BECAUSE OF THE IN ALL TYPE OF HOUSING ,PARTLY BECAUSE OF THE GLAZING EXPENSE,PARTLY TO KEEP OUT SUN.GLAZING EXPENSE,PARTLY TO KEEP OUT SUN.

• AS THE MOST ECONOMICAL AND READILY AVAILABLE AS THE MOST ECONOMICAL AND READILY AVAILABLE MATERIAL FOR BUILDING AT CHANDIGARH WAS LOCALLY MATERIAL FOR BUILDING AT CHANDIGARH WAS LOCALLY MADE BRICK.MADE BRICK.

• THIS BECAME THE MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION.THIS BECAME THE MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION.• THE FLAT ROOF WAS EMPLOYED THROUGH OUT IN THE FLAT ROOF WAS EMPLOYED THROUGH OUT IN

CHANDIGARH HOUSING BECAUSE OF ITS USEFULNESS AS A CHANDIGARH HOUSING BECAUSE OF ITS USEFULNESS AS A SLEEPING AREA SLEEPING AREA

• 70% OF THE BUILDING WOULD BE PRIVATE IN ALL THE 70% OF THE BUILDING WOULD BE PRIVATE IN ALL THE SECTORS.SECTORS.

• RESIDENTIAL PLOTS RANGING IN DIMENSIONS FROM 75 SQ. RESIDENTIAL PLOTS RANGING IN DIMENSIONS FROM 75 SQ. YARDS TO 5000 SQ YARDS.YARDS TO 5000 SQ YARDS.

THE SECRETARIAT,1958THE SECRETARIAT,1958

THE SECRETARIATTHE SECRETARIAT• THE FIRST DESIGN FOR THE SECRETARIAT PRESENTS THE BUILDING AS THE FIRST DESIGN FOR THE SECRETARIAT PRESENTS THE BUILDING AS

A TALL THIN SLAB CARRYING A SURFACE BRISE SOLEIL DIVIDED BY A A TALL THIN SLAB CARRYING A SURFACE BRISE SOLEIL DIVIDED BY A CENTRAL HORIZONTAL BAND CENTRAL HORIZONTAL BAND

• THE DESIGN WHICH WAS ACCEPTED ESTABLISHED THE BUILDING FORN THE DESIGN WHICH WAS ACCEPTED ESTABLISHED THE BUILDING FORN AS A LONG ,HORIZONTAL CONCRETE SLABAS A LONG ,HORIZONTAL CONCRETE SLAB

• THE SECRETARIAT, THE LONGEST BUILDING IN CHANDIGARH, 254M THE SECRETARIAT, THE LONGEST BUILDING IN CHANDIGARH, 254M LONG,AND 42M HIGHFORMS THE ADMINSTRATIVE CENTER,WITH LONG,AND 42M HIGHFORMS THE ADMINSTRATIVE CENTER,WITH MINISTERAL OFFICES GROUPED IN THE CENTER AND OFFICES FOR MINISTERAL OFFICES GROUPED IN THE CENTER AND OFFICES FOR EMPLOYEES ARRANGED ON EITHER SIDE EMPLOYEES ARRANGED ON EITHER SIDE

• THE BUILDING WAS COMPLETED IN 1958THE BUILDING WAS COMPLETED IN 1958• THE BUILDING IS COMPOSED OF SIX EIGHT STOREY BLOCKS SEPARETED THE BUILDING IS COMPOSED OF SIX EIGHT STOREY BLOCKS SEPARETED

BY EXPANSION JOINTSBY EXPANSION JOINTS• THE CENTRAL PAVILION, BLOCK 4, CONTAINS THE OFFICES OF THE THE CENTRAL PAVILION, BLOCK 4, CONTAINS THE OFFICES OF THE

MINISTERSMINISTERS

FREE FACADE

RAMP ENCLOCURE

ROUGH CONCRETE FINISH

SQUARE WINDOWS

PROJECTED PORTICOS

SMALL ENTRANCE

BIG ENTRANCE

• THE ROUGH CONCRETE AGAIN INTERPOSES IN THE THE ROUGH CONCRETE AGAIN INTERPOSES IN THE FENESTRATION OF THE TWO MAIN FACADES ; MORE THAN 2000 FENESTRATION OF THE TWO MAIN FACADES ; MORE THAN 2000 UNITS OF UNIQUE DESIGNUNITS OF UNIQUE DESIGN

• APPRAOCH TO THE BUILDING IS THROUGH ROADWAYS BELOW APPRAOCH TO THE BUILDING IS THROUGH ROADWAYS BELOW GROUND LEVEL TO A LARGE PARKING AREA IN FRONT OF THE GROUND LEVEL TO A LARGE PARKING AREA IN FRONT OF THE CENTRAL BLOCK, AND A FLOOR IS LEFT OPEN AT THIS LEVEL TO CENTRAL BLOCK, AND A FLOOR IS LEFT OPEN AT THIS LEVEL TO FORM AN ENTRANCE HALLFORM AN ENTRANCE HALL

• BLOCK 1 AND 2 RISES DIRECTLY FROM THE GROUNDBLOCK 1 AND 2 RISES DIRECTLY FROM THE GROUND• BLOCK 3,4 AND PART OF 5 FACE ON THE EXCAVATED AREA OF BLOCK 3,4 AND PART OF 5 FACE ON THE EXCAVATED AREA OF

THE PARKING LOT AND HAVE THE LOWER STOREY OPEN THE PARKING LOT AND HAVE THE LOWER STOREY OPEN BETWEEN PILOTIS BETWEEN PILOTIS

• FOR THE REST PART OF BLOCK 5 AND WHOLE OF 6 THE LEVEL FOR THE REST PART OF BLOCK 5 AND WHOLE OF 6 THE LEVEL GOES TILL PLAZA HEIGHT, AND LOWER PORTION OF THESE GOES TILL PLAZA HEIGHT, AND LOWER PORTION OF THESE BLOCKS ARE LEFT OPEN TO A HEIGHT OF TWO STORYESBLOCKS ARE LEFT OPEN TO A HEIGHT OF TWO STORYES

• THE TOP OF THE BUILDING IS DEVELOPED AS A ROOF GARDEN THE TOP OF THE BUILDING IS DEVELOPED AS A ROOF GARDEN CONTAINING THE SERVICE BLOCKS AND CAFETERIA FOR CONTAINING THE SERVICE BLOCKS AND CAFETERIA FOR EMPLOYEESEMPLOYEES

PLANSPLANS

• THE PLASTIC EMPHASIS IS THE PLASTIC EMPHASIS IS GIVEN TO THE BUILDING BY GIVEN TO THE BUILDING BY FREE STANDING EXTERIOR FREE STANDING EXTERIOR RAMPS ENCLOSED IN ROUGH RAMPS ENCLOSED IN ROUGH CONCRETE WALLSCONCRETE WALLS

• FOR SUPPLEMENTARY FOR SUPPLEMENTARY COMMUNICATION WITHIN COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BUILDING , EACH OF SIX THE BUILDING , EACH OF SIX BLOCKS IS EQUIPPED WITH BLOCKS IS EQUIPPED WITH INTERIOR STAIRWAYS AND INTERIOR STAIRWAYS AND LIMITED ELEVATOR SERVICELIMITED ELEVATOR SERVICE

• HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION IS BY MEANS OF A CENTRAL IS BY MEANS OF A CENTRAL CORRIDORSCORRIDORS

• FOR MINISTER’S BLOCK THE FOR MINISTER’S BLOCK THE BAY SIZE IS INCREASED AND BAY SIZE IS INCREASED AND THE COLUMN IS THICKENED THE COLUMN IS THICKENED

HT OF 2 STOREYS LEFT OPEN

COLUMNS SUPPORTING 1 ½ BLOCK

THE HIGH COURTTHE HIGH COURT

THE HIGH COURTTHE HIGH COURT

• THE HIGH COURT FORMED A PART AS “ A GRAT ARCHITECTURAL THE HIGH COURT FORMED A PART AS “ A GRAT ARCHITECTURAL VENTURE USING VERY POOR MATERIALS AND A LABOUR FORCEQUITE VENTURE USING VERY POOR MATERIALS AND A LABOUR FORCEQUITE UNUSED TO MODERN BUILDING TECHNIQUESUNUSED TO MODERN BUILDING TECHNIQUES

• AN ENTIRE STUCTURE HAS RESULTED IN THE USE OF DOUBLE ROOFAN ENTIRE STUCTURE HAS RESULTED IN THE USE OF DOUBLE ROOF• THE UPPER ROOF CANTILEVERED OUT OF THE OFFICE BLOCK IN THE THE UPPER ROOF CANTILEVERED OUT OF THE OFFICE BLOCK IN THE

MANNER OF PARASOL SHADING THE LOWER ROOF MANNER OF PARASOL SHADING THE LOWER ROOF • THE SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO ROOFS IS LEFT OPEN TO ENABLE THE SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO ROOFS IS LEFT OPEN TO ENABLE

CURRENTS OF AIR TO MOVE BETWEEN THE FLAT ROOF OF THE OFFICE CURRENTS OF AIR TO MOVE BETWEEN THE FLAT ROOF OF THE OFFICE BLOCK AND THE UNDERSIDE OF THE PARASOL ROOF WHICH SLOPES BLOCK AND THE UNDERSIDE OF THE PARASOL ROOF WHICH SLOPES TOWARDS CENTER IN THE FORM OF ROWS OF ARCHESTOWARDS CENTER IN THE FORM OF ROWS OF ARCHES

• IN THE PLAN THE BUILDING TOOK THE FORM OF ABBREVIATED L – IN THE PLAN THE BUILDING TOOK THE FORM OF ABBREVIATED L – SHAPED WITH LONG FAÇADE FACING THE CAPITOL PLAZA TO CONTAIN SHAPED WITH LONG FAÇADE FACING THE CAPITOL PLAZA TO CONTAIN COURT ROOMS COURT ROOMS

• THE BUILDING IS A RECTILINEAR FRAME WITHIN WHICH THE INTERIOR THE BUILDING IS A RECTILINEAR FRAME WITHIN WHICH THE INTERIOR FUNCTIONS ARE DEFINEDFUNCTIONS ARE DEFINED

CONTD..CONTD..

• THE EIGHT COURT ROOMS ARE IDENTICALLY EXPRESSED ON THE THE EIGHT COURT ROOMS ARE IDENTICALLY EXPRESSED ON THE MAIN FACADE AND SEPARETED FROM THE LARGER HIGH COURT BY MAIN FACADE AND SEPARETED FROM THE LARGER HIGH COURT BY A MONUMENTAL COLUMNED ENTRANCE RISING THE HEIGHT OF THE A MONUMENTAL COLUMNED ENTRANCE RISING THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDINGBUILDING

• BUILDING RISES DIRECTLY FROM THE EARTH BUILDING RISES DIRECTLY FROM THE EARTH • THE MAIN FACADE IS DEFINED BY A FULL HEIGHT CONCRETE BRISE THE MAIN FACADE IS DEFINED BY A FULL HEIGHT CONCRETE BRISE

SOLEIL SOLEIL • THE ARCH FORM IS RESTRICTED TO THE UNDERSIDE OF THE THE ARCH FORM IS RESTRICTED TO THE UNDERSIDE OF THE

PARASOL ROOF PARASOL ROOF • IT IS THE VISUAL DRAMA OF THE PIERS RISING SIXTY FEET FROM IT IS THE VISUAL DRAMA OF THE PIERS RISING SIXTY FEET FROM

THE GROUND TO MEET THE HEAVY OUTWARD THRUST OF THE THE GROUND TO MEET THE HEAVY OUTWARD THRUST OF THE ROOF WHICH CREATES THE FOCAL EMPHASIS OF THE PRESENT ROOF WHICH CREATES THE FOCAL EMPHASIS OF THE PRESENT PLAN PLAN

• ON THE MAIN FACADE THE DEEP FIXED CONCRETE BRISE SOLEIL ON THE MAIN FACADE THE DEEP FIXED CONCRETE BRISE SOLEIL GIVES A STRONG AND SCALELESS PATTERN TO THE BUILDINGGIVES A STRONG AND SCALELESS PATTERN TO THE BUILDING

• IT IS THE CONCRETE SCREEN WHICH GIVES THE MAIN FACADE ITS IT IS THE CONCRETE SCREEN WHICH GIVES THE MAIN FACADE ITS OVER ALL UNITYOVER ALL UNITY

• BEHIND THE BRISE SOLEIL , THE WINDOWS OF THE COURT BEHIND THE BRISE SOLEIL , THE WINDOWS OF THE COURT ROOMS ARE OF FIXED GLASS, BUT BETWEEN ARE NARROW ROOMS ARE OF FIXED GLASS, BUT BETWEEN ARE NARROW VERTICAL SPACES CONTAINING SHUTTERS WHICH OPEN AND VERTICAL SPACES CONTAINING SHUTTERS WHICH OPEN AND CLOSE ON HINGES CLOSE ON HINGES

• IT IS NOTED THAT THE ORIENTATION OF THE HIGH COURT IS IT IS NOTED THAT THE ORIENTATION OF THE HIGH COURT IS SUCH THAT THE MAIN FAÇADE FACES NORTH WEST , AND THIS SUCH THAT THE MAIN FAÇADE FACES NORTH WEST , AND THIS DOES NOT RECEIVE DIRECT SUNLIGHT DOES NOT RECEIVE DIRECT SUNLIGHT

• THE ROUGH CONCRETE OF THE BUILDING IS TREATED IN THE ROUGH CONCRETE OF THE BUILDING IS TREATED IN VARIETY OF MANNERS FOR MUCH OF THE SURFACE INCLUDING VARIETY OF MANNERS FOR MUCH OF THE SURFACE INCLUDING THE UNDERSIDE OF THE PARASOL ROOF AND THE EXTERIOR THE UNDERSIDE OF THE PARASOL ROOF AND THE EXTERIOR SIDE WALLS , THE MASS OF SHEET METAL CHARACTERIZE THE SIDE WALLS , THE MASS OF SHEET METAL CHARACTERIZE THE SURFACE SURFACE

• IN PORTIONS OF THE INTERIOR AND ON THE RAMPS , WOODEN IN PORTIONS OF THE INTERIOR AND ON THE RAMPS , WOODEN BOARDS HAVE BEEN INSERTED WITH IN THE METAL FORMS TO BOARDS HAVE BEEN INSERTED WITH IN THE METAL FORMS TO GIVE THE CONCRETE SURFACE THE IMPRESS OF THEIR JOINTED GIVE THE CONCRETE SURFACE THE IMPRESS OF THEIR JOINTED PATTERN, WHILE OTHER SURFACES, INCLUDING THOSE OF PATTERN, WHILE OTHER SURFACES, INCLUDING THOSE OF MASSIVE ENTRANCE PIERS ARE FINISHED WITH GUNNITE MASSIVE ENTRANCE PIERS ARE FINISHED WITH GUNNITE CEMENT CEMENT

COLOURED MASSIVE PILLARS

PARASOL ROOF FORMING ARCHES

DOUBLE ROOF GAP LEFT BETWEEN TWO ROOFS

FULL HT ENTRANCE

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURESARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

• THE ENTRANCE LOBBY IS PAVED WITH WHITISH FLAG THE ENTRANCE LOBBY IS PAVED WITH WHITISH FLAG STONE SET IN THE ROWS OF VARYING WIDTHSSTONE SET IN THE ROWS OF VARYING WIDTHS

• NEW SCHEME FOR PAINTING THE COLUMNS AND PORTICO NEW SCHEME FOR PAINTING THE COLUMNS AND PORTICO WALLS IN BRIGHT CONTRASTING COLOURS WALLS IN BRIGHT CONTRASTING COLOURS

• THE INSIDE WALL TO THE LEFT OF THE PIERS WAS TO BE THE INSIDE WALL TO THE LEFT OF THE PIERS WAS TO BE BLACKBLACK

• THE ADJACENT PILLAR PAINTED GREENTHE ADJACENT PILLAR PAINTED GREEN• THE CENTER PIER WOULD BE YELLOWTHE CENTER PIER WOULD BE YELLOW• THE RIGHT HAND PILLAR IS REDTHE RIGHT HAND PILLAR IS RED• AND THE REMAINING PORTICO WALL IS PRIMARY BLUE AND THE REMAINING PORTICO WALL IS PRIMARY BLUE • THE GRAET ENTRANCE HALL OF THE HIGH COURT IS ALSO THE GRAET ENTRANCE HALL OF THE HIGH COURT IS ALSO

BEEN FOUND IN LACKING PROTECTION DURING THE BEEN FOUND IN LACKING PROTECTION DURING THE MONSOON SEASON MONSOON SEASON

• THE NARROW CURVING RAMP AT THE END OF THE THE NARROW CURVING RAMP AT THE END OF THE ENTRANCE HALL,WHICH FORMS THE MAIN VERTICAL ENTRANCE HALL,WHICH FORMS THE MAIN VERTICAL CIRCULATION IS EXPOSEDCIRCULATION IS EXPOSED

• THE HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION, CONSISTING OF POEN THE HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION, CONSISTING OF POEN CORRIDORS ON THR REAR FACADE ,IS ALSO INEFFECTIVELY CORRIDORS ON THR REAR FACADE ,IS ALSO INEFFECTIVELY SHELTEREDSHELTERED

THE ASSEMBLY HALLTHE ASSEMBLY HALL

THE ASSEMBLY HALLTHE ASSEMBLY HALL• THE ASSEMBLY WAS CONCEIVED AS A RECTILINEAR STRUCTURETHE ASSEMBLY WAS CONCEIVED AS A RECTILINEAR STRUCTURE• IT IS SQUARE IN PLAN WITH A MONUMENTAL PORTICO FACING THE MAIN IT IS SQUARE IN PLAN WITH A MONUMENTAL PORTICO FACING THE MAIN

PLAZA PLAZA • ON THE LATERAL FACADES BOTH THE PORTICO AND THE OFFICE BLOCK ON THE LATERAL FACADES BOTH THE PORTICO AND THE OFFICE BLOCK

WOULD BE DEFINED BY SOLID END WALLSWOULD BE DEFINED BY SOLID END WALLS• THE LARGE CHAMBER IS IN HYPERBOLIC FORM OF THE COOLING TOWER THE LARGE CHAMBER IS IN HYPERBOLIC FORM OF THE COOLING TOWER

WITH AN AVERAGE THICKNESS OF 15 CMSWITH AN AVERAGE THICKNESS OF 15 CMS• THE SMALL COUNCIL CHAMBER ARE IN RECTILINEAR FRAMETHE SMALL COUNCIL CHAMBER ARE IN RECTILINEAR FRAME• THE UPPER PORTION OF THE TOWER IS EXTENDING ABOVE THE ROOF LINETHE UPPER PORTION OF THE TOWER IS EXTENDING ABOVE THE ROOF LINE• AN ASSEMBLY CHAMBER IS 128 FT IN DIAMETER AT ITS BASE AND RISES TO AN ASSEMBLY CHAMBER IS 128 FT IN DIAMETER AT ITS BASE AND RISES TO

124 FT AT ITS HIGHEST POINT 124 FT AT ITS HIGHEST POINT • THIS TOWER WAS DESIGNED TO INSURE THE NATURAL LIGHT, THIS TOWER WAS DESIGNED TO INSURE THE NATURAL LIGHT,

VENTILATION AND PROPER ACOUSTICS VENTILATION AND PROPER ACOUSTICS

• OF ALL BUILDINGS OF THE OF ALL BUILDINGS OF THE CAPITOL COMPLEX , THE CAPITOL COMPLEX , THE ASSEMBLY IS THE MOST ASSEMBLY IS THE MOST INTRICATE IN PLAN INTRICATE IN PLAN

• SEPARATE CIRCULATION SEPARATE CIRCULATION ACCOMMODATION OF ALL ACCOMMODATION OF ALL GROUPS IS PROVIDEDGROUPS IS PROVIDED

• EMPLOYING A SYSTEM OF EMPLOYING A SYSTEM OF INDIVIDUAL ENTRANCES, INDIVIDUAL ENTRANCES, STAIRWAYS, LIFTS AND STAIRWAYS, LIFTS AND RAMP A COMPLETE RAMP A COMPLETE SEGREGATION OF SEGREGATION OF MEMBERS IS PROVIDEDMEMBERS IS PROVIDED

• THER ARE TWO SEPARATE THER ARE TWO SEPARATE GALLERIES FOR MEN AND GALLERIES FOR MEN AND WOMEN IN COUNCIL WOMEN IN COUNCIL CHAMBERCHAMBER

INTERIOR VIEW OF A CHAMBER

MUSHROOM COLUMN SUPPORTING ROOF

SUKHNA LAKE, CHANDIGARHSUKHNA LAKE, CHANDIGARH

• THE CLUB HOUSE- NORTH THE CLUB HOUSE- NORTH OF THE CAPITOL NO OF THE CAPITOL NO ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES WERE TO BE ERECTED,IN WERE TO BE ERECTED,IN ORDER NOT TO IMPEDE ORDER NOT TO IMPEDE THE VIEW OF THE THE VIEW OF THE HIMALAYA.HIMALAYA.

• THIS WAS AN EXPRESS THIS WAS AN EXPRESS CONDITION LAID DOWN BY CONDITION LAID DOWN BY LE CORBUSIER.LE CORBUSIER.

• THE CLUB HOUSE WAS THE CLUB HOUSE WAS HOWEVER NECESSITY.HOWEVER NECESSITY.

• LE CORBUSIER DESIGNED A LE CORBUSIER DESIGNED A COMPLEX LYING 3METERS COMPLEX LYING 3METERS BENEATH ROAD LEVEL,SO BENEATH ROAD LEVEL,SO THAT THE HOUSE IS THAT THE HOUSE IS SCARSELY VISIBLE FROM SCARSELY VISIBLE FROM THE PROMENADE.THE PROMENADE.

• THE CAUSEWAY- THE CAUSEWAY- CHANDIGARH IS CHANDIGARH IS SURROUNDED BY THE SURROUNDED BY THE RIVERS PATIALI AND RIVERS PATIALI AND MANIMAJRA, WHICH MANIMAJRA, WHICH CARRY WATER ONLY CARRY WATER ONLY DURING THE MONSOON DURING THE MONSOON SEASON.SEASON.

• THE REINFORCED THE REINFORCED CONCRETE CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION IS SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION IS SIMPLE AND PLAIN, AND ITS AND PLAIN, AND ITS SEVERE LINES SEVERE LINES HARMONIZE ENTIRELY HARMONIZE ENTIRELY WITH THE NATURAL WITH THE NATURAL SETTING.SETTING.

• AT ALL OTHER TIMES OF AT ALL OTHER TIMES OF THE YEAR THEY ARE DRY. THE YEAR THEY ARE DRY.

• DURING THE HOT MONTHS OF MAY AND JUNE, DURING THE HOT MONTHS OF MAY AND JUNE, ENORMOUS AMOUNTS OF DUST USED TO BLOW ENORMOUS AMOUNTS OF DUST USED TO BLOW INTO THE CITY.INTO THE CITY.

• TREES AND SHRUBS WERE PLANTED AS A TREES AND SHRUBS WERE PLANTED AS A PROTECTIVE ZONE ALONG THESE RIVERS, SO THAT PROTECTIVE ZONE ALONG THESE RIVERS, SO THAT THE CITY IS NOW FREE OF THE INCONVENIENCE OF THE CITY IS NOW FREE OF THE INCONVENIENCE OF THIS FLYING SAND.THIS FLYING SAND.

• ONE OF THESE RIVERS HAS BEEN DAMMED.ONE OF THESE RIVERS HAS BEEN DAMMED.

• IN 1955 THE WATER BOULEVARD WAS EXTENDED IN 1955 THE WATER BOULEVARD WAS EXTENDED IN THE SHAPE OF A CAUSEWAY, OR DAM, THE IN THE SHAPE OF A CAUSEWAY, OR DAM, THE RETAINING WALL BEING MORE THANRETAINING WALL BEING MORE THAN

• 20 METERS HIGH AND 4 20 METERS HIGH AND 4 KILOMETERS LONG.KILOMETERS LONG.

• THIS DAM,WITH ITS THIS DAM,WITH ITS WIDTH ON TOP OF WIDTH ON TOP OF 24METERS, THUS 24METERS, THUS YIELDED A PROMENADE.YIELDED A PROMENADE.

• THE ARTIFICIAL LAKE THE ARTIFICIAL LAKE CREATED BEHIND THE CREATED BEHIND THE DAM HAS MODIFIED THE DAM HAS MODIFIED THE CLIMATE OF THE CITY.CLIMATE OF THE CITY.

YES!!!YES!!!THIS IS THE ENDTHIS IS THE END……

THANK YOU ALL FOR LISTENING THANK YOU ALL FOR LISTENING PATIENTLYPATIENTLY

SORRY FOR SUCH A LONG SORRY FOR SUCH A LONG PRESENTATION…!!PRESENTATION…!!