LCC4 Annual Report 2008 - Printfile

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© October 2008 Advanced Nuclear Technology International

Krongjutarvägen 2C, SE-730 50 Skultuna Sweden

[email protected] www.antinternational.com

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Authors

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Copyright © Advanced Nuclear Technology International Europe AB, ANT International, 2008.

I(X)

Disclaimer

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V(X)

Unit conversion

TEMPERATURE MASS

°C + 273.15 = K °C*1.8 +32 = °F kg lbs

T(K) T(°C) T(°F) 0.454 1 273 0 32 1 2.20

289 16 61

298 25 77 DISTANCE

373 100 212 x (µm) x (mils)

473 200 392 0.6 0.02

573 300 572 1 0.04

633 360 680 5 0.20

673 400 752 10 0.39

773 500 932 20 0.79

783 510 950 25 0.98

793 520 968 25.4 1.00 823 550 1022 100 3.94

833 560 1040

873 600 1112 PRESSURE

878 605 1121 bar MPa psi

893 620 1148 1 0.1 14

923 650 1202 10 1 142

973 700 1292 70 7 995

1023 750 1382 70.4 7.04 1000 1053 780 1436 100 10 1421

1073 800 1472 130 13 1847

1136 863 1585 155 15.5 2203

1143 870 1598 704 70.4 10000 1173 900 1652 1000 100 14211

1273 1000 1832

1343 1070 1958 STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR

1478 1204 2200 MPa√m ksi√inch

0.91 1

Radioactivity 1 1.10

1 Sv 1 Ci

1 Bq

= 100 Rem = 3.7 x 1010 Bq = 37 GBq = 1 s-1



VI(X)

Contents

Acronyms and expressions II Unit conversion V 1 Introduction (Peter Rudling) 1-1 2 Nuclear plant primary water chemistry experience 2-1 Abstract 2-1 OKN PWR=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=áå=rp^=E`Üêáë=tççÇF= OJO OKNKN eáëíçêáÅ~ä=çîÉêîáÉï= OJO OKNKO PWR=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=Åçåíêçä= OJQ OKNKOKN `çåíêçä=çÑ=éeI=äáíÜáìã=~åÇ=Äçêçå=áå=PWR=éêáã~êó=Åççä~åí= OJR OKNKOKO o~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=Åçåíêçä=ïáíÜ=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçå= OJNM OKNKOKP bÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çå=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÇçëÉ=ê~íÉë= OJNO OKNKP cìÉä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ= OJNP OKNKPKN iáíÜáìãI=Äçêçå=~åÇ=ée=ÉÑÑÉÅíë= OJNT OKNKPKO wáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçå= OJNT OKNKPKP aáëëçäîÉÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå= OJNU OKNKQ j~íÉêá~äë=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= OJNV OKNKQKN iáíÜáìãI=Äçêçå=~åÇ=ée=bÑÑÉÅíë= OJOM OKNKQKO bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçå=çå=ã~íÉêá~äë= OJON OKNKQKP bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=çå=ã~íÉêá~äë= OJOP OKNKR pí~êíìé=~åÇ=ëÜìíÇçïå=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=Åçåíêçä= OJOS OKNKS räíê~ëçåáÅ=ÑìÉä=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= OJOS OKNKT PWR=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë= OJOU OKNKU PWR=ëìãã~êó=~åÇ=ÅçåÅäìëáçåë= OJOU OKNKV oÉÅçããÉåÇ~íáçåë= OJOV OKO BWR=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=áå=rp^=E`Üêáë=tççÇF= OJPM OKOKN eáëíçêáÅ~ä=çîÉêîáÉï= OJPM OKOKO jáíáÖ~íáåÖ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=çå=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=êÉ~Åíçê=ã~íÉêá~äë= OJPQ OKOKP o~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=Åçåíêçä= OJPV OKOKQ cìÉä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=áëëìÉë= OJQU OKOKR låJäáåÉ=~ÇÇáíáçå=çÑ=åçÄäÉ=ãÉí~äë= OJRM OKOKS `ÜÉãáëíêó=Åçåíêçä=Ñçê=ÑäçïJ~ÅÅÉäÉê~íÉÇ=Åçêêçëáçå= OJRP OKOKT pí~êíìé=~åÇ=ëÜìíÇçïå=ÅÜÉãáëíêó= OJRQ OKOKU BWR=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë= OJRS OKOKV bñéÉêáÉåÅÉë=çÑ=åçåJrp=dÉåÉê~ä=bäÉÅíêáÅ=BWRë= OJRT OKOKNM BWR=ëìãã~êó=~åÇ=ÅçåÅäìëáçåë= OJRU OKOKNN oÉÅçããÉåÇ~íáçåë= OJRV OKP PWR=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=áå=bìêçéÉ~å=éä~åíë=EoçäÑ=oáÉëëF= OJRV OKPKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= OJRV OKPKO eáëíçêáÅ~ä=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí= OJSO OKPKP j~íÉêá~ä=áëëìÉë= OJSP OKPKQ cìÉä=áëëìÉë= OJSR OKPKR o~Çá~íáçå=áëëìÉë= OJSU OKPKS `ÜÉãáëíêó=Åçåíêçä=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=áåÑäìÉåÅáåÖ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=áëëìÉë= OJTP OKPKSKN éeJÅçåíêçä= OJTP OKPKSKO wáåÅ=~ÇÇáíáçå= OJUN OKPKSKP eóÇêçÖÉå=Åçåíêçä= OJUP OKPKT ^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=áíÉãë= OJUR OKPKTKN rëÉ=çÑ=båêáÅÜÉÇ=_çêáÅ=^ÅáÇ=EEBAF= OJUR OKPKTKO pí~êíJìé=~åÇ=ëÜìíÇçïå=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåë= OJUS OKPKTKP fãéìêáíó=Åçåíêçä=áå=íÜÉ=RCS= OJUV OKPKTKQ oÉÅÉåí=êÉîáëáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå= OJUV OKPKU pìãã~êó=~åÇ=êÉÅçããÉåÇ~íáçåë= OJVP



VII(X)

OKQ BWR=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=áå=bìêçéÉ~å=éä~åíë= OJVR OKQKN BWR=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=áå=dÉêã~å=éä~åíë=EtáäÑêáÉÇ=oΩÜäÉF= OJVR OKQKNKN eáëíçêáÅ~ä=lîÉêîáÉï= OJVR OKQKNKO aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=êÉ~Åíçê=ã~íÉêá~äë=Ó=êççí=Å~ìëÉ=~åÇ=êÉãÉÇáÉë= OJVS OKQKNKOKN i~Äçê~íçêó=Éñ~ãáå~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=ã~íÉêá~äë=éêçéÉêíáÉë= OJVS OKQKNKOKO oççí=Å~ìëÉë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=Ñçêã~íáçå= OJVT OKQKNKOKP oÉãÉÇáÉë= OJVU OKQKNKOKQ _ÉÜ~îáçìê=çÑ=ÅçêÉ=áåíÉêå~äë= OJVU OKQKNKP aÉîÉäçéãÉåíë=áå=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó= OJVU OKQKNKQ içåÖ=íÉêã=Ç~í~=íêÉåÇë= OJVV OKQKNKQKN t~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=Ç~í~=íêÉåÇë=Ñçê=êÉ~Åíçê=ï~íÉê=~åÇ=FW= OJNMM OKQKNKQKO o~ÇáçäçÖáÅ~ä=~ëéÉÅíë= OJNMQ OKQKNKQKP cìÉä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ= OJNMS OKQKNKR içåÖ=íÉêã=Ç~í~=íêÉåÇë=Ñçê=~å=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=éä~åí= OJNMT OKQKNKRKN t~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=Ç~í~=íêÉåÇë=Ñçê=êÉ~Åíçê=ï~íÉê=~åÇ=FW= OJNMT OKQKNKRKO t~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=Ç~í~=íêÉåÇë=Ñçê=ê~ï=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=~åÇ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã=

ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=éçäáëÜáåÖ=ëóëíÉã= OJNNN OKQKNKRKP o~ÇáçäçÖáÅ~ä=~ëéÉÅíë= OJNNR OKQKNKRKQ o~Çáçäóëáë=Ö~ëÉë= OJNNR OKQKNKS pìãã~êó=~åÇ=`çåÅäìëáçåë= OJNNS OKQKO BWR=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=áå=pÅ~åÇáå~îá~å=éä~åíë=Ehä~ë=iìåÇÖêÉåF= OJNNT OKQKOKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= OJNNT OKQKOKO dÉåÉê~ä=éä~åí=Ç~í~= OJNNT OKQKOKP oÉ~Åíçê=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó= OJNNU OKQKOKPKN NWC=îëK=HWCI=ëìäéÜ~íÉI=åáíê~íÉI=ÅÜäçêáÇÉ= OJNNU OKQKOKPKO `çêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë= OJNOO OKQKOKPKP ^Åíáî~íÉÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë= OJNOP OKQKOKQ o~ÇáçäçÖó= OJNOR OKQKOKQKN o~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë= OJNOR OKQKOKQKO lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=ÉñéçëìêÉë= OJNOU OKQKOKR pìãã~êó= OJNOV OKR VVER=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=Eg~å=hóëÉä~F= OJNOV OKRKN eáëíçêáÅ~ä=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåíë= OJNOV OKRKO mêáã~êó=ëóëíÉã= OJNPM OKRKOKN VVER=éêáã~êó=ÅáêÅìáí=ÇÉëáÖå=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë= OJNPM OKRKOKO aáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=VVER=QQM=~åÇ=NMMM=jt=Åççä~åí=íÉÅÜåçäçÖó= OJNPP OKRKOKP cìÉä= OJNPP OKRKP mìêáÑáÅ~íáçå=~åÇ=~ìñáäá~êó=ëóëíÉãë= OJNPQ OKRKQ píêìÅíìê~ä=ã~íÉêá~äë=ÄÉÜ~îáçìê=~åÇ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=Åçåíêçä= OJNPS OKRKQKN dÉåÉê~ä=Åçêêçëáçå=~åÇ=çñáÇÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå= OJNPS OKRKQKO cìÉä=Åä~Ç=ÄÉÜ~îáçìê= OJNPT OKRKQKP VVER=CRUD=áëëìÉë= OJNPT OKRKR t~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=Åçåíêçä= OJNPU OKRKRKN eáëíçêáÅ~ä=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí=çÑ=éêáã~êó=Åççä~åí=ée=êÉÖáãÉë= OJNPV OKRKRKO `ÜÉãáëíêó=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåíë= OJNQN OKRKS `çêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=ê~Çáç=~ÅíáîáíáÉë= OJNQR OKRKSKN pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~ÅíáîáíáÉë= OJNQR OKRKSKO açëÉ=ê~íÉë= OJNQU OKRKSKP `çãé~êáëçå=ïáíÜ=çíÜÉê=åìÅäÉ~ê=éçïÉê=éä~åíë= OJNQU



VIII(X)

3 Water chemistry sampling and monitoring, PWR, VVER and BWR (primary side) (Suat Odar) 3-1

Abstract 3-1 PKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= PJN PKO eçï=íç=ÖÉí=êÉéêÉëÉåí~íáîÉ=ë~ãéäÉë= PJR PKOKN dÉåÉê~ä=Ä~ÅâÖêçìåÇ= PJR PKOKO içÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=éçáåí= PJS PKOKP p~ãéäáåÖ=åçòòäÉ=ÇÉëáÖå= PJT PKOKPKN fëçâáåÉíáÅ=ë~ãéäáåÖ= PJT PKOKPKO ^å~äóëáë=çÑ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ë~ãéäáåÖ=åçòòäÉ=ÖÉçãÉíêáÉë= PJNO PKOKPKP `çåÅäìëáçåë=çå=ë~ãéäáåÖ=åçòòäÉ=ÇÉëáÖå= PJNQ PKOKQ p~ãéäáåÖ=äáåÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ë~ãéäáåÖ=åçòòäÉ=~åÇ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=ê~Åâ= PJNQ PKOKQKN p~ãéäáåÖ=äáåÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=~åÇ=áíë=ä~óçìí= PJNR PKOKQKO p~ãéäáåÖ=äáåÉ=Çá~ãÉíÉê=~åÇ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=îÉäçÅáíó= PJNS PKOKQKP mêÉëëìêÉ=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉë=~åÇ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=îÉäçÅáíó=ÅçåíêçäI=Ñäçï=ãÉíÉêë= PJOM PKOKQKQ fåÑäìÉåÅÉ=çÑ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=äáåÉI=EPRII=OMMS= PJOM PKOKR léÉê~íáçå=çÑ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë= PJOM PKP p~ãéäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë=~åÇ=ÉèìáéãÉåíë=ìëÉÇ=áå=åìÅäÉ~ê=éçïÉê=éä~åíë= PJOP PKPKN dÉåÉê~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå= PJOP PKPKNKN PWR=éä~åíë= PJOP PKPKNKO BWR=éä~åíë= PJOR PKPKNKP VVER=éä~åíë= PJOT PKPKO mêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=ë~ãéäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë=ìëÉÇ=áå=åìÅäÉ~ê=éçïÉê=éä~åíë=E~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ=ÑáÉäÇ=

ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉF= PJOV PKPKOKN PWR=éä~åíë= PJOV PKPKOKO BWR=éä~åíë= PJRM PKQ kÉï=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåíë= PJRP PKQKN bmoW=bìêçéÉ~å=PWR= PJRP PKR pìãã~êó=~åÇ=ÅçåÅäìëáçåë= PJRR 4 Corrosion product control and sampling technique (secondary side) (Suat Odar) 4-1 Abstract 4-1 QKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= QJN QKNKN SG=éêçÄäÉãë=áå=PWR=éä~åíë= QJO QKNKO SG=éêçÄäÉãë=áå=VVER=éä~åíë= QJNN QKNKP pÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=éêçÄäÉãë=áå=PWR=~åÇ=VVER=éä~åíë= QJNP QKO `çêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=ëçìêÅÉë= QJNR QKP t~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ãÉ~ëìêÉë=íç=Åçåíêçä=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë= QJOV QKPKN eáÖÜ=ée=çéÉê~íáçå=ìëáåÖ=~ããçåá~=EÜáÖÜ=AVT=ÅÜÉãáëíêóF= QJOV QKPKO lñóÖÉå=áåàÉÅíáçå= QJPS QKPKP ^Çî~åÅÉÇ=~ãáåÉë= QJQU QKPKQ aáëéÉêë~åíë= QJRP QKQ `çêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=~åÇ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë= QJRV QKR pìãã~êó=~åÇ=ÅçåÅäìëáçåë= QJSM



IX(X)

5 Material degradation management 5-1 RKN `çåÅäìëáçåë=Ñêçã=éêÉîáçìë=LCC=êÉéçêíë=~åÇ=çÄàÉÅíáîÉë=çÑ=LCCQ=EmÉíÉê=cçêÇF= RJN RKO iáÑÉ=éêÉÇáÅíáçå=Å~é~ÄáäáíáÉë=Ñçê SCC=çÑ=åáÅâÉäJÄ~ëÉ=~ääçóë=áå=PWR=ëóëíÉãë=

EmÉíÉê=pÅçííF= RJP RKOKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= RJP RKOKO jçÇÉääáåÖ=PWSCC= RJS RKOKOKN SG=íìÄáåÖ= RJS RKOKOKNKN qÜÉ=tÉáÄìää=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå= RJT RKOKOKNKO ^ééäáÅ~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ=tÉáÄìää= ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå= íç=PWSCC= çÑ= êçää= íê~åëáíáçåë= ~åÇ=

ëã~ää=ê~Çáìë=rJÄÉåÇë= RJU RKOKOKNKP jçåíÉ=`~êäç=ëáãìä~íáçåë=~ééäáÉÇ=íç=PWSCC= RJV RKOKOKNKQ fåíÉÖê~íáåÖ=éêÉÇáÅíáçåë=çÑ=PWSCC= áåíç=~å=áåëéÉÅíáçå=ëíê~íÉÖó=Ñçê=PWR=SG=

íìÄÉë= RJNO RKOKOKO qÜáÅâ=ëÉÅíáçå=^ääçó=SMM=ÅçãéçåÉåíë= RJNP RKOKOKOKN mêÉÇáÅíáåÖ=PWSCC=áå=íÜáÅâ=ëÉÅíáçå=^ääçó=SMM=ÅçãéçåÉåíë= RJNQ RKOKOKOKO ^ééäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=tÉáÄìää=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=íç=éêÉÇáÅíáåÖ=PWSCC=áå=CRDM=åçòòäÉë= RJNS RKOKOKOKP ^ééäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=jçåíÉ=`~êäç=ëáãìä~íáçåë=íç=PWSCC=çÑ=CRDM=åçòòäÉë= RJNU RKOKOKP PWSCC=áå=^ääçó=NUO=~åÇ=UO=ïÉäÇë= RJON RKOKOKQ bëíáã~íáåÖ=Åê~Åâ=ÖêçïíÜ=Äó=PWSCC=áå=^ääçó=SMM=~åÇ=NUO=ÅçãéçåÉåíë= RJOP RKOKOKQKN PWSCC=ÖêçïíÜ=ê~íÉë=áå=^ääçó=SMM= RJOP RKOKOKQKO PWSCC=ÖêçïíÜ=ê~íÉë=áå=^ääçóë=NUO=~åÇ=UO= RJOQ RKOKP jçÇÉääáåÖ=IGALIGSCC=çå=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=çÑ=PWR=SGë= RJOR RKOKPKN ^ééäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=tÉáÄìää=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=íç=éêÉÇáÅíáåÖ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=

IGALIGSCC=çÑ=^ääçó=SMM=SG=íìÄÉë= RJOR 6 Fuel /water chemistry interaction (Rolf Riess) 6-1 SKN PWR=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó= SJN SKNKN kÉï=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ã~íÉêá~äë=Ñçê=PWRë= SJS SKNKO ^êÉ~ë=Ñçê=Åççä~åí=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=çéíáãáò~íáçå= SJT SKNKOKN eáÖÜÉê=ée=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêóX=äáíÜáìãL_Jëíê~íÉÖó= SJU SKNKOKO PWR=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçå= SJNN SKNKOKP e

O=áåàÉÅíáçå= SJON

SKNKP cìÉä=CRUD=~åÇ=AOA=Eçê=CIPSF= SJOO SKNKQ léÉê~íáçå~ä=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=ïáíÜ=åÉï=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ã~íÉêá~ä= SJOV SKO BWR=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó= SJPQ SKOKN oÉÅÉåí=~Çî~åÅÉë=áå=BWRë= SJPT SKOKO oÉéçêíë=Ñêçã=BWR=éä~åíë=J=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ= SJQO SKOKP kÉï=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåíë=áå=BWR=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó= SJQR SKOKPKN jÉíÜ~åçä= SJQR SKOKPKO qáí~åáìã=çñáÇÉ=~ÇÇáíáçå= SJQR SKOKPKP o~Çáçäóëáë= SJQS 7 Behaviour of radiolysis gases in BWRs and PWRs (Rolf Riess and

Wilfried Rühle) 7-1 TKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= TJN TKO o~Çáçäóëáë= TJO TKOKN o~Çá~íáçå=ÅÜÉãáëíêó= TJO TKOKO o~Çáçäóëáë=ãçÇÉä=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå= TJP TKOKP mä~åí=áåéìí=Ç~í~= TJR TKOKQ dJî~äìÉë=çÑ=ê~ÇáçäóíáÅ=éêçÇìÅíë= TJS TKOKR oÉ~Åíáçå=ê~íÉ=Åçåëí~åíë= TJT TKOKS o~Çá~íáçå=ÇçëÉ=éêçÑáäÉë= TJU TKOKT ECP=Å~äÅìä~íáçå= TJU TKP ^ééäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=ê~Çáçäóëáë=ÅçÇÉë=íç=PWR= TJV TKQ píÉ~ã=ÅÜÉãáëíêó= TJNM TKQKN mêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=ë~íìê~íÉÇ=ëíÉ~ã= TJNM



X(X)

TKQKO pçäìÄáäáíó=çÑ=åçåJÅçåÇÉåë~ÄäÉ=Ö~ëÉë=áå=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ= TJNP TKQKP líÜÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÉÑÑÉÅíë= TJNR TKR ^ÅÅìãìä~íáçå=çÑ=“âå~ääÖ~ëÒ=áå=BWR=êÉ~Åíçê=ëóëíÉãë= TJNT TKRKN qÜÉ=dÉêã~å=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉ= TJNT TKRKNKN mêáåÅáéäÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåë= TJNT TKRKNKO mä~åí=ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíë= TJON TKRKNKOKN qìêÄáåÉ=Äóé~ëë=ëí~íáçå= TJON TKRKNKOKO jçáëíìêÉ=pÉé~ê~íçêJoÉÜÉ~íÉê=EMSRF= TJOS TKRKNKOKP ^ìñáäá~êó=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã= TJOU TKRKNKOKQ oÉ~Åíçê=éäÉåìã=~ÑíÉê=ëÜìíJÇçïå= TJPM TKRKNKOKR oÉ~Åíçê=ÇçãÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=Üçí=ëí~åÇJ=Äó=çéÉê~íáçå= TJPM TKRKO líÜÉê=~ÅÅìãìä~íáçå=ãçÇÉä=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçåë= TJPN TKRKP `çìåíÉêãÉ~ëìêÉë=~Ö~áåëí=íÜÉ=~ÅÅìãìä~íáçå=çÑ=ê~Çáçäóëáë=Ö~ëÉë= TJPQ TKS pìãã~êó=~åÇ=ÅçåÅäìëáçåë= TJPR 8 References 8-1 Appendix A – European “Knallgas” explosion experience (Rolf Riess and Wilfried Rühle) A-1 Appendix B – Japanese and US attitudes (Rolf Riess and Wilfried Rühle) B-1 Appendix C - Physico-chemical data relevant for radiolysis gases (Rolf Riess and

Wilfried Rühle) C-1 Appendix D – References D-1

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1 Introduction (Peter Rudling)

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2 Nuclear plant primary water chemistry experience

Abstract

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Éñ~ãéäÉë=çÑ=éä~åí=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉë=Ñçê=rp=PWRë=~åÇ=BWRëK=eáëíçêáÅ~ääóI=íÜÉ=çÄàÉÅíáîÉ=çÑ=~=ï~íÉê=

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êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=ÅçåíêçääáåÖ=ã~íÉêá~äë=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçåI=~îçáÇáåÖ=ÑìÉä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=áëëìÉë=~åÇ=

ãáåáãáòáåÖ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇëK=qÜáë=çÄàÉÅíáîÉ=êÉã~áåë=íçÇ~óI=Äìí=íÜÉ=ÉãéÜ~ëáë=çå=É~ÅÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=íÜêÉÉ=

Åçåëíê~áåíë=Ü~ë=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇ=çîÉê=íáãÉK=cçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=íÜÉ=É~êäó=ÉãéÜ~ëáë=áå=PWRë=ï~ë=íç=ãáåáãáòÉ=

ÄìáäÇìé=çÑ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=áå=çìíJçÑJÅçêÉ=~êÉ~ëI=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=äáãáíë=áãéçëÉÇ=Äó=ÑìÉä=`Ü~äâ=oáîÉê=

råáÇÉåíáÑáÉÇ=aÉéçëáíë=ECRUDF=ÅçåÅÉêåëI=ÇêáîÉå=Äó=íÜÉ=ä~êÖÉ=~ãçìåí=çÑ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÉñéçëìêÉë=

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áãéêçîÉÇ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ã~íÉêá~äë=ïÉêÉ=áåíêçÇìÅÉÇI=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ÅçåÅÉêå=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉÇI=Äìí=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=

áåÅêÉ~ëÉë=áå=ÑìÉä=ÅóÅäÉ=Çìê~íáçå=ã~áåí~áåÉÇ=íÜÉ=Åçåëíê~áåíK=qÜÉ=ãçîÉ=áå=íÜÉ=é~ëí=íÉå=óÉ~êë=íç=

ÖêÉ~íÉê=ÑìÉä=Çìíó=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ëìÄJÅççäÉÇ=åìÅäÉ~íÉ=ÄçáäáåÖI=ïÜáÅÜ=ÄêçìÖÜí=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=éÜÉåçãÉåçå=çÑ=

äçÅ~äáòÉÇ=Ñäìñ=ÇÉéêÉëëáçå=~ë=~=êÉëìäí=çÑ=ÄìáäÇìé=çÑ=ÄçêçåJÅçåí~áåáåÖ=CRUDK=jçêÉ=êÉÅÉåíäóI=

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t~íÉê=píêÉëë=`çêêçëáçå=`ê~ÅâáåÖ=EPWSCCF=áå=~ääçó=SMM=éÉåÉíê~íáçåë=áå=éêáã~êó=ëóëíÉãëK==

få=BWRëI=Åçåíêçä=çÑ=SCC=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=íÜÉ=éêáãÉ=çÄàÉÅíáîÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=é~ëí=OR=óÉ~êëI=ïáíÜ=ãáíáÖ~íáçå=çÑ=

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äáãáíë=ïÉêÉ=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìä=áå=~îçáÇáåÖ=~åó=ÑìêíÜÉê=Ñ~áäìêÉë=áå=íÜÉ=é~ëí=Ñçìê=óÉ~êëI=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=

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ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=ÄÉäçïI=êÉÅçÖåáòÉ=íÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ÉãéÜ~ëáë=çå=íÜÉëÉ=áëëìÉë=áå=íÜÉ=áåÇìëíêó=~åÇ=

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`äÉ~êäóI=Åçåíêçä=çÑ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=áë=ÅêìÅá~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ë~ÑÉ=~åÇ=ÉÅçåçãáÅ=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=

mçïÉê=mä~åí=ENPPëF=ïçêäÇïáÇÉK=qÜáë=ëÉÅíáçå=éêÉëÉåíë=~å=çîÉêîáÉï=çÑ=íÜÉ=Éîçäìíáçå=çÑ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=çîÉê=íÜÉ=óÉ~êëI=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=~=êÉîáÉï=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅìêêÉåí=PWR=~åÇ=BWR=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=

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íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ=áå=êÉëéçåëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=áëëìÉë=çìíäáåÉÇ=~ÄçîÉI=ïáíÜ=pÉÅíáçå=OKN=ÅçîÉêáåÖ=rp=

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oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ã~ÇÉ=íç=éêÉîáçìë=LCC ARs=áå=íÜáë=ëÉêáÉë=ELCCNI=OMMRI=LCCOI=OMMS=~åÇ=LCCPI=OMMTF=~åÇ=LCC Special Topic Report (STRs) ELCCO=STR=çå=CRUD=OMMSI=LCCP=STR=çå=`çåëÉèìÉåÅÉë=çÑ=mçïÉê=réê~íáåÖ=OMMTI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=STR=çå=j~íÉêá~äë=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=EcçêÇI=OMMSF=Ñçê=

ãçêÉ=ÇÉí~áäÉÇ=áåÑçêã~íáçåK=qÜáë=êÉîáÉï=áÇÉåíáÑáÉë=íÜÉ=ãçëí=êÉäÉî~åí=çÑ=ãçêÉ=êÉÅÉåí=éìÄäáÅ~íáçåëI=

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2.1 PWR primary water chemistry experience in USA (Chris Wood)

2.1.1 Historical overview

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ÇÉëáÖåëI=ãçëí=åçí~Ääó=_~ÄÅçÅâ=C=táääÅçñ=EB&WF=ìåáíë=Ü~îáåÖ=çåÅÉJíÜêçìÖÜ=SGë=ïÜÉêÉ~ë=íÜÉ=t=

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ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉë=Ü~îÉ=äáííäÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çå=éêáã~êó=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ëíê~íÉÖáÉëI=ëç=áå=íÜáë=êÉîáÉï=äáííäÉ=ÇáëíáåÅíáçå=áë=

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få=íÜÉ=îÉêó=É~êäó=Ç~óë=çÑ=PWR=çéÉê~íáçåI=ÜÉ~îó=CRUD=ÄìáäÇìé=çå=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=ï~ë=

Å~ìëÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=íê~åëéçêí=çÑ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=SGë=áåíç=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíçê=ÅçêÉK=^ë=~=êÉëìäíI=

~Åíáî~íÉÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=Å~ìëÉÇ=ÜáÖÜ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=çå=çìíJçÑJÅçêÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=EcáÖìêÉ=OJNFI=ÑìÉä=

éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=ï~ë=ÅçãéêçãáëÉÇ=~åÇ=ÉîÉå=Åççä~åí=Ñäçï=áëëìÉë=ïÉêÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇ=áå=ëçãÉ=éä~åíëK==

Figure 2-1: Transport and activation of corrosion products in PWR primary systems.

qÜÉëÉ=éêçÄäÉãë=ïÉêÉ=áåáíá~ääó=ãáíáÖ~íÉÇ=Äó=áãéçëáåÖ=~=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=çîÉêéêÉëëìêÉ=çå=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=

ëóëíÉãI=íç=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=ECPI=~åÇ=ê~áëáåÖ=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=éeK=j~íÉêá~äë=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=áå=

éêáã~êó=ëóëíÉãë=ï~ë=íÜÉå=åçí=~=ã~àçê=ÅçåÅÉêåI=ïáíÜ=ãçëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉãéÜ~ëáë=ÑçÅìëÉÇ=çå=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=

ëáÇÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=áëëìÉë=áå=íÜÉ=SGëK=`çããÉêÅá~ä=PWR=éçïÉê=éä~åíë=ìëÉ=~=ëíÉ~Çáäó=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=ÄçêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=~ë=~=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=ëÜáã=íÜêçìÖÜçìí=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÅóÅäÉI=ïÜáÅÜ=êÉëìäíë=áå=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=

çÑ=äáíÜáìã=ÜóÇêçñáÇÉ=íç=Åçåíêçä=éeK=pçãÉ=PM=óÉ~êë=~ÖçI=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉéí=çÑ=“ÅççêÇáå~íÉÇ=Äçêçå=~åÇ=

äáíÜáìãÒ=ï~ë=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇI=ïÜÉêÉÄó=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=iále=ï~ë=Öê~Çì~ääó=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=áå=äáåÉ=ïáíÜ=

íÜÉ=ÄçêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=êÉÇìÅíáçå=íç=ã~áåí~áå=~=Åçåëí~åí=éeK=cìêíÜÉêãçêÉI=áí=ï~ë=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=íÜ~í=ÜÉ~îó=

ÑìÉä=CRUD=ÄìáäÇìé=ï~ë=~îçáÇÉÇ=áÑ=~=Åçåëí~åí=ée=çÑ=~í=äÉ~ëí=SKV=ï~ë=ã~áåí~áåÉÇK=qÜáë=ï~ë=

éçëëáÄäÉ=ïáíÜ=NO=ãçåíÜ=ÑìÉä=ÅóÅäÉëI=Äìí=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=Åçêêçëáçå=ÅçåÅÉêåë=äáãáíÉÇ=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=

iále=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=íç=OKO=ééãK=^ë=~=êÉëìäíI=éä~åíë=çÑíÉå=ëí~êíÉÇ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÅóÅäÉ=ïáíÜ=ée=ÄÉäçï=SKVI=

ïÜáÅÜ=êÉëìäíÉÇ=áå=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=êÉã~áåáåÖ=êÉä~íáîÉäó=ÜáÖÜK=^äíÜçìÖÜ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=~åÇ=éä~åí=

ÇÉãçåëíê~íáçåë=ëÜçïÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=OKO=ééã=äáãáí=ï~ë=ÉñÅÉëëáîÉäó=ÅçåëÉêî~íáîÉI=íÜÉ=ãçîÉ=íç=ÜáÖÜÉê=iá=

ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ëäçïK=eçïÉîÉê=ÇÉí~áäÉÇ=ÑìÉä=Éñ~ãáå~íáçåë=Ñêçã=~=êÉÅÉåí=éä~åí=

ÇÉãçåëíê~íáçå=EíÜ~í=ïáää=ÄÉ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=ä~íÉêF=Ü~îÉ=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=íÜ~í=iá=Å~å=ÄÉ=ê~áëÉÇ=íç=~ë=ÜáÖÜ=~ë=S=ééãK=



OJPEOJNQVF=

^Äçìí=OR=óÉ~êë=~ÖçI=PWSCC=çÑ=~ääçó=SMM=SG=íìÄÉë=ï~ë=çÄëÉêîÉÇ=áå=~=ÑÉï=éä~åíëI=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=íç=

ëíìÇáÉë=çå=ãáíáÖ~íáåÖ=íÜáë=ÉÑÑÉÅíK=cçääçïáåÖ=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìä=ÇÉãçåëíê~íáçå=çÑ=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçå=áå=BWRëI=áåáíá~ä=ÑáÉäÇ=íÉëíë=~í=PWRë=ëÜçïÉÇ=íÜ~í=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=ïÉêÉ=êÉÇìÅÉÇI=~åÇ=ä~Äçê~íçêó=ëíìÇáÉë=áåÇáÅ~íáåÖ=íÜ~í=PWSCC=ï~ë=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=ïÉêÉ=ÉîÉåíì~ääó=ÅçåÑáêãÉÇK=^ë=~=êÉëìäíI=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçå=áë=ÄÉáåÖ=

áãéäÉãÉåíÉÇ=~í=~å=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ê~íÉI=~äíÜçìÖÜ=ÅçåÅÉêåë=~Äçìí=ÑìÉä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=~í=ÜáÖÜ=Çìíó=éä~åíë=

Ü~îÉ=åçí=ÄÉÉå=ÅçãéäÉíÉäó=êÉëçäîÉÇK=jçëí=êÉÅÉåíäóI=ÄìáäÇìé=çÑ=ÄçêçåJÅçåí~áåáåÖ=CRUD=áå=~êÉ~ë=çÑ=

ëìÄJÅççäÉÇ=åìÅäÉ~íÉ=ÄçáäáåÖ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=íç=äçÅ~äáòÉÇ=Ñäìñ=ÇÉéêÉëëáçå=Ü~ë=ÉåÅçìê~ÖÉÇ=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=ÜáÖÜÉê=

iá=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=íç=ãáåáãáòÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=íê~åëéçêíK=`çåÅÉêåë=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=~ÇîÉêëÉ=

ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=òáåÅ=ÇÉéçëáíÉÇ=áå=ÜáÖÜJCRUD=êÉÖáçåë=Ü~ë=êÉëìäíÉÇ=áå=ëÉîÉê~ä=ÜáÖÜäóJê~íÉÇ=éä~åíë=~ééäóáåÖ=

áåJëáíì=ìäíê~ëçåáÅ=ÑìÉä=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=áãéäÉãÉåíáåÖ=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçåK=

qÜÉ=áÇÉåíáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=PWSCC=áå=êÉ~Åíçê=îÉëëÉä=éÉåÉíê~íáçåë=áå=íÜÉ=ä~ëí=NRJOM=óÉ~êë=Ü~ë=ÉåÅçìê~ÖÉÇ=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçåI=Äìí=Ü~ë=~äëç=ÑçÅìëÉÇ=~ííÉåíáçå=çå=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=

ÜóÇêçÖÉåI=Ñçê=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ê~åÖÉ=Ü~ë=êÉã~áåÉÇ=áå=ORJRMãäLâÖ=Ñçê=PM=óÉ~êëK=fí=åçï=

~ééÉ~êë=íÜ~í=ê~áëáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ïáää=êÉÇìÅÉ=PWSCC=ê~íÉëI=ïÜáäÉ=äçïÉêáåÖ=áí=ã~ó=ÇÉä~ó=áåáíá~íáçå=çÑ=

PWSCCK=qÜÉ=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=çÑ=ã~íÉêá~äëI=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=~åÇ=ÑìÉäë=áå=PWR=éêáã~êó=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=~åÇ=

çéíáãáò~íáçå=áëëìÉë=ÅçîÉêÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉëI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=ä~íÉêI=~êÉ=

ÇÉéáÅíÉÇ=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJOK=

Figure 2-2: PWR primary chemistry optimization, Fruzzetti & Perkins, 2008.

qÜÉ=Éîçäìíáçå=çÑ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=Åçåíêçä=áå=PWR=éêáã~êó=ëóëíÉãë=áå=rp^=çîÉê=íÜÉ=ä~ëí=PM=óÉ~êë=áë=

ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJPK=



OJQEOJNQVF=

Figure 2-3: PWR primary chemistry changes at US plants, Wood, 2008.

qÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ëÉÅíáçåë=~ÇÇêÉëë=íÜÉ=íÜêÉÉ=ã~áå=Ñ~Åíçêë=Ó=ée=ÅçåíêçäI=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=

ÜóÇêçÖÉå=Åçåíêçä=J=íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=Ççãáå~íÉÇ=PWR=éêáã~êó=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ëíê~íÉÖáÉë=áå=íÜÉ=é~ëí=~åÇ=

ÅçåíáåìÉ=íç=Çç=ëç=íçÇ~óI=cêìòòÉííá=C=mÉêâáåëI=OMMUK=b~ÅÜ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=Ñ~Åíçêë=áë=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=

îáÉïéçáåí=çÑ=ã~íÉêá~äë=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçåI=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=Åçåíêçä=~åÇ=ÑìÉä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=ÅçåÅÉêåëK=

2.1.2 PWR radiation field control

`çêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=êÉäÉ~ëÉÇ=Ñêçã=çìíJçÑJÅçêÉ=ã~íÉêá~äë=Eéêáã~êáäó=SG=íìÄáåÖF=ÇÉéçëáí=çå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=

~åÇ=ÄÉÅçãÉ=~Åíáî~íÉÇI=~êÉ=êÉäÉ~ëÉÇ=Ä~Åâ=áåíç=íÜÉ=Åççä~åí=~åÇ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ÇÉéçëáíÉÇ=çå=çìí=çÑ=ÅçêÉ=

ëìêÑ~ÅÉëK=_çíÜ=ëçäìÄäÉ=~åÇ=áåëçäìÄäÉ=ëéÉÅáÉë=ã~ó=ÄÉ=áåîçäîÉÇI=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ä~ííÉê=íÉåÇáåÖ=íç=ÇÉéçëáí=áå=

ëí~Öå~íÉ=~êÉ~ë=E“CRUD=íê~éëÒFK=^ë=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=ÄÉäçïI=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=íç=Åçåíêçä=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=

Ü~îÉ=ÅçåíêáÄìíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=íêÉåÇ=áå=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÉñéçëìêÉë=~í=rp=éä~åíëI=cáÖìêÉ=OJQK==

Figure 2-4: Median collective exposures at US PWRs.

kçíÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=Ä~ê=çå=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJQ=E~åÇ=~äëç=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJQS=Ñçê=BWRëF=êÉéêÉëÉåíë=íÜÉ=OMNM=Öç~äI=ëÉí=Äó=íÜÉ=rp=fåëíáíìíÉ=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=léÉê~íáçåëK=



OJREOJNQVF=

få=~ÇÇáíáçå=íç=íÜÉ=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=áíÉãë=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=ÄÉäçïI=áí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëíêÉëëÉÇ=íÜ~í=çíÜÉê=Ñ~Åíçêë=~êÉ=

áãéçêí~åí=íç=íÜÉ=Öç~ä=çÑ=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇëK=få=é~êíáÅìä~êI=íÜÉ=ëìÅÅÉëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ä~íÉê=dÉêã~åJ

ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=éä~åíë=áå=Éäáãáå~íáåÖ=ÅçÄ~äí=ëçìêÅÉëI=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÄó=~ÅÜáÉîáåÖ=îÉêó=äçï=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇëI=

ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉë=íÜÉ=ÄÉåÉÑáíë=çÑ=ÅçÄ~äí=ëçìêÅÉ=êÉÇìÅíáçåK=táíÜ=ã~åó=éä~åíë=êÉéä~ÅáåÖ=SGëI=~=

ÅçêêÉä~íáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=êÉÅçåí~ãáå~íáçå=ê~íÉë=~åÇ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=ÑáåáëÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=åÉï=SG=íìÄáåÖ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=åçíÉÇ=

Äó=eìëëÉó=Éí=~äKI=OMMUK=qÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÉäÉÅíêçéçäáëÜáåÖ=SG=ÅÜ~ååÉä=ÜÉ~Çë=áë=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJRK=

Figure 2-5: Channel head dose rates for PWRs with or without electropolishing.

OKNKOKN `çåíêçä=çÑ=éeI=äáíÜáìã=~åÇ=Äçêçå=áå=PWR=éêáã~êó=Åççä~åí=

cêìòòÉííá=C=mÉêâáåëI=OMMU=Ü~îÉ=êÉÅÉåíäó=êÉîáÉïÉÇ=íÜÉ=Ç~í~=çå=ÉäÉî~íÉÇ=éeI=ïÜáÅÜ=éêçîáÇÉë=~=

åìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÄÉåÉÑáíë=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=Åçêêçëáçå=E~åÇ=íÜìë=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=

íê~åëéçêí=íç=íÜÉ=ÅçêÉF=~åÇ=áãéêçîÉÇ=ëçäìÄáäáíó=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=íç=äáãáí=ÄçíÜ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=

ëçäìÄäÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=áå=íÜÉ=Äìäâ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÇÉéçëáíáçå=çÑ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=çå=íÜÉ=ÅçêÉ=ÇìÉ=íç=

éêÉÅáéáí~íáçå=~ë=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÅçêÉK=qÜÉó=éçáåí=çìí=íÜ~í=

ÖÉåÉê~ä=Åçêêçëáçå=çÑ=Å~êÄçå=ëíÉÉäI=ëí~áåäÉëë=ëíÉÉäë=~åÇ=^ääçó=SMM=~í=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=íç=

éêáã~êó=Åççä~åí=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=áë=~í=~=ãáåáãìã=~í=ée=î~äìÉë=Ñêçã=TKQ=íç=UKQ=~í=PMMø`FK=cáÖìêÉ=OJS=

ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=éêÉÇáÅíÉÇ=êÉÇìÅíáçå=áå=íÜÉ=êÉä~íáîÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=ê~íÉ=çÑ=^ääçó=SMM=~åÇ=ëí~áåäÉëë=ëíÉÉä=ïáíÜ=

~å=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=íÜÉ=~íJíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ée=EéeqFK=

Figure 2-6: Relative corrosion rate for alloy 600 and stainless steel as a function of the at-temperature pH.



OJSEOJNQVF=

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ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉëK=qÜÉ=ëçäìÄáäáíó=çÑ=åáÅâÉä=~åÇ=áêçå=ÇÉéÉåÇ=çå=éeI=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~åÇ=êÉÇçñ=éçíÉåíá~äI=~ää=

çÑ=ïÜáÅÜ=î~êó=ïáíÜ=äçÅ~íáçå=~êçìåÇ=íÜÉ=åçåJáëçíÜÉêã~ä=ëóëíÉãK=^=âÉó=êÉëìäí=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=áåáíá~ä=

ÅçêêÉä~íáçå=çÑ=åáÅâÉä=ÑÉêêáíÉ=ëçäìÄáäáíó=Äó=táääá~ã=iáåÇë~ó=áå=íÜÉ=NVUMë=ï~ë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=

ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=~í=PMMø`=ERTOøcF=Ñçê=ëçäìÄáäáíó=çÑ=áêçå=E~ëëìãáåÖ=Åçåëí~åí=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=äáíÜáìãI=

Äçêçå=~åÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉåF=ï~ë=éêÉÇáÅíÉÇ=íç=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=ëáÖå=EÑêçã=êÉíêçÖê~ÇÉ=ëçäìÄáäáíó=íç=“åçêã~äÒ=

íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅÉF=~í=~=éePMMø`

=çÑ=~Äçìí=TKQK=qÜáë=âÉó=êÉëìäí=Ñçêãë=íÜÉ=Ä~ëáë=çÑ=~ää=íÜÉ=ée=

êÉÖáãÉë=ÅìêêÉåíäó=áå=ìëÉI=ÉîÉå=íÜçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=CRUD=ÑçêãÉÇ=áå=ÜáÖÜ=Çìíó=éä~åíë=áë=åáÅâÉäJêáÅÜ=~åÇ=

Åçåí~áåë=ÄçíÜ=ãÉí~ääáÅ=åáÅâÉä=~åÇ=åáÅâÉä=çñáÇÉK=cçê=ÜáÖÜÉê=Çìíó=éä~åíë=áå=é~êíáÅìä~êI=êÉÅÉåí=

ëíê~íÉÖáÉë=áå=ée=çéíáãáò~íáçå=ëìééçêí=çéíáãáòáåÖ=íÜÉ=ée=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=åáÅâÉä=ëçäìÄáäáíó=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=íÜÉ=

ëçäìÄáäáíó=çÑ=ÄçíÜ=åáÅâÉä=~åÇ=åáÅâÉä=çñáÇÉ=áë=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäó=äçïÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=ëçäìÄáäáíó=çÑ=áêçå=çê=åáÅâÉä=

ÑÉêêáíÉë=áå=ãçëí=ÅçåÇáíáçåëK=cáÖìêÉ=OJT=ëÜçïë=íÜ~í=~ë=íÜÉ=éeq=áë=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇI=íÜÉ=ëçäìÄáäáíó=çÑ=åáÅâÉä=

ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉë=~í=íÜÉ=ÅçêÉ=áåäÉí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉI=ïÜáÅÜ=äáãáíë=íÜÉ=åáÅâÉä=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=ÉåíÉêáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅçêÉ=~åÇ=

êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=áåîÉåíçêó=Ñçê=CRUD=ÇÉéçëáíáçå=çå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäK==

Figure 2-7: Variations in nickel solubility from core inlet to outlet as a function of pHT ad 300°C (boron = 600 ppm, H2 = 35 cc/kg).

fåáíá~ääóI=ÅççêÇáå~íáçå=çÑ=äáíÜáìã=ÜóÇêçñáÇÉ=ïáíÜ=Äçêçå=íç=ã~áåí~áå=~=Åçåëí~åí=~íJíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ée=

çÑ=SKV=ï~ë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ãáåáãìã=ëçäìÄáäáíó=çÑ=ã~ÖåÉíáíÉK=bîÉå=íÜçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=éêáãÉ=

ÅçåëíáíìÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=CRUD=íìêåÉÇ=çìí=íç=ÄÉ=åáÅâÉä=ÑÉêêáíÉI=ïÜáÅÜ=ïçìäÇ=êÉèìáêÉ=~=ÜáÖÜÉê=ée=Ñçê=

ãáåáãìã=ëçäìÄáäáíóI=ê~áëáåÖ=íÜÉ=ée=íç=SKV=ï~ë=~=ãçîÉ=áå=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=ÇáêÉÅíáçåK=qÜáë=ÅççêÇáå~íÉÇ=

ÅÜÉãáëíêó=êÉã~áåÉÇ=íÜÉ=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=Ñçê=ã~åó=óÉ~êëK=eçïÉîÉêI=ÉñíÉåÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=Çìê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=

ÅóÅäÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=íÜÉåJíóéáÅ~ä=NO=ãçåíÜë=íç=NU=ãçåíÜëI=çê=ÉîÉå=äçåÖÉêI=ãÉ~åí=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=Äçêçå=

ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=~í=íÜÉ=ëí~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÅóÅäÉ=Ü~Ç=íç=ÄÉ=ê~áëÉÇ=Ñêçã=NOMM=ééã=íç=NUMM=ééã=çê=ëçK=

qÜáë=áå=íìêå=êÉèìáêÉÇ=äáíÜáìã=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=çÑ=ÖêÉ~íÉê=íÜ~å=OKO=ééã=áÑ=íÜÉ=ãáåáãìã=ée=ï~ë=íç=

ÄÉ=ã~áåí~áåÉÇ=~í=SKVK=råÑçêíìå~íÉäóI=~=äáãáí=çÑ=OKO=ééã=ï~ë=áãéçëÉÇ=íç=~îçáÇ=ÉñÅÉëëáîÉ=ÑìÉä=

Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=Åçêêçëáçå=EÇÉëéáíÉ=íÜÉ=Ñ~Åí=íÜ~í=ÉñÅÉëëáîÉ=CRUD=Ñçêã~íáçå=~í=äçï=éeë=ï~ë=äáâÉäó=íç=ÄÉ=

ãçêÉ=ÇÉíêáãÉåí~ä=íç=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÜ~å=ÜáÖÜÉê=äáíÜáìã=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåëFK=^ë=~=êÉëìäí=íÜÉ=“ãçÇáÑáÉÇ=

ÉäÉî~íÉÇ=äáíÜáìã=êÉÖáãÉ=ï~ë=áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=råáíÉÇ=pí~íÉëI=ïÜÉêÉÄó=~=ã~ñáãìã=äáíÜáìã=çÑ=

OKO=ééã=ï~ë=ã~áåí~áåÉÇ=ìåíáä=íÜÉ=Äçêçå=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=ÇÉÅäáåÉÇ=íáää=~=ée=çÑ=SKV=ï~ë=êÉ~ÅÜÉÇI=ïáíÜ=

íÜáë=ée=ã~áåí~áåÉÇ=íáää=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅóÅäÉK=



OJTEOJNQVF=

cáÉäÇJíÉëíë=çÑ=éeë=ÖêÉ~íÉê=íÜ~å=SKVI=áåáíá~ääó=~í=íÜÉ=oáåÖÜ~äë=ERF=PWRë=áå=pïÉÇÉåI=~åÇ=ëìÄëÉèìÉåíäó=~í=jáääëíçåÉJP=áå=rpI=ÅçåÑáêãÉÇ=íÜ~í=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=ïÉêÉ=áåÇÉÉÇ=äçïÉêK=R=ëí~êíÉÇ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÅóÅäÉ=ïáíÜ=PKR=ééã=iáI=~åÇ=jáääëíçåÉJP=ïáíÜ=PKP=ééãI=~åÇ=~äíÜçìÖÜ=åç=~ÇîÉêëÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=

ïÉêÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäI=çíÜÉê=éä~åíë=ïÉêÉ=ëäçï=íç=~Ä~åÇçå=íÜÉ=OKO=ééã=äáãáíK=eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉêÉ=

ïÉêÉ=áåÇáÅ~íáçåë=çÑ=ÜÉ~îáÉê=CRUD=Ñçêã~íáçå=~ÑíÉê=äçåÖ=éÉêáçÇë=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÄÉäçï=ée=SKVI=~åÇ=~ë=

ÑìÉä=ÅçåÅÉêåë=êÉä~ñÉÇI=~=Öê~Çì~ä=ãçîÉ=íçï~êÇë=~=ã~ñáãìã=çÑ=Pééã=äáíÜáìã=êÉëìäíÉÇK=jçêÉçîÉêI=

éeë=áå=íÜÉ=ê~åÖÉ=TKNJTKO=ÄÉÅ~ãÉ=ãçêÉ=éçéìä~ê=áå=íÜÉ=ä~íÉ=NVVMëI=ïáíÜ=TKPJTKQ=ÉîÉåíì~ääó=Ö~áåáåÖ=

Ñ~îçìêK=

cáÖìêÉ=OJU=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=äáíÜáìã=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=êÉéçêíÉÇ=Äó=rp=PWRë=áå=êÉÅÉåí=óÉ~êëK=fí=Å~å=ÄÉ=ëÉÉå=íÜ~í=VRB=~êÉ=åçï=ìëáåÖ=ÖêÉ~íÉê=íÜ~å=P=ééã=~í=Ñìää=éçïÉêI=~=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=Ñêçã=

É~êäáÉê=áå=íÜÉ=ÇÉÅ~ÇÉK=

Figure 2-8: Maximum reported coolant lithium [full power] at US PWRs

^=ÇÉãçåëíê~íáçå=çÑ=ÉäÉî~íÉÇ=éeLiá=áë=áå=éêçÖêÉëë=~í=`çã~åÅÜÉ=mÉ~â=PWRI=píÉîÉåë=C=_çëã~I=

OMMUK=qÜÉ=Öç~ä=ï~ë=íç=êÉÇìÅÉ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=~åÇ=êÉÇìÅÉ=ëìëÅÉéíáÄáäáíó=íç=íÜÉ=^ñá~ä=lÑÑëÉí=

^åçã~äó=EAOAF=Äó=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=CRUD=ÄìáäÇìéK=qÜáë=íÉëí=áåîçäîÉÇ=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=ëóëíÉã=ée=

Ñêçã=TKNLTKO=íç=TKP=~åÇ=íÜÉå=íïç=ÅóÅäÉë=~í=TKQK=kçíÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉëÉ=éeë=~êÉ=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=~îÉê~ÖÉ=

çÑ=ÅçêÉ=áåäÉí=~åÇ=çìíäÉí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Eq~îFK=cáÖìêÉ=OJV=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=ée=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=Ñçìê=ÅóÅäÉë=~åÇ=

cáÖìêÉ=OJNM=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=äáíÜáìãI=ïÜáÅÜ=ëí~êíÉÇ=~í=S=ééã=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=íïç=ãçëí=êÉÅÉåí=ÅóÅäÉëK=



OJUEOJNQVF=

Figure 2-9: Reactor coolant pH during four cycles at Comanche Peak PWR.

Figure 2-10: Reactor coolant lithium during four cycles at Comanche Peak PWR.



OJVEOJNQVF=

^ë=~å=Éñ~ãéäÉ=çÑ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=íêÉåÇë=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÇÉãçåëíê~íáçåI=cáÖìêÉ=OJNN=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=

ëóëíÉã=éáéáåÖ=ÇçëÉ=ê~íÉëK=^äíÜçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=íêÉåÇ=áë=Ççïåï~êÇI=íÜÉ=çîÉê~ää=ÇçëÉ=ê~íÉ=êÉÇìÅíáçåë=

íÜêçìÖÜçìí=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=ëóëíÉã=~êÉ=åçí=~ë=ÖêÉ~í=~ë=ãáÖÜí=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇK=eçïÉîÉêI=ÑìêíÜÉê=

êÉÇìÅíáçå=áå=ÑáÉäÇë=áë=~åíáÅáé~íÉÇ=~ë=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=íáãÉ=~í=ÜáÖÜ=ée=áåÅêÉ~ëÉëK=

Figure 2-11: Reactor piping system dose rates during four cycles at Comanche Peak PWR.

qÜÉ=ã~áå=ÑáåÇáåÖë=çÑ=íÜÉ=`çã~åÅÜÉ=mÉ~â=ÇÉãçåëíê~íáçå=~êÉ=~ë=ÑçääçïëW=

• kç=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=~ÇîÉêëÉ=íêÉåÇë=ïÉêÉ=åçíÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=råáí=O=`óÅäÉ=VI=ÉáíÜÉê=áå=íÜÉ=~êÉ~=çÑ=

ÅÜÉãáëíêó=çê=ÅçêÉ=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉK==

• kç=áåÇáÅ~íáçåë=çÑ=AOA=ïÉêÉ=ãÉ~ëìêÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅóÅäÉK==

• kç=~åçã~äçìë=ëÜìíÇçïå=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=çê=íêÉåÇë=ïÉêÉ=åçíÉÇK==

• o~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=ãÉ~ëìêÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=oÉÑìÉä=V=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇ=~=ãçÇÉëí=ÅçåíáåìÉÇ=áãéêçîÉãÉåí=

ëáåÅÉ=`óÅäÉ=S=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=äçÅ~íáçåë=ãÉ~ëìêÉÇK=

• _~ëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=éçëáíáîÉ=íêÉåÇë=~åÇ=~ÄëÉåÅÉ=çÑ=~åó=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíëI=`çã~åÅÜÉ=mÉ~â=Ü~ë=

Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ=ÉäÉî~íÉÇ=Åçåëí~åí=éeq~îÉ=TKQ=~ë=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=êÉÖáãÉ=Ñçê=ÄçíÜ=ìåáíëK==

qÜÉ=èìÉëíáçå=êÉã~áåë=ÅçåÅÉêåáåÖ=ïÜó=ÖêÉ~íÉê=ÄÉåÉÑáíë=Ü~îÉ=åçí=ÄÉÉå=çÄëÉêîÉÇ=~í=PWRë=~ÑíÉê=ée=

áåÅêÉ~ëÉK=_ÉåÖíëëçå=Éí=~äKI=OMMU=éçáåí=çìí=íÜ~í=êÉëìäíë=Ñêçã=~åó=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=áå=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=

ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ã~ó=åçí=ÄÉ=ëÜçïå=Ñçê=ëÉîÉê~ä=ÅóÅäÉëK=qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=~=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=êÉ~ëçåë=íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=êÉëìäíÉÇ=

áå=~=ÇÉä~ó=áå=çÄëÉêîáåÖ=íÜÉ=Ñìää=ÉÑÑÉÅíK=cáêëíäóI=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ée=êÉÇìÅÉë=CRUD=ÄìáäÇìé=çå=ÑìÉäI=Äìí=

ëÉÉãë=íç=Ü~îÉ=êÉä~íáîÉäó=äáííäÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çå=ÉñáëíáåÖ=CRUDI=~åÇ=ÇçÉë=åçí=~ÑÑÉÅí=çìíJçÑJÅçêÉ=çñáÇÉëI=ëç=

ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=ã~ó=í~âÉ=ëçãÉ=íáãÉ=íç=Ñìääó=êÉëéçåÇK=pÉÅçåÇäóI=ÉñíÉåëáçå=çÑ=ÑìÉä=ÅóÅäÉë=Ü~ë=ã~ÇÉ=

áí=ãçêÉ=ÇáÑÑáÅìäí=íç=ã~áåí~áå=ÜáÖÜ=ée=~í=íÜÉ=ëí~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅóÅäÉI=ïÜÉå=ãìÅÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=íê~åëéçêí=çÑ=

Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=çÅÅìêëK=cáÖìêÉ=OJNO=ëÜçïë=~å=Éñ~ãéäÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÑìÉä=ÅóÅäÉ=

äÉåÖíÜ=çå=íÜÉ=äáíÜáìã=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=ã~áåí~áå=~=ée=çÑ=TKOK=



OJNMEOJNQVF=

Figure 2-12: Lithium concentrations required to maintain pH 7.2 for different fuel cycle lengths.

táíÜçìí=íÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉë=áå=éeLäáíÜáìã=íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=í~âÉå=éä~ÅÉI=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=ïçìäÇ=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=

ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=íç=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäó=Ñçê=äçåÖÉê=ÑìÉä=ÅóÅäÉëK=cáå~ääóI=íÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=ëìÄJÅççäÉÇ=åìÅäÉ~íÉ=

ÄçáäáåÖ=áå=PWRë=êÉëìäíáåÖ=Ñêçã=éçïÉê=ìéê~íáåÖ=Ü~ë=êÉëìäíÉÇ=áå=ÜáÖÜÉê=CRUD=ÄìáäÇìé=çå=íÜÉ=

ìééÉê=ÑìÉä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉëI=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉ=áë=ÖêçïáåÖ=ÉîáÇÉåÅÉ=Ñêçã=rp=PWRë=íÜ~í=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=~êÉ=áåÇÉÉÇ=ÜáÖÜÉê=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜÉëí=ê~íÉÇ=ÅçêÉëK=

båêáÅÜÉÇ=_çêáÅ=^ÅáÇ=EEBAFI=íÜ~í=áë=ÄçêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=ÉåêáÅÜÉÇ=ïáíÜ=_JNMI=Éå~ÄäÉë=~=ÖáîÉå=ée=íç=ÄÉ=

~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ=ïáíÜ=äÉëë=äáíÜáìã=ÜóÇêçñáÇÉI=~ë=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=_JNM=Å~å=ÄÉ=çÄí~áåÉÇ=ïáíÜ=

äÉëë=íçí~ä=ÄçêáÅ=~ÅáÇK=EBA=áë=ìëÉÇ=~í=ëÉîÉê~ä=éä~åíë=áå=bìêçéÉI=íóéáÅ~ääó=íç=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=ëÜìíÇçïå=ã~êÖáå=ïÜÉå=ìëáåÖ=jáñÉÇ=luáÇÉ EMOXF=ÑìÉäI=Äìí=Ü~ë=åçí=ÄÉÉå=~ééäáÉÇ=íç=Ç~íÉ=áå=rp^K=eçïÉîÉêI=

ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçå=áë=ÄÉáåÖ=ÖáîÉå=íç=ìëáåÖ=EBA=~í=ëçãÉ=éä~åíë=íÜ~í=ïáää=ìëÉ=MOX=ÑìÉä=áå=íÜÉ=ÑìíìêÉK=

^äíÜçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=íê~åëáíáçå=íç=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=EBA=áå=çéÉê~íáåÖ=éä~åíëI=ÇÉëáÖåáåÖ=Ñçê=áí=áå=åÉï=éä~åíë=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇI=kçêÇã~ååI=OMMUK=

OKNKOKO o~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=Åçåíêçä=ïáíÜ=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçå=

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éêáã~êó=ëóëíÉãë=çÑ=PWRëI=ÄçíÜ=íç=êÉÇìÅÉ=éêáã~êó=ëáÇÉ=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=~åÇ=íç=Åçåíêçä=ÇçëÉ=ê~íÉëK=qÜÉ=

èì~äáÑáÅ~íáçå=ïçêâ=Ñçê=BWRë=ëÜçïÉÇ=íÜ~í=òáåÅ=áåÜáÄáíÉÇ=SCCI=Äìí=íÜÉ=ÄÉåÉÑáí=ï~ë=åçí=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=íç=~îçáÇ=íÜÉ=åÉÉÇ=Ñçê=eóÇêçÖÉå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=EHWCF=íç=ãáíáÖ~íÉ=fåíÉêdê~åìä~ê=SCC=EIGSCCFK=qÜìë=íÜÉ=ãçíáî~íáçå=Ñçê=BWR=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçå=ï~ë=ÉñÅäìëáîÉäó=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=ÅçåíêçäK=

qÜÉ=ëáíì~íáçå=áå=PWRë=áë=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíI=~ë=ä~Äçê~íçêó=ïçêâ=ëÜçïÉÇ=íÜ~í=áåáíá~íáçå=çÑ=PWSCC=ï~ë=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäó=ÇÉä~óÉÇ=Äó=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçåI=~åÇ=ÜÉåÅÉ=íÜÉ=ãçíáî~íáçå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=áåáíá~ä=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=çÑ=òáåÅ=

áå=ãçëí=rp=PWRë=ï~ë=íç=Åçåíêçä=PWSCC=çÑ=SG=íìÄáåÖK=få=Åçåíê~ëíI=dÉêã~åJÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=PWRëI=~åÇ=~=ÑÉï=rp=éä~åíë=ìëÉÇ=úR=ééÄ=ÇÉéäÉíÉÇ=òáåÅ=Ñçê=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÅçåíêçäK=eáÖÜÉê=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=ENRJ

PM=ééÄF=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=PWSCC=ÅçåíêçäI=~åÇ=ëÉîÉê~ä=rp=éä~åíë=ÇáÇ=åçí=ìëÉ=ÇÉéäÉíÉÇ=òáåÅ=Ñçê=Åçëí=êÉ~ëçåëI=ÉîÉå=íÜêçìÖÜ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=êÉÇìÅíáçåë=ïÉêÉ=~Äçìí=OMB=äÉëë=ïÜÉå=å~íìê~ä=òáåÅ=ï~ë=ìëÉÇI=

~ë=~=êÉëìäí=çÑ=òáåÅJSR=Ñçêã~íáçåK=bäÉÅíêáÅ=mçïÉê=oÉëÉ~êÅÜ=fåëíáíìíÉ=EEPRIF=Ü~ë=éìÄäáëÜÉÇ=PWR=òáåÅ=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=EEPRI=oÉéçêí=NMNPQOMI=OMMSFK=^=êÉÅÉåí=é~éÉê=“råÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=òáåÅ=ÄÉÜ~îáçìê=áå=PWR=éêáã~êó=Åççä~åíW=~=Åçãé~êáëçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=cêÉåÅÜ=~åÇ=dÉêã~å=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÒ=Äó=

qáÖÉê~ë=Éí=~äKI=OMMUE~F=éêçîáÇÉë=~=bìêçéÉ~å=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉ=çå=íÜáë=íçéáÅK==

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Figure 2-13: Application of zinc injection in PWRs worldwide.

cáÖìêÉ=OJNQ=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=òáåÅ=áå=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÇçëÉ=ê~íÉë=~í=ëÉîÉê~ä=éä~åíëK=fí=Å~å=ÄÉ=

ëÉÉå=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=êÉÇìÅíáçå=Ñ~Åíçê=~ééêçñáã~íÉäó=ÅçêêÉä~íÉë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=Åìãìä~íáîÉ=òáåÅ=ÉñéçëìêÉ=áå=

ééÄKãçåíÜëK=qÜÉêÉ=áë=êÉä~íáîÉäó=äáííäÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=éä~åíë=ïáíÜ=^ääçó=SMMLSVM=SG=íìÄáåÖ=~åÇ=

íÜçëÉ=ïáíÜ=^ääçó=UMM=íìÄáåÖI=Äìí=éä~åíë=ìëáåÖ=ÇÉéäÉíÉÇ=òáåÅ=ëÜçï=ÖêÉ~íÉê=ÄÉåÉÑáí=íÜ~å=íÜçëÉ=ìëáåÖ=

å~íìê~ä=òáåÅK=

Figure 2-14: Effect of zinc injection on radiation dose rates.



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qç=éìí=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=òáåÅ=áå=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉI=cáÖìêÉ=OJNR=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=äççé=éáéáåÖ=ÇçëÉ=ê~íÉë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=

PWRë=Ñçê=ïÜáÅÜ=êÉÅÉåí=Ç~í~=áë=~î~áä~ÄäÉI=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=òáåÅ=éä~åíë=ÜáÖÜäáÖÜíÉÇK=

Figure 2-15: Piping dose rates for PWRs with or without zinc injection.

^ë=äáííäÉ=~ë=R=ééÄ=òáåÅ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ëÜçïå=íç=êÉÇìÅÉ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇë=Äó=PRJRMB=~í=çéÉê~íáåÖ=éä~åíë=Ä~ëÉÇ=

çå=òáåÅ=ÉñéçëìêÉë=çÑ=≥=TMM=ééÄJãçåíÜëK=^äíÜçìÖÜ=íÜáë=ÄÉåÉÑáí=áë=ïÉää=ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇI=~=äáãáíÉÇ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=PWRë=~é~êí=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=dÉêã~å=ìåáíë=EïÜáÅÜ=Çç=åçí=ìëÉ=~ääçó=SMMF=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=~ÄäÉ=íç=àìëíáÑó=òáåÅ=çå=ÇçëÉ=ë~îáåÖë=~äçåÉK=eçïÉîÉêI=ïáíÜ=ÖêÉ~íÉê=ÉãéÜ~ëáë=çå=ÉñéçëìêÉ=ÅçåíêçäI=é~êíáÅìä~êäó=ëáåÅÉ=íÜÉ=

áåÇìëíêóJïáÇÉ=omOMOM=áåáíá~íáîÉI=íÜÉ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=ÄÉåÉÑáí=áë=Ö~áåáåÖ=äÉîÉê~ÖÉK=

qÜÉ=OMMT=ÉÇáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=PWR=mêáã~êó=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=dìáÇÉäáåÉë=EEPRI=oÉéçêí=NMNQVUSF=êÉÅçããÉåÇë=íÜ~í=~ää=éä~åíë=ÅçåëáÇÉê=òáåÅ=áåàÉÅíáçåI=~åÇ=íÜçëÉ=åçí=áåàÉÅíáåÖ=òáåÅ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÇçÅìãÉåí=

íÜÉ=Ä~ëáë=Ñçê=íÜÉáê=ÇÉÅáëáçå=áå=íÜÉáê=ëíê~íÉÖáÅ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=éä~åK=m~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçå=çÑ=òáåÅ=

áåàÉÅíáçå=ã~ó=áåÅäìÇÉ=íÜÉ=áãé~Åí=çå=ÅçêÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=EAOAI=CRUD=ÄìáäÇìé=~åÇ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=çñáÇ~íáçåF=~ë=

ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=áå=pÉÅíáçå=OKNKPKOK=

OKNKOKP bÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çå=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÇçëÉ=

ê~íÉë=

rp=PWRë ÅìêêÉåíäó=çéÉê~íÉ ïáíÜáå=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ORJRM=ãäëLâÖ=

ê~åÖÉI=Äìí=åçåÉ=ïáíÜ=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=QQ=ãäLâÖI=cáÖìêÉ=OJNSK=qÜáë=áë=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=~å=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ã~êÖáå=

çîÉê=íÜÉ=äÉîÉä=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=ëìééêÉëë=ï~íÉê=ê~Çáçäóëáë=áå=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíçê=ÅçêÉK==



OJNPEOJNQVF=

Figure 2-16: US plant data for dissolved hydrogen.

^ë=ãÉåíáçåÉÇ=É~êäáÉêI=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=áë=éêçÖêÉëë=íÜ~í=áåÇáÅ~íÉë=íÜ~í=PWSCC=`ê~Åâ=dêçïíÜ=o~íÉ=ECGRëF=ã~ó=ÄÉ=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=áÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áë=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=EëÉÉ=pÉÅíáçå=OKNKQFK=qÜÉ=éêÉÑÉêêÉÇ=ëíê~íÉÖó=áë=íç=Öê~Çì~ääó=

áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=íç=íÜÉ=ìééÉê=ÉåÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñáëíáåÖ=ê~åÖÉI=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=íç=ãçîÉ=ÜáÖÜÉê=Eë~ó=íç=

SM=ãäëLâÖF=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=çåJÖçáåÖ=èì~äáÑáÅ~íáçå=ïçêâ=áë=ÅçãéäÉíÉÇK=

^äíÜçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=íÜÉêãçÇóå~ãáÅë=ëìÖÖÉëí=~=ëçäìÄáäáíó=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅÉ=çÑ=áêçå=~åÇ=åáÅâÉä=çñáÇÉë=áå=ÑìÉä=

CRUD=çå=ÜóÇêçÖÉåI=åç=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÅÜ~åÖáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=ÅìêêÉåí=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ê~åÖÉ=Ü~ë=

ÄÉÉå=ÑçìåÇ=Ñêçã=Éñ~ãáå~íáçå=çÑ=éä~åí=Ç~í~I=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÇçëÉ=ê~íÉ=Ç~í~K=fí=áë=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=

ÅçåÅäìÇÉÇ=íÜ~í=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ïáää=Ü~îÉ=ãáåáã~ä=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çå=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇëK=

píìÇáÉë=çå=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=ÅìêêÉåíäó=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ê~åÖÉ=~êÉ=ÄÉáåÖ=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí=áå=

pïÉÇÉå=~åÇ=g~é~åK=kç=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çå=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÇçëÉ=ê~íÉë=~êÉ=~åíáÅáé~íÉÇ=Ççïå=íç=NMJNR=ãäëLâÖI=Äìí=

Å~êÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=~Äçìí=ÖçáåÖ=íç=ÉîÉå=äçïÉê=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåëI=~ë=CRUD=ÄìáäÇìé=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=

çÄëÉêîÉÇ=~í=îÉêó=äçï=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=íÜ~í=~êÉ=áåëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=íç=éêÉîÉåí=ê~ÇáçäóëáëK=

2.1.3 Fuel performance

táíÜ=éêçÖêÉëëáîÉ=ìéê~íáåÖ=çÑ=ÑìÉä=ÇìíóI=íÜÉ=ã~êÖáå=íç=íçäÉê~íÉ=CRUD=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=~åÇ=

~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=Å~êÉ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=áå=ëéÉÅáÑóáåÖ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=íç=~îçáÇ=ìåÇÉëáê~ÄäÉ=ÑìÉä=

éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=áëëìÉëK=^ë=~å=Éñ~ãéäÉI=cáÖìêÉ=OJNT=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=íêÉåÇ=áå=ÑìÉä=ÇáëÅÜ~êÖÉ=Äìêåìé=Ñçê=ÄçíÜ=

PWRë=~åÇ=BWRëI=~åÇ=cáÖìêÉ=OJNU=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=íêÉåÇ=áå=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=Çìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑìÉä=ÅóÅäÉëK=EpÉÉ=pÉÅíáçå=OKOKQ=Ñçê=ÇáëÅìëëáçå=çÑ=BWR=ÑìÉä=áëëìÉëFK=



OJNQEOJNQVF=

Figure 2-17: Average US discharged assembly burnup trends.

Figure 2-18: Average and maximum fuel cycle length for US plants.



OJNREOJNQVF=

cìÉä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=~í=rp=PWRë=~åÇ=BWRë=Ü~ë=ÅçåíáåìÉÇ=íç=áãéêçîÉ=áå=êÉÅÉåí=óÉ~êëI=ïáíÜ=

êÉä~íáîÉäó=ÑÉï=ÑìÉä=Ñ~áäìêÉë=áå=íÜÉ=é~ëí=Q=óÉ~êëI=~ë=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJNVK=

Figure 2-19: US fuel failure trends since 1980.

cáÖìêÉ=OJOM=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=êççí=Å~ìëÉë=çÑ=PWR=ÑìÉä=Ñ~áäìêÉë=ëáåÅÉ=OMMMK=få=Åçåíê~ëí=íç íÜÉ=BWR=ëáíì~íáçåI=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJSMI=îÉêó=ÑÉï=Ñ~áäìêÉë=áå=êÉÅÉåí=óÉ~êë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=~ííêáÄìíÉÇ=íç=

CRUDLÅçêêçëáçå=EíÜÉ=ÉñÅÉéíáçåë=íç=íÜáë=ÅçããÉåí=~êÉ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=ÄÉäçïFK

Figure 2-20: US PWR fuel failures by mechanism, Wood, 2008.



OJNSEOJNQVF=

^=éÜÉåçãÉåçå=Å~ääÉÇ=^ñá~ä=lÑÑëÉí=EAOF=Ü~ë=Å~ìëÉÇ=ÅçåÅÉêå=çîÉê=íÜÉ=é~ëí=NM=óÉ~êëK=AO=áë=~=

ãÉ~ëìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉä~íáîÉ=éçïÉê=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ìééÉê=~åÇ=äçïÉê=é~êíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçêÉ=~åÇ=áë=åçêã~ääó=

ÉñéêÉëëÉÇ=~ë=~=éÉêÅÉåíI=ïáíÜ=~=éçëáíáîÉ=éÉêÅÉåí=áåÇáÅ~íáåÖ=íÜ~í=ãçêÉ=éçïÉê=áë=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=

ìééÉê=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçêÉK=AOA=çÅÅìêë=ïÜÉå=Äçêçå=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íÉë=áå=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=ÇÉéçëáíë=ECRUDF=çå=íÜÉ=ìééÉê=ëé~åë=çÑ=ÑìÉä=~ëëÉãÄäáÉë=ìåÇÉêÖçáåÖ=ëìÄJÅççäÉÇ=åìÅäÉ~íÉ=ÄçáäáåÖI=Å~ìëáåÖ=~=

êÉÇìÅíáçå=áå=åÉìíêçå=ÑäìñK=AOA=Ü~ë=~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=~í=äÉ~ëí=OM=PWRë=áå=rp^I=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=ëÉîÉê~ä=áå=çíÜÉê=ÅçìåíêáÉëK=^å=Éñ~ãéäÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=AO=áë=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJONK

Figure 2-21: AO during a fuel cycle at Callaway PWR.

`äÉ~êäóI=ÑìÉä=CRUD=áë=áåîçäîÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=AO=éÜÉåçãÉåçåI=~åÇ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=

ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=áå=ÅçåíêçääáåÖ=AOK=_ÉëáÇÉë=íÜÉáê=~ñá~ä=~ëóããÉíêóI=íÜÉ=Åçãéçëáíáçå=çÑ=ÑìÉä=ÇÉéçëáíë=áå=

ÄçáäáåÖ=ÅçêÉë=áë=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Ñêçã=åçåJÄçáäáåÖ=ÑìÉäK=fåëíÉ~Ç=çÑ=íÜÉ=áêçåJêáÅÜ=åáÅâÉä=ÑÉêêáíÉë=íÜ~í=ÇÉéçëáí=

çå=äçïÉê=Çìíó=PWR=ÑìÉäI=ÇÉéçëáíë=çå=ÅçêÉë=ïáíÜ=ÜáÖÜ=ÄçáäáåÖ=Çìíó=íÉåÇ=íç=ÄÉ=êáÅÜ=áå=åáÅâÉäI=ïáíÜ=ëáòÉ~ÄäÉ=Ñê~Åíáçåë=çÑ=kálK=líÜÉê=ìåÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=ÅçãéçìåÇë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=ÑçìåÇ=áå=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=èì~åíáíó=

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êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=ÇÉéçëáíë=Ñêçã=êÉäç~Ç=ÑìÉä=Ñêçã=ÜáÖÜJÇìíó=ÅçêÉëW=çåÉ=ëìÅÜ=

íÉÅÜåáèìÉI=ìäíê~ëçåáÅ=ÑìÉä=ÅäÉ~åáåÖI=áë=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áå=pÉÅíáçå=OKNKSK==

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EëìÅÜ=~ë=dÉêã~åJÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=éä~åíëF=ïáíÜ=^ääçó=UMM=íìÄáåÖK=qÜÉ=ä~ííÉê=Ü~îÉ=~=ãìÅÜ=äçïÉê=

éêçéçêíáçå=çÑ=åáÅâÉä=áå=ÑìÉä=CRUDI=~åÇ=Ü~îÉ=åçí=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇ=íÜÉ=AO=éÜÉåçãÉåçåI=oáÉëëI=OMMSK==



OJNTEOJNQVF=

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ïÉêÉ=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=éêÉëÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ÄçêáÅ=~ÅáÇK=^ë=~=êÉëìäíI=~=äáãáí=çÑ=OKO=ééã=äáíÜáìã=ï~ë=ÖÉåÉê~ääó=

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íç=ÄÉ=ãçêÉ=ÇÉíêáãÉåí~ä=íç=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÜ~å=ÜáÖÜÉê=äáíÜáìã=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåëI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=~ë=íÜÉ=

êÉëáëí~åÅÉ=íç=Åçêêçëáçå=çÑ=wáêÅ~äçó=áãéêçîÉÇK=qÜáë=ï~ë=ÅçåÑáêãÉÇ=Äó=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑÉï=Ñ~áäìêÉë=áå=

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íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=EïáíÜ=äçÅ~äáòÉÇ=ëìÄJÅççäÉÇ=åìÅäÉ~íÉ=ÄçáäáåÖF=Ü~îÉ=Å~ìëÉÇ=CRUDJêÉä~íÉÇ=éêçÄäÉãë=íç=

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CRUDI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=~ÄçîÉK=qÜáë=áå=íìêå=Ü~ë=êÉåÉïÉÇ=áåíÉêÉëí=áå=ÉäÉî~íÉÇ=éeLäáíÜáìã=íç=

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áãé~Åí=~ééÉ~êë=íç=ÄÉ=ãáåáã~ä=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ã~àçêáíó=çÑ=éä~åíë=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=ÅìêêÉåí=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉI=Äìí=

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ÉñéçëìêÉ=ÑìÉä=áåëéÉÅíáçåëK=a~í~=Ñêçã=c~êäÉó=~åÇ=aá~Ääç=`~åóçå=ëìÖÖÉëí=äáííäÉ=çê=åç=ÑìÉä=ÅçåÅÉêåë=

Ñçê=Åççä~åí=òáåÅ=äÉîÉäë=ìé=íç=QM=ééÄ=Ñçê=éä~åíë=ïáíÜ=äÉëëJÜáÖÜäó=ê~íÉÇ=ÅçêÉëK=bñíÉåÇÉÇ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=~í=

íÜÉëÉ=éä~åíëI=çîÉê=~í=äÉ~ëí=NM=óÉ~êë=çÑ=çéÉê~íáçåI=áåÇáÅ~íÉ=åç=~ÇîÉêëÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çå=ÑìÉä=~í=òáåÅ=

ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=Ñêçã=NR=íç=OR=ééÄK=eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉêÉ=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=åç=Ç~í~=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=ìåíáä=êÉÅÉåíäó=Ñçê=

ÜáÖÜÉê=òáåÅ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=áå=ÜáÖÜÉê=Çìíó=ÅçêÉë=ïÜÉêÉ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ëìÄJÅççäÉÇ=åìÅäÉ~íÉ=ÄçáäáåÖ=

çÅÅìêë=çå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Åä~Ç=ëìêÑ~ÅÉI=cáÖìêÉ=OJOOK==

Figure 2-22: Zinc concentration as a function of fuel duty.



PJNEPJRRF=

3 Water chemistry sampling and monitoring, PWR, VVER and BWR (primary side) (Suat Odar)

Abstract

^ÇÉèì~íÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=Åçåíêçä=éêçÖê~ã=áë=áåÇáëéÉåë~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáçå~ä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=

éä~åí=ëóëíÉãë=~åÇ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=íç=~îçáÇ=~åó=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ÅçêêçëáçåI=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=éêçÄäÉãëK=qÜÉ=

Ä~ëáë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=Åçåíêçä=áë=íÜÉ=êÉëìäíë=çÑ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=~å~äóëáëI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=Ö~áåÉÇ=Äó=ìëáåÖ=

íÜÉ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=~åÇ=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=ëóëíÉãK=páåÅÉ=ëÉîÉåíáÉë=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ=ÑáÉäÇ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉI=ëÉîÉê~ä=

ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=ïÉêÉ=éìÄäáëÜÉÇ=íç=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉ=Üçï=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=íç=ÖÉí=

êÉéêÉëÉåí~íáîÉ=ë~ãéäÉëK=^ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóI=íÜÉëÉ=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=ïÉêÉ=ìëÉÇ=íç=ÇÉëáÖå=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë=Ñçê=

íÜÉ=åÉï=PWRë=~åÇ=BWRëK=få=~ÇÇáíáçå=ÅçåíáåìÉë=áãéêçîÉãÉåíë=ïÉêÉ=éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=Äó=áãéäÉãÉåíáåÖ=

íÜÉ=åÉï=ÑáÉäÇ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉë=çîÉê=íáãÉK=cìêíÜÉêãçêÉI=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë=~åÇ=ÉèìáéãÉåíë=ïÉêÉ=

Åçåíáåìçìëäó=áãéêçîÉÇ=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=ãÉÉí=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=ãçêÉ=

~ÇÉèì~íÉäó=~åÇ=óáÉäÇ=ãçêÉ=Åçëí=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=êÉëìäíë=Ñçê=ìíáäáíáÉëK=

qÜáë=ëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=AR=ïáää=éêçîáÇÉ=~=êÉîáÉï=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=Éñíê~ÅíÉÇ=Ñêçã=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=

ÖìáÇÉäáåÉëK=få=~ÇÇáíáçåI=íÜáë=êÉéçêí=ïáää=ëìãã~êáòÉ=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëáÖåë=ìëÉÇ=áå=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=

íóéÉ=çÑ=NPPë=áå=bìêçéÉ~å=ÅçìåíêáÉë=~åÇ=áå=kçêíÜ=^ãÉêáÅ~K=få=ÇçáåÖ=ëçI=áí=ïáää=Çê~ï=ìéçå=

~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ=ÑáÉäÇ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãëK==

3.1 Introduction

^ÇÉèì~íÉ=Åçåíêçä=çÑ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=áë=áåÇáëéÉåë~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ë~ÑÉI=ÉÅçåçãáÅ=~åÇ=íêçìÄäÉ=ÑêÉÉ=

çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=NPPëK=páåÅÉ=Ñçêíó=óÉ~êëI=ïçêäÇJïáÇÉ=ÑáÉäÇ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=ïáíÜ=NPPë=ÅçåÑáêãë=íÜ~í=

ã~àçê=éêçÄäÉãë=Å~ìëÉÇ=Äó=Åçêêçëáçå=çê=Äó=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=Å~å=ÄÉ=~îçáÇÉÇ=Äó=ëÉäÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=

~ééäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=~ÇÉèì~íÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêóK=^ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóI=ïçêäÇJïáÇÉ=NPPëI=ïáíÜ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÇÉëáÖå=íóéÉë=EPWRI=BWRI=`~å~Çá~å=aÉìíÉêáìã=rê~åáìã=ECANDUFI=VVERI=ÉíÅF=~êÉ=ìëáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=Ñçê=íÜÉáê=çéÉê~íáçåëK=qÜÉëÉ=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=~êÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=Äó=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë=

~åÇLçê=éä~åí=îÉåÇçêëK=qÜÉ=ãçëí=âåçïå=çê=ìëÉÇ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=~êÉW=

• EPRI Water Chemistry Guidelines rëÉÇ=Äó=PWRë=EÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Äó=tÉëíáåÖÜçìëÉI=B&WI=`çãÄìëíáçå=båÖáåÉÉêáåÖF=~åÇ=Äó=BWRë=EÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Äó=GE=kìÅäÉ~ê=båÉêÖóF=ã~áåäó=áå=rp^I=Äìí=~äëç=áå=bìêçéÉ=~åÇ=^ëá~K=

• EdF Water Chemistry Guidelines=rëÉÇ=Äó=cê~ã~íçãÉLEdF=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=PWRë=ã~áåäó=áå=cê~åÅÉI=Äìí=~äëç=áå=^ëá~=~åÇ=oÉéìÄäáÅ=çÑ=

pçìíÜ=^ÑêáÅ~K=

• VGB Water Chemistry Guidelines=rëÉÇ=Äó=páÉãÉåë=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=PWRë=Eã~áåäó=áå=dÉêã~åóI=Äìí=~äëç=áå=pïáíòÉêä~åÇI=kÉÇÉêä~åÇI=

pé~áåI=^êÖÉåíáå~=~åÇ=_ê~òáäF=~åÇ=BWRë=Eáå=dÉêã~åóFK=

• ABB (ASEA-Atom) Water Chemistry Guidelines=rëÉÇ=Äó=^pb^J^qlj=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=BWRë=áå=pÅ~åÇáå~îá~K=

• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) water Chemistry Guidelines=rëÉÇ=Äó=MHI=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=PWRë=áå=g~é~å=

• Hitachi & Toshiba Water Chemistry Guidelines=rëÉÇ=Äó=eáí~ÅÜá=C=qçëÜáÄ~=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=BWRë=áå=g~é~åK=

• VVER Water Chemistry Guidelines=rëÉÇ=VVER=íóéÉ=éçïÉê=éä~åíë=ã~áåäó=áå=oìëëá~I=râê~áåÉI=~åÇ=çíÜÉê=b~ëíÉêå=bìêçéÉ~å=

ÅçìåíêáÉëK=



PJOEPJRRF=

aÉëéáíÉ=ÑÉï=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉë=áå=íÜÉ=Åçåíêçä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=Éñáëí=ÇìÉ=íç=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=éä~åí=

ÇÉëáÖå=~åÇ=ìëÉÇ=ã~íÉêá~äëI=íÜÉó=~ää=êÉèìáêÉ=ã~áåäó=íïç=Öêçìéë=çÑ=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=áå=íÜÉ=

êÉ~Åíçê=Åççä~åí=EPWRëF=çê=áå=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíçê=ï~íÉê=~åÇ=FW=EBWRëF=Ñçê=ÅçåíêçääáåÖK=qÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=ÅÜÉãáëíêóI=äáâÉ=ÉKÖK=áå=PWRë=íÜÉ=~äâ~äáò~íáçå=~ÖÉåí=äáíÜáìã=çê=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=~ÖÉåí=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áå=PWRë=~åÇ=BWRëI=ÉíÅK=qÜÉ=çíÜÉê=Öêçìé=çÑ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=~êÉ=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=áãéìêáíáÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ÅçåÇìÅíáîáíó=çê=áãéìêáíó=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=EÅÜäçêáÇÉëI=

ëìäéÜ~íÉëFI=ïÜáÅÜ=åÉÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåíêçääÉÇ=íç=~îçáÇ=ÅçêêçëáçåK=få=~ÇÇáíáçå=íç=íÜçëÉ=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=

é~ê~ãÉíÉêëI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=åÉÉÇÉÇ=Ñçê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÅçåíêçäI=íÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=çíÜÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=é~ê~ãÉíÉêëI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=

êÉèìÉëíÉÇ=íç=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=Ñçê=Çá~ÖåçëíáÅ=éìêéçëÉë=çê=Ñçê=ÖÉííáåÖ=ãçêÉ=

áåÑçêã~íáçå=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI=äáâÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=EáêçåI=åáÅâÉäI=ÅÜêçãáìãFK==

qÜÉëÉ=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=éêçîáÇÉ=~äëç=áåÑçêã~íáçå=êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=äçÅ~íáçå=áå=éä~åíë=íÜ~í=áë=

åÉÅÉëë~êó=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÅçåíêçäK=qÜÉ=ã~áå=áãéçêí~åí=ë~ãéäáåÖ=äçÅ~íáçå=çÑ=ÅçìêëÉ=áë=íÜÉ=RCS=áíëÉäÑ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=PWRë=~åÇ=VVERëK=qÜÉ=åÉñí=áãéçêí~åí=ë~ãéäáåÖ=äçÅ~íáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åççä~åí=~êÉ=áå=íÜÉ=

CVCSI=áå=é~êíáÅìä~êI=áå=íÜÉ=äÉíÇçïå=äáåÉ=ìéëíêÉ~ã=Åççä~åí=éìêáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=Ççïå=ëíêÉ~ã=

HP=ÅÜ~êÖáåÖ=éìãéëK=cçê=íÜÉ=BWRë=íÜÉ=ã~áå=áãéçêí~åí=ë~ãéäáåÖ=äçÅ~íáçåë=~êÉ=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíçê=ï~íÉêI=

RWCU=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=íÜÉ=FWK=få=~ÇÇáíáçåI=ë~ãéäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=åìÅäÉ~ê=~ìñáäá~êó=ëóëíÉãë=Ñçê=~ää=

êÉ~Åíçê=íóéÉë=~êÉ=~äëç=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=áå=~ää=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëáÖåëK=

pçãÉ=Éñ~ãéäÉë=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=éìÄäáëÜÉÇ=~åÇ=ãçëí=ìëÉÇ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=~êÉ=ëìãã~êáòÉÇ=

áå=íÜÉ=q~ÄäÉ=PJN=íç=q~ÄäÉ=PJQK=

Table 3-1: EdF Primary Water Limits under normal operation, Nordmann, 2006 and Stutzmann et al., 2002.

Parameter Unit Expected value

Limit value

Monitoring frequency

Oxygen mg/kg <0.010 <0.10 No (H2 only) Hydrogen* ml/kg 25 to 35 20 to 50 On-line Chloride* mg/kg <0.05 <0.15 1/week Fluoride* mg/kg <0.05 <0.15 1/week Sulphate* mg/kg <0.05 <0.15 1/month Sodium* mg/kg <0.1 <0.2 1/month

Silica mg/kg <0.6 <1.0 1/month Calcium mg/kg - <0.05 1/month

Magnesium mg/kg - <0.05 1/month Aluminium mg/kg - <0.05 1/month

*): Parameter included in technical specification for safety.

=



PJPEPJRRF=

Table 3-2: VGB Power operation reactor coolant control parameters for PWRs, Odar et al., 2006.

RCS:

Control parameters Normal operating values Action level 1 Action level 2 Action level 3

Lithium1) [ppm] >0.22) <23)

3) 3) 3)

Hydrogen [ppm] >1.5 <44) <1.5 <1

>4 <0.5 >5

Oxygen [ppb] <55) 5) 5) 5) Chloride [ppm] <0.01 >0.1 >0.2 >1 Sulphate [ppm] <0.01 >0.1 >0.2 >1

CVCS:

Oxygen [ppb] <5 / <506) >10 >50 >100 1): According to plant specific pH program. 2): For stretch out operation lower values allowed for several days. 3): Values needed to be approved by fuel vendors. 4): Optimum recommended range: 1.5-2.5 ppm. 5): Under reducing conditions of RCS oxygen values are lower. 6): For a short time during make-up injections.

=

Table 3-3: VGB Power operation reactor water control parameters for BWRs, Roszkampf et al., 2006.

Reactor water:

Control parameters Normal operating values

Action levels

AL 1 AL 2 AL 3

Conductivity [µS/cm] <0.15 >0.25 >1 >5

Chloride [ppb] <2.0 >5 >20 >50

Sulphate [ppm] <5 >10 >40 >100

Feed water:

Conductivity [µS/cm] ~0.06 >0.07

Iron [ppb] <2 >5

Copper [ppb] <0.3 >0.75

Oxygen [ppb] 20 – 200 <20; >200 =



QJNEQJSMF=

4 Corrosion product control and sampling technique (secondary side) (Suat Odar)

Abstract

SGë=~êÉ=íÜÉ=âÉó=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=çÑ=PWR=éä~åíëK=qÜÉáê=éççê=çéÉê~íáçå~ä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=

Åçêêçëáçå=~åÇ=íÜÉêã~ä=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=êÉëìäíë=áå=ÉñéÉåëáîÉ=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=~ÅíáîáíáÉë=~åÇ=ìåÇÉëáêÉÇ=ÜáÖÜ=

ê~Çá~íáçå=ÉñéçëìêÉë=Ñçê=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=éÉêëçååÉäK=qÜÉëÉ=SG=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=éêçÄäÉãë=~êÉ=ã~áåäó=

Å~ìëÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=íê~åëéçêíÉÇ=áåíç=íÜÉ=SGë=íÜêçìÖÜ=FW=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉK=

_~ëÉÇ=çå=ÑáÉäÇ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉI=áãéêçîáåÖ=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=Åçåíêçä=Äó=~ééäóáåÖ=~ÇÉèì~íÉ=ï~íÉê=

ÅÜÉãáëíêó=Å~å=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=FW=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=íê~åëéçêí=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäóI=~åÇ=íÜìëI=ãáåáãáòÉ=íÜÉ=SG=

ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=éêçÄäÉãëK=få=~ÇÇáíáçåI=~ÇÉèì~íÉ=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=áãéêçîÉë=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=

ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=ëóëíÉãë=EãáåáãáòáåÖ=íÜÉ=FACF=~åÇ=Å~å=ÅçåíêáÄìíÉ=íç=éä~åí=äáÑÉ=íáãÉ=ÉñíÉåëáçåK=qÜÉ=

ëÉäÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜáë=~ÇÉèì~íÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ëÜçìäÇ=~äëç=ÅçåëáÇÉê=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëáÖå=

~åÇ=íÜÉ=ìëÉÇ=ã~íÉêá~äëK=páåÅÉ=ãáÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉîÉåíáÉëI=íÜÉ=áåÇìëíêó=Ü~ë=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=íóéÉ=çÑ=

íÉÅÜåáèìÉë=~åÇ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ãÉ~ëìêÉë=íç=áãéêçîÉ=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=Åçåíêçä=áå=PWR=éä~åíë=íç=~îçáÇ=SG=éêçÄäÉãëK=qÜáë=áåÅäìÇÉë=ã~áåäó=“ÜáÖÜ=ée=çéÉê~íáçåÒI=ìëÉ=çÑ=“~äíÉêå~íáîÉ=~ãáåÉëÒI=

~åÇ=“é~êíá~ä=áåàÉÅíáçå=çÑ=çñóÖÉåÒK=

qÜáë=ëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=AR=ïáää=éêçîáÇÉ=~=êÉîáÉï=çÑ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ãÉ~ëìêÉë=Ñçê=Åçêêçëáçå=

éêçÇìÅí=Åçåíêçä=~ééäáÉÇ=ïçêäÇJïáÇÉ=Eã~áåäó=áå=bìêçéÉ~å=ÅçìåíêáÉë=~åÇ=áå=kçêíÜ=^ãÉêáÅ~FK=

cìêíÜÉêãçêÉI=áí=ïáää=Åçãé~êÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=éìÄäáëÜÉÇ=ÑáÉäÇ=êÉëìäíëK=få=~ÇÇáíáçåI=íÜáë=

ëÉÅíáçå=ïáää=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉ=ÄêáÉÑäó=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë=ìëÉÇ=íç=ÅÜÉÅâ=~åÇ=ÅçåÑáêã=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó=çÑ=

íÜÉ=~ééäáÉÇ=ÅÜÉãáëíêóK=

4.1 Introduction

qÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=Åçåíêçä=áë=íÜÉ=ã~áå=áãéçêí~åí=áëëìÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=PWR=~åÇ=VVER=éä~åíë=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=ÇÉéçëáíë=~ÑÑÉÅí=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäó=íÜÉ=SG=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉK=qÜÉ=pdë=

çÑ=íÜÉ=PWR=~åÇ=VVER=éä~åíë=~êÉ=íÜÉ=âÉó=ÅçãéçåÉåíëI=íÜÉáê=êÉäá~Äáäáíó=~ÑÑÉÅíë=ÖêÉ~íäó=íÜÉ=çîÉê~ää=

éä~åí=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=~åÇ=~î~áä~ÄáäáíóK=tçêäÇJïáÇÉ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=ëÜçïë=íÜ~í=~=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=

çéÉê~íáåÖ=PWRë=~åÇ=VVERë=Ü~îÉ=åçï=Åçêêçëáçå=çê=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=éêçÄäÉãë=áå=íÜÉáê=

SGëK=qÜÉëÉ=SG=éêçÄäÉãë=çÑíÉå=ÑçêÅÉ=ìåëÅÜÉÇìäÉÇ=çê=ÉñíÉåÇÉÇ=çìí~ÖÉë=Ñçê=éêÉîÉåíáîÉ=~åÇ=

ÅçêêÉÅíáîÉ=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=Åçëíäó=áå=íÉêãë=çÑ=êÉé~áê=ïçêâI=äçëë=çÑ=éçïÉêI=~åÇ=éÉêëçååÉä=

ê~Çá~íáçå=ÉñéçëìêÉI=EPRII=OMMMK=få=~ÇÇáíáçå=íç=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÄäÉãëI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇ=ãçëíäó=çå=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=

SGëI=ÇÉíÉêáçê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉêã~ä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=áë=~äëç=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇ=áå=ãçëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=éä~åíëI=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=

Å~ìëÉÇ=Äó=ÖêçïáåÖ=íìÄÉ=ëÅ~äÉë=~ÑÑÉÅíáåÖ=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=íç=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=ÜÉ~í=íê~åëÑÉêK=oÉÅÉåíäó=~äëç=

ÄäçÅâ~ÖÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=qìÄÉ=pìééçêí=mä~íÉ=ETSPF=ÜçäÉë=ï~ë=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇI=ïÜáÅÜ=Å~ìëÉÇ=ìëì~ääó=SG=ï~íÉê=

äÉîÉä=çëÅáää~íáçåë=êÉëìäíáåÖ=áå=éçïÉê=êÉÇìÅíáçåë=íç=ã~áåí~áå=ëí~ÄäÉ=~åÇ=ë~ÑÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=E`ÜÉåI=

OMMTFI=çê=äáâÉ=áå=~=ÑÉï=Å~ëÉë=çÄëÉêîÉÇI=áå=íìÄÉ=êìéíìêÉ=Å~ìëÉÇ=Äó=îáÄê~íáçå=áåÇìÅÉÇ=Äó=äçÅ~ä=ÜáÖÜÉê=

Ñäçï=ê~íÉëI=ïÜáÅÜ=äÉ~Çë=íç=éä~åí=ëÜìíJÇçïåëI=aáàçìñ=Éí=~äKI=OMMUI=kçêÇã~åå=C=máíåÉêI=OMMSE~F=

~åÇ=EÄF=~åÇ=kçêÇã~ååI=OMMTK=qÜÉ=çêáÖáå=çÑ=~ää=íÜÉëÉ=éêçÄäÉãë=áë=~Ö~áå=ÑçìåÇÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=

éêçÇìÅíë=íÜ~í=~êÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éä~åí=~åÇ=íê~åëéçêíÉÇ=áåíç=SGëK=

^ää=íÜÉëÉ=SG=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=éêçÄäÉãë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ãáåáãáòÉÇ=çê=ÉîÉå=ÄÉ=éêÉîÉåíÉÇ=Äó=~ÇçéíáåÖ=

ëìáí~ÄäÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëáÖåI=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=ã~íÉêá~äë=~åÇ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=

çéÉê~íáçå=ÅçåÅÉéíëK=qÜÉ=ã~áå=éêÉêÉèìáëáíÉ=áë=íÜÉ=Å~êÉÑìä=~Ç~éí~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=íç=íÜÉ=

ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=ÇÉëáÖå=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëíêìÅíìê~ä=ã~íÉêá~äë=íÜ~í=ïÉêÉ=ìëÉÇ=åçí=çåäó=áå=íÜÉ=SGë=Äìí=~äëç=áå=íÜÉ=

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Å~ìëÉëX=ÉëéÉÅá~ääóI=ïÜó=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=Åçåíêçä=çå=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=áë=ã~åÇ~íçêó=íç=~îçáÇ=

íÜçëÉ=SG=éêçÄäÉãëW=



QJOEQJSMF=

4.1.1 SG problems in PWR plants

qÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=É~êäó=PWRëI=ïÜáÅÜ=ïÉêÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=~åÇ=ÄìáäÇ=áå=íÜÉ=åáåÉíÉÉå=ëáñíáÉë=~åÇ=ëÉîÉåíáÉëI=ï~ë=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=áåÇìëíêá~ä=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=Ö~áåÉÇ=ïáíÜ=Ñçëëáä=ÑáêÉÇ=ÅçåîÉåíáçå~ä=éçïÉê=

éä~åíëW=^ë=ëíêìÅíìê~ä=ã~íÉêá~äëI=éä~áå=Å~êÄçå=ëíÉÉäë=ïÉêÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=éáéÉ=ïçêâ=~åÇ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=

çîÉê~ää=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉK=cçê=íÜÉ=íìÄÉë=çÑ=FW=ÜÉ~í=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉêë=MSRI=~åÇ=ÅçåÇÉåëÉêëI=ÅçééÉê=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=ã~íÉêá~äë=ïÉêÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=çÑ=ÖççÇ=íÜÉêã~ä=ÅçåÇìÅíáîáíó=çÑ=ÅçééÉêK=cÉêêáíáÅ=ëí~áåäÉëë=

ëíÉÉä=ï~ë=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=íìêÄáåÉ=Ää~ÇÉë=~åÇ=Ñçê=SG=íìÄÉë=fåÅçåÉä=SMM=ãÉ~ä=~ååÉ~äÉÇ=Ef=SMM=j^FI=

~=åáÅâÉä=Ä~ëÉÇ=~ääçóI=ï~ë=ìëÉÇK=cçê=áãéìêáíó=ÅçåíêçäI=CDS=ï~ë=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=Ñçê=íÜÉ=PWRë=ïáíÜ=ëÉÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅççäáåÖK=qÜÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ëÉäÉÅíáçå=ï~ë=~Ö~áå=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ïÉääJÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇ=

Ñçëëáä=éçïÉê=éä~åí=ÅÜÉãáëíêóX=áKÉKI=“éÜçëéÜ~íÉ=ÅÜÉãáëíêóÒ=EmlQ=`ÜÉãáëíêóF=Ñçê=íÜÉ=SGë=~åÇ=“^ää=

sçä~íáäÉ=qêÉ~íãÉåíÒ=EAVT=`ÜÉãáëíêóF=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÉåíáêÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=ïÉêÉ=~ééäáÉÇK=pç=Å~ääÉÇ=

“ÅçãÄáåÉÇ=ÅÜÉãáëíêóÒI=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=~äëç=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìääó=~ééäáÉÇ=áå=Ñçëëáä=éçïÉê=éä~åí=áåÇìëíêóI=ìëáåÖ=

~ããçåá~=íçÖÉíÜÉê=ïáíÜ=çñóÖÉå=áåàÉÅíáçåI=ÅçìäÇ=åçí=ÄÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇI=ÇìÉ=íç=Åçêêçëáçå=ëÉåëáÄáäáíó=çÑ=SG=

íìÄáåÖ=ã~íÉêá~ä=f=SMM=ìåÇÉê=çñáÇáòáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëK=qÜáë=íóéÉ=çÑ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=éä~åí=ÅçåÅÉéí=

EëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=ÇÉëáÖå=~åÇ=ëíêìÅíìê~ä=ã~íÉêá~äëF=ÇçÉë=åçí=~ääçï=íÜÉ=ëÉäÉÅíáçå=çÑ=~ÇÉèì~íÉ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=

áå=çêÇÉê=íç=~îçáÇ=ÜáÖÜ=FW=áêçå=íê~åëéçêí~íáçå=EÅçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=íê~åëéçêíF=áåíç=SGëK=qÜáë=éççê=

Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=Åçåíêçä=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=ï~ë=íÜÉ=ã~áå=êççí=Å~ìëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=SG=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=

éêçÄäÉãëK=

páåÅÉ=íÜÉ=É~êäó=ëÉîÉåíáÉëI=~=äçí=çÑ=SG=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÄäÉãë=ïÉêÉ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=åìÅäÉ~ê=

áåÇìëíêó=EëÉÉ=cáÖìêÉ=QJNFK=j~àçêáíó=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÄäÉãë=ïÉêÉ=çå=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=

SG=íìÄáåÖK=få=íÜÉ=É~êäó=ëÉîÉåíáÉë=éÜçëéÜ~íÉ=ï~ëí~ÖÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=ï~ë=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇ=áå=ã~åó=PWR=éä~åíëI=êÉëìäíáåÖ=áå=éêáã~êó=íç=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=SG=äÉ~âëK=qÜÉ=ï~ëí~ÖÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=áë=íÜÉ=íìÄÉ=íÜáååáåÖ=

ÄÉåÉ~íÜ=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=ÇÉéçëáíëI=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=Å~ìëÉÇ=Äó=éÜçëéÜ~íÉë=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íÉÇ=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉëÉ=

ÇÉéçëáíëI=~ë=áí=ï~ë=ÅçåÑáêãÉÇ=Äó=éìääÉÇ=íìÄÉ=Éñ~ãáå~íáçåëK=^ë=~=ÅçåëÉèìÉåÅÉI=ã~åó=PWR=éä~åíë=ëíçééÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=ml

Q=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=íÜÉáê=SGëI=Äìí=ìåÑçêíìå~íÉäó=ïáíÜçìí=áãéêçîáåÖ=íÜÉáê=ÅçåÇÉåëÉê=

äÉ~â=íáÖÜíåÉëë>=mlQ=ï~ë=ìëÉÇ=íç=ÄìÑÑÉê=íÜÉ=ée=ÉñÅìêëáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉéçëáí=ÄÉåÉ~íÜ=ãÉÇáìã=Å~ìëÉÇ=

Äó=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íÉÇ=ë~äí=áãéìêáíáÉë=çÑ=ÅçåÇÉåëÉê=äÉ~âëK=pç=áå=ã~åó=PWR=éä~åíëI=ïÜÉêÉ=mlQ=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=

ï~ë=ëíçééÉÇ=ïáíÜçìí=áãéêçîÉãÉåíë=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇÉåëÉê=äÉ~â=íáÖÜíåÉëëI=ï~ëí~ÖÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=ï~ë=

ÑçääçïÉÇ=Äó=ÇÉåíáåÖ=ÅçêêçëáçåK==

Figure 4-1: Worldwide SG corrosion experience, EPRI, 2000.



QJPEQJSMF=

aÉåíáåÖ=áë=íÜÉ=ëèìÉÉòáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=SG=íìÄÉë=Äó=ÅçêêçÇÉÇ=Å~êÄçå=ëíÉÉä=EÇêáääÉÇ=ÜçäÉ=TSPF=~í=íÜÉ=íìÄÉ=íç=TSP=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=~ë=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=áå=cáÖìêÉ=QJOK=

Figure 4-2: SG tube denting corrosion.

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Å~êÄçå=ëíÉÉäI=Ü~îÉ=~=ÜáÖÜÉê=îçäìãÉX=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉó=ëí~êí=íç=ëèìÉÉòÉ=íÜÉ=íìÄÉë=áå=å~êêçï=ÅêÉîáÅÉ=

~êÉ~K=qÜÉ=ÇÉåíáåÖ=ï~ë=Ñáêëí=ÑçìåÇ=~ë=íÜÉ=b`q=éêçÄÉë=ÅçìäÇ=åçí=ÄÉ=áåëÉêíÉÇ=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=íìÄÉë=

ÇìêáåÖ=åçåJÇÉëíêìÅíìê~ä=Éñ~ãáå~íáçåëK=få=ëçãÉ=éä~åíëI=ÇìÉ=íç=ÇÉåí=ëíêÉëëÉë=çå=íÜÉ=íìÄÉëI= SCC=ï~ë=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇ=Å~ìëÉÇ=Äó=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íÉÇ=ë~äí=áãéìêáíáÉë=áå=íÜÉ=íìÄÉ=íç=TSP=ÅêÉîáÅÉë=EcáÖìêÉ=QJNX=íáãÉ=

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SGëI=ïÜáÅÜ=áåÜáÄáíë=íÜÉ=Å~êÄçå=ëíÉÉä=TSP=ÅçêêçëáçåK=qÜáë=ëç=Å~ääÉÇ=_çêáÅ=^ÅáÇ=qêÉ~íãÉåí=EBATF=ï~ë=îÉêó=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìä=ëç=íÜ~í=åç=ãçêÉ=ëÉîÉêÉ=ÇÉåíáåÖ=éêçÄäÉãë=ïÉêÉ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇ=äáâÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉîÉåíáÉë=

áå=çäÇÉê=PWRëI=ïÜáÅÜ=ëíáää=Ü~Ç=Å~êÄçå=ëíÉÉä=ÇêáääÉÇ=ÜçäÉ=TSPëK=cçê=íÜÉ=åÉï=SGë=íÜÉ=TSP=ã~íÉêá~ä=

ï~ë=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇ=Ñêçã=Å~êÄçå=ëíÉÉä=íç=ëí~áåäÉëë=ëíÉÉä=íç=~îçáÇ=ÇÉåíáåÖ=éêçÄäÉãëK=qÜÉ=ÇÉåíáåÖ=Åçêêçëáçå=

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5 Material degradation management

5.1 Conclusions from previous LCC reports and objectives of LCC4 (Peter Ford)

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5.2 Life prediction capabilities for SCC of nickel-base alloys in PWR systems (Peter Scott)

5.2.1 Introduction

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Figure 5-1: Locations in PWR primary circuits where Alloys 600, 182 and 82 have been used.

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6 Fuel /water chemistry interaction (Rolf Riess)

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íÜÉ=ÅçìåíÉêãÉ~ëìêÉë=íÜ~í=Å~å=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=~îçáÇ=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖJI=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇJI=~åÇ=

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~åÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=~ÇÇáíáçåK=E_~ëáÅ=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåë=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=PWRë=ïÉêÉ=êÉÅÉåíäó=ëìãã~êáòÉÇ=Äó=

cêìòòÉííá=C=mÉêâáåëI=OMMUF=~åÇ=áå=íÜÉ=BWR=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉêÉ=ïÉêÉ=ã~àçê=ÅçåÅÉêåë=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ìëÉÇ=

ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáíáîÉë=äáâÉ=òáåÅI=kçÄäÉ=jÉí~äë=~åÇ=eóÇêçÖÉåK==

qÜáë=ëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=LCCQ=AR=ëÜ~ää=ëí~êí=ÇÉëÅêáÄáåÖ=íÜÉ=wáêÅçåáìã=^ääçó=Åçêêçëáçå=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãë=

çå=íÜÉ=Ä~ëáë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ïçêâ=çÑ=d~êò~êçääáI=OMMTI=ÅçãéäÉãÉåíÉÇ=Äó=ëçãÉ=É~êäó=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉëK=

eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ=~Åíì~ä=ÑìÉäLÅä~ÇÇáåÖ=ëáíì~íáçå=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=Åççä~åí=ëáÇÉI=ÄçíÜ=áå=PWR=~åÇ=BWR=éä~åíëI=áë=íç=ÄÉ=Éî~äì~íÉÇ=áå=ãçêÉ=ÇÉí~áä=~åÇ=ïáää=ÄÉ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=é~êí=çÑ=íÜáë=êÉéçêíK=

6.1 PWR water chemistry

^ë=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ã~íÉêá~ä=wáêÅçåáìã=~ääçóë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇK=qÜÉó=ïÉêÉ=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~ääó=Ñçê=åìÅäÉ~ê=

êÉ~Åíçê=~ééäáÅ~íáçåëK=cçê=íÜáë=éìêéçëÉ=íÜÉó=Ü~Ç=íç=éçëëÉëë=~=ìåáèìÉ=ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=çÑ=éêçéÉêíáÉë=íç=

ÑìäÑáä=íÜÉ=çÄàÉÅíáîÉ=íç=ÄÉ=~=Ä~êêáÉê=Ñçê=ê~Çáç~Åíáîáíó=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=~åÇ=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíçê=Åççä~åíK=qÜáë=

ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=Åçåëáëíë=çÑ=äçï=åÉìíêçå=Åêçëë=ëÉÅíáçåëI=êÉëáëí~åÅÉ=íç=ÅçêêçëáçåI=~åÇ=~ÇÉèì~íÉ=

ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉëK=qÜáë=ëÉÅíáçå=áë=~=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=Ö~áåÉÇ=áå=É~êäó=

~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=çéíáãáò~íáçåë=ã~ÇÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉëÉ=~ääçóë=áå=êÉÅÉåí=óÉ~êëK=

qÜÉ=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=Åçãéçëáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=~ééäáÉÇ=wáêÅçåáìã=~ääçóë=áë=ÅçãéáäÉÇ=áå=q~ÄäÉ=SJNK==

Table 6-1: Chemical composition of the first Zirconium alloys.

Sn [%] Fe [%] Ni [%] Cr [%] Nb [%]

Zircaloy 2 1.2 – 1.7 0.07 – 0.2 0.03 0.05

Zircaloy 4 1.2 – 1.7 0.18 – 0.24 0.007 0.07

Zr-1 Nb 0.9 – 1.1

Zr-2 ½ Nb 2.3 – 2.7 =

qÜÉ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçå=Ñçê=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=áå=PWR=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=áë=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=ÄçêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=~åÇ=äáíÜáìãJÜóÇêçñáÇÉ=Ñçê=éeJÅçåíêçäI=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=Ñçê=Éëí~ÄäáëÜáåÖ=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëI=~åÇ=êÉÅÉåíäó=

òáåÅ=Ñçê=áãéêçîáåÖ=ëÉîÉê~ä=áëëìÉë=äáâÉ=PWSCC=~åÇ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇëK=páåÅÉ=ÑìÉäLÅÜÉãáëíêó=áåíÉê~Åíáçå=áë=ÉëëÉåíá~ääó=~åçíÜÉê=ïçêÇáåÖ=Ñçê=ÅçêêçëáçåI=íÜáë=êÉéçêí=ïáää=

íçìÅÜ=ÄçíÜ=ëáÇÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåíÉêéÜ~ëÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ã~íÉêá~ä=~åÇ=Åççä~åíK==

qÜÉ=âÉó=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=~ÑÑÉÅíáåÖ=Åçêêçëáçå=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=~åÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=ê~íÉ=~êÉ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=

d~êò~êçääáI=OMMTI=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=áíÉãëW=

• fãé~Åí=çÑ=ã~íÉêá~ä=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=çå=ìåáÑçêã=ÅçêêçëáçåK=

• kçÇìä~ê=ÅçêêçëáçåK=

• fãé~Åí=çÑ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=~åÇ=ÄçáäáåÖK=

• fãé~Åí=çÑ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK=

• fãé~Åí=çÑ=ÜóÇêáÇÉëK=



SJOESJQSF=

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• ^ääçóáåÖ=~ÇÇáíáçåë=~åÇ=áãéìêáíáÉëK=

• cê~Åíáçå=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñK=

• pÉÅçåÇ=mÜ~ëÉ=m~êíáÅäÉ=ESPPF=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=EëáòÉ=~åÇ=ÅçãéçëáíáçåFK=

• aÉÖêÉÉ=çÑ=ÅçäÇJïçêâI=áåíÉêãÉÇá~íÉ=~ååÉ~äáåÖI=~åÇ=ÇÉÖêÉÉ=çÑ=êÉJÅêóëí~ääáò~íáçåK=

qÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=~ää=íÜÉëÉ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=çå=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=ê~íÉ=î~êáÉë=áå=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíë=~åÇ=î~êáÉë=

~äëç=ïáíÜ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~åÇ=éêÉëëìêÉK=qÜÉ=ÅçåëÉèìÉåÅÉë=çå=íÜÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=çñáÇÉ=ä~óÉêë=Å~å=ÄÉ=

ëÉÉå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=SJN=Ñçê=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=~ääçóëK==

Figure 6-1: Materials in different environments, Garzarolli, 2007.

^=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=Éñ~ãéäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=çÑ=på=ÅçåíÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=ã~íÉêá~ä=çå=íÜÉ=ã~ñK=çñáÇÉ=ä~óÉê=

íÜáÅâåÉëë=áë=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=SJOK=ELS=áå=íÜáë=ÑáÖìêÉ=ãÉ~åë=bñíê~=içï=påK=



SJPESJQSF=

Figure 6-2: Corrosion experience with ELS cladding.

bñ~ãéäÉë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ä=Ñ~Åíçêë=~êÉ=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=SJP=Eo~Çá~íáçåF=~åÇ=

cáÖìêÉ=SJQ=Eiále=~ë=Åççä~åí=~ÇÇáíáîÉFK=

Figure 6-3: Oxide layer thickness as a function of time.



TJNETJPRF=

7 Behaviour of radiolysis gases in BWRs and PWRs (Rolf Riess and Wilfried Rühle)

7.1 Introduction

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íç=BWR=éä~åíëK=kÉîÉêíÜÉäÉëëI=ïÜÉêÉ=~ééêçéêá~íÉI=íÜÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåë=~Äçìí=ï~íÉê=ê~Çáçäóëáë=~åÇ=áíë=

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• o~Çáçäóëáë=çÑ=êÉ~Åíçê=Åççä~åí=áå=BWRë=~åÇ=ãçÇÉääáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=éêçÅÉëëÉëK=

• ^ÅÅìãìä~íáçå=çÑ=“hå~ääÖ~ëÒ=áå=BWR=ëóëíÉãëK=

7.2 Radiolysis

7.2.1 Radiation chemistry

t~íÉê=ê~Çáçäóëáë=áë=ïÉää=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áå=É~êäó=äáíÉê~íìêÉ=~åÇ=ÇÉí~áäë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÑçìåÇ=ÉKÖK=áå=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=

êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉëW=péáåâë=C=tççÇëI=NVSPI=`çÜÉåI=NVSVI=e~ãáÉääI=NVSR=~åÇ=^ääÉåI=NVQSK==

aÉí~áäë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=ê~Çáçäóëáë=Ü~îÉ=~äëç=ÄÉÉå=éêÉëÉåíÉÇ=êÉÅÉåíäó=~í=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉë=

çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=äáâÉ=áå=_Éêäáå=Äó=_çäòI=pÉéíÉãÄÉê=OMMUK=^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=~ää=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉëI=íÜÉ=

ãáÅêçëÅçéáÅ=éêçÅÉëë=áå=íÜÉ=~Äëçêéíáçå=çÑ=ÉåÉêÖó=çÑ=êÉ~Åíçê=ê~Çá~íáçå=áå=ï~íÉê=áë=ëíáää=~=ëìÄàÉÅí=çÑ=

ÇÉÄ~íÉ=~ãçåÖ=íÜÉ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ëéÉÅá~äáëíëK=

qÜÉ=ÇÉí~áäë=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåíÉê~Åíáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ê~Çá~íáçå=~åÇ=ï~íÉê=ãçäÉÅìäÉë=~êÉ=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áå=~å=

çîÉêîáÉï=ïêáííÉå=Äó=pïá~íä~JtçàÅáâ=C=_ìñíÉåI=OMMMK=cìêíÜÉêãçêÉI=ëÉîÉê~ä=é~éÉêë=ïÉêÉ=éêÉëÉåíÉÇ=

~í=íÜÉ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=tçêâëÜçéë=çå=LWR=`ççä~åí=t~íÉê=o~Çáçäóëáë=~åÇ=bäÉÅíêçÅÜÉãáëíêóI=ïÜáÅÜ=

ïÉêÉ=ÜÉäÇ=áããÉÇá~íÉäó=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉë=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=

oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëK=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=ÉñéÉêíë=áå=íÜáë=ÑáÉäÇ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ãÉåíáçåÉÇ=Äó=Éñ~ãéäÉ=`ÜêáëíÉåëÉå=

EpíìÇëîáâFI=_ìñíÉå=EråáîÉêëáíó=çÑ=iÉÉÇëFI=fëÜáÖìêÉ=EråáîÉêëáíó=çÑ=qçâóçFI=q~â~Öá=EqçëÜáÄ~FI=ÉíÅK==

fí=áëI=ÜçïÉîÉêI=ÖÉåÉê~ääó=~ÅÅÉéíÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=ÉñéÉêíëI=íÜ~í=~=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ëíÉé=

ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÉåÉêÖó=~Äëçêéíáçå=áë=íÜÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=~åÇ=çñáÇáòáåÖ=ê~ÇáÅ~äëK=qÜÉ=ê~ÇáÅ~äë=~êÉ=

åçí=ìåáÑçêãäó=ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ=íÜêçìÖÜçìí=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=Äìí=~êÉ=ÑçêãÉÇ=áå=êÉÖáçåë=çÑ=äçÅ~äáòÉÇ=

ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çê=“ëéìêëÒK=b~ÅÜ=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=ëéìê=áë=èìáíÉ=ëã~ää=çÑ=íÜÉ=çêÇÉê=çÑ=NM=íç=OMü=áå=ê~ÇáìëI=

~åÇ=Åçåí~áåÉÇ=~Äçìí=½=ÇçòÉå=ê~ÇáÅ~äëK=qÜÉ=çñáÇáòáåÖ=ê~ÇáÅ~ä=áë=ÄÉäáÉîÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=éêáã~êáäó=le=~åÇ=

íÜÉ=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=ê~ÇáÅ~ä=íÜÉ=ëçäî~íÉÇ=ÉäÉÅíêçå=áå=Ä~ëáÅ=ëçäìíáçåë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=~íçã=áå=~ÅáÇ=

ëçäìíáçåK=qÜÉ=êÉä~íáîÉ=éêÉéçåÇÉê~åÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=î~êáçìë=êÉ~Åíáçåë=áë=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉåëáíó=çÑ=ÉåÉêÖó=

~ÄëçêéíáçåX=íÜ~í=áëI=íÜÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ëéìêë=áë=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=iáåÉ~ê=båÉêÖó=qê~åëÑÉê=ELETF=çÑ=íÜÉ=ê~Çá~íáçåK==

qÜÉ=êÉ~Åíáçå=óáÉäÇë=~êÉ=ÉñéêÉëëÉÇ=~ë=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=ãçäÉÅìäÉë=ÅçåîÉêíÉÇ=çê=ÑçêãÉÇ=éÉê=ìåáí=çÑ=

ÉåÉêÖó=~ÄëçêÄÉÇK=`çåîÉåíáçå~ääóI=NMM=És=áë=í~âÉå=~ë=íÜÉ=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=ÉåÉêÖó=ìåáíK=qÜÉ=í~ëâ=çÑ=

ê~Çá~íáçå=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=íÜÉå=êÉÇìÅÉë=íç=íÜÉ=êÉëçäìíáçå=çÑ=íÜêÉÉ=éêçÄäÉãëW=

• qÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ëéÉÅáÉë=éêÉëÉåí=áå=áêê~Çá~íÉÇ=ëóëíÉãë=

• qÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=íÜçëÉ=ëéÉÅáÉë=ÑçêãÉÇ=ÇáêÉÅíäó=Äó=~Äëçêéíáçå=çÑ=ÉåÉêÖó=EdJî~äìÉëF=

• qÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=ê~íÉ=Åçåëí~åíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=êÉ~Åíáçåë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=î~êáçìë=ëéÉÅáÉëK==



TJPETJPRF=

7.2.2 Radiolysis model description

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qÜÉ=ê~Çáçäóëáë=ãçÇÉäë=Å~äÅìä~íÉI=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=âåçïäÉÇÖÉ=çÑ=ÑìåÇ~ãÉåí~ä=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãI=íÜÉ=

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qÜÉëÉ=Å~äÅìä~íáçåë=~êÉ=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=ã~ëë=Ä~ä~åÅÉë=çÑ=~ää=éÉêíáåÉåí=ëéÉÅáÉë=~äçåÖ=~=ÅáêÅìáí=ïÜáÅÜ=é~ëëÉë=

íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÅçêÉI=íÜìë=éêçîáÇáåÖ=~=ÑìåÇ~ãÉåí~ä=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=BWR=mêáã~êó=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêóK=

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UJNEUJNQF=

8 References

^ÄÉêåÉíÜó=oK_KI=“The New Weibull HandbookÒI=RíÜ

=ÉÇáíáçåI=OMMSK=

^Ç~ãëçå=oKI=`çñ=_KI=d~êò~êçääá=cKI=píê~ëëÉê=^K=~åÇ=oìÇäáåÖ=mKI=“ZIRAT9/IZNA4 Annual reportÒI=OMMQK=

^äÄ~åÉëÉ=^KI=eáää=^K=~åÇ=_ÉêÖÉê=jKI=“The nuclear sampling system of the EPR NPP at Flamanville 3 (France)ÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=

dÉêã~åóI=pÉéíK=NR=Ó=NUI=OMMUK=

^ääÉå=^KlKI=“The Radiation Chemistry of Water and Aqueous SolutionsÒI=aK=î~å=kçëíê~åÇ=`çKI=

mêáåÅÉíçåI=NVQSK=

^ãò~ää~Ö=`K=~åÇ=s~áää~åí=cKI=“Stress corrosion crack propagation rates in reactor vessel head penetrations in Alloy 600ÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=VíÜ

=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìã=çå=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=

aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=j~íÉêá~äë=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=póëíÉãë=Ó=t~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëI=kÉïéçêí=_É~ÅÜI=`^I=

qÜÉ=jÉí~ääìêÖáÅ~ä=pçÅáÉíóI=éK=OPRJOQNI=NVVVK=

^ãò~ää~Ö=`KI=iÉ=eçåÖ=pKI=m~Ö≠ë=`K=~åÇ=dÉäéá=^KI=“Stress corrosion life assessment of Alloy 600 componentsÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=VíÜ

=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìã=çå=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=

j~íÉêá~äë=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=póëíÉãë=Ó=t~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëI=kÉïéçêí=_É~ÅÜI=`^I=qÜÉ=jÉí~ääìêÖáÅ~ä=

pçÅáÉíóI=éK=OQPJORMI=NVVVK=

^ãò~ää~Ö=`KI=iÉeçåÖ=pKI=_ÉåÜ~ãçì=`K=~åÇ=dÉäéá=^KI=“Methodology used to rank the stress corrosion susceptibility of Alloy 600 PWR componentsÒI=mêÉëëìêÉ=sÉëëÉä=~åÇ=máéáåÖ=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=pÉ~ííäÉW=^pjbI=OMMMK=

^åÇÉêëëçå=_KI=“BWR Fuel ExperienceÒI=ANT=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=JtÉëíáåÖÜçìëÉ=fåÑçêã~íáçå=jÉÉíáåÖI=

aÉÅÉãÄÉê=OI=OMMRK=

^åÇêÉëÉå=mKiK=Éí=~äKI=“Use of Primary Water Chemistry in PWRs to Mitigate PWSCC on Nickel-base AlloysÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=gÉàì=

fëä~åÇI=hçêÉ~I=lÅíçÄÉê=OMMSK=

^åÇêÉëÉå=mKI=^Üäìï~äá~=^KI=eáÅâäáåÖ=gK=~åÇ=táäëçå=gKI=“Effects Of PWR Primary Water Chemistry On PWSCC Of Ni AlloysÒI=NPíÜ

=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=

j~íÉêá~äë=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=póëíÉãëI=tÜáëíäÉêI=`~å~Ç~I=^ìÖìëí=NV=J=OPI=OMMTK=

^åÇêÉëÉå=mKI=^Üäìï~äá~=^KI=táäëçå=gK=~åÇ=eáÅâäáåÖ=gKI=“Effect of Dissolved H2 in Primary Water on the SCC Growth Rate of Nickel AlloysÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=

kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

^ëéÇÉå=gKaKI=aÉÇÉâáåÇ=fKI=dÉêáÅâÉ=dK=~åÇ=táäëÜáêÉ=pKI=mêçÅKI=VGB=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=mçïÉê=

mä~åíë=EbëëÉåI=dÉêã~åóFI=VGB=mçïÉêqÉÅÜ=ÉKsKI=q_=QPTI=mNI=bëëÉåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMNK=

ASTM=aPTTMI=“Standard practice for sampling water from closed conduitsÒI=NVVVK=ASTM=a=PUSQJVSI=“Standard Guide for Continual On-Line Monitoring Systems for Water

AnalysisÒI=oÉ~ééêçîÉÇ=OMMMK=ASTM=a=NMSSI=“Standard practice for sampling steamÒI=OMMNK=

ASTM=a=PPTMJVR~I=“Standard Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsÒI=oÉ~ééêçîÉÇ=OMMPK=

_~ãÑçêÇ=tK=~åÇ=e~ää=gKI=“Cracking of Alloy 600 nozzles and welds in PWRs: Review of cracking events and repair service experienceÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=NOíÜ

=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìã=çå=

båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=j~íÉêá~äë=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=póëíÉãë=Ó=t~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëI=

påçïÄáêÇI=rí~ÜI=qjpI=OMMRK=

_~êÇÉí=cK=Éí=~äKI=“Chemical Degassing on EdF Units – Feedback, Experience and MethodÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=gÉàì=fëä~åÇI=hçêÉ~I=

lÅíçÄÉê=OMMSK=

_~êíçå=jK=Éí=~äKI=“Corrosion Product Measurements at the Sizewell-B PWRI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çÑ=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=_çìêåÉãçìíÜI=OMMMK=

_~íÉë=`K=Éí=~äKI=“Development of Corrosion Product Behaviour and Radiation Fields at the Sizewell-B PWR from 1995-2008ÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=

oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

_É~ä=pKhKI=“Deposition of particles in turbulent flow on channel or pipe wallsÒI=kìÅäÉ~ê=pÅáÉåÅÉ=

~åÇ=båÖáåÉÉêáåÖI=QMI=ééK=NJNNI=NVTMK=

_ÉåÖíëëçå=_KI=“Experience concerning corrosion product sampling of reactor coolantÒI=EPRI=ocmJjÉÉíáåÖI=tçêâáåÖ=dêçìé=N=q~ãé~=cäçêáÇ~I=cÉÄK=OTJOUI=OMMOK=



UJOEUJNQF=

_ÉåÖíëëçå=_K=Éí=~äKI=“Experience with elevated pH and Lithium in Ringhals PWRsÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

_ÉåÜ~ãçì=`K=~åÇ=^ãò~ää~Ö=`KI=“Influence of manufacturing parameters on stress corrosion cracking of Alloy 600 used in nuclear power plantsÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=bìêçÅçêêÛVV=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=NVVVK=

_ÉåÖíëëçå=_K=Éí=~äKI=“Experiences with Elevated pH and Lithium in Ringhals PWRsÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

_ÉååÉíí=mKI=“Effects of Water Chemistry and Thermo-hydraulic Conditions on CRUD Formation on PWR Fuel in the Halden ReactorÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=

kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

_ÉêÖÉ=mÜKI=“Importance of surface preparation for corrosion control in nuclear power stationsÒI=j~íÉêá~äë=mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=sçäK=PS=ENNFI=é=RSI=NVVTK=

_ÉêÖÉê=jK=Éí=~äKI=“PWR to EPR: Evolutionary Chemistry for the New French Nuclear Power PlantsÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=gÉàì=

fëä~åÇI=hçêÉ~I=lÅíçÄÉê=OMMSK=

_ÉêíìÅÜ=^K=Éí=~äKI=“Modelling the Corrosion Behaviour of the Heat Transfer Circuits in LWRÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=S

íÜ

=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìã=çÑ=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=j~íÉêá~äë=áå=

kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=póëíÉãë=J=t~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëI=p~å=aáÉÖçI=é~ÖÉ=VMRI=NVVPK=

_Éíçî~=fK=Éí=~äKI=“Incorporation of Zn into Oxide Films on Stainless Steel in Simulated PWR ConditionsÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=

_ÉêäáåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

_áÄçääÉí=`KI=_Éêçåá=`KI=o~áãÄ~ìäí=pKI=píáåÇÉä=jKI=sÉêÇá≠êÉ=kK=~åÇ=d~ìÅÜÉí=gJmKI=“EdF field experience on steam generator divider plate examinationsÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=cçåíÉîê~ìÇ=sfI=éK=PMPI=pcbk=OMMSK=

_áäáÅ=w~ÄêáÅ=qÉ~I=qçãáÅ=_çà~åI=iìåÇÖêÉå=hä~ë=~åÇ=pà∏ÄÉêÖ=j~íëI=ÒInquiry into the radiological consequences of power uprates at light-water rectors worldwideÒI=ppf=oÉéçêí=OMMTWMTI=j~ó=OMMTK=

_áêÇ=oK_KI=“Transport phenomenaÒI=táëÅçåëáå=råáîÉêëáíóI=NVSQK=

_çäò=jKI=eçÑÑã~åå=tK=~åÇ=oìÉÜäÉ=tKI=“Characterization of colloids in primary coolaníÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=ëóëíÉãë=TI=_kbpI=NVVS=

_çäò=jK=Éí=~äKI=“Behaviour of Non-Condensable Radiolysis Gases in Nuclear Power Plant with BWRÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=mä~åíëI=_ÉêäáåI=OMMUK=

_çìÉÅâÉ=oK=~åÇ=lÇ~ê=pKI=“Strategies for High Steam Generator PerformanceÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=mçïÉê=dÉåÉê~íáçå=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=p~å=aáÉÖçI=`^I=rp^I=lÅíçÄÉê=SJNMI=NVVNK=

_çìÇçí=oKI=`~íí~åí=cKI=máÅÜçå=`KI=oçìáääçå=vKI=qÉáëëáÉê=^KI=sáÇ~ä=mKI=dÉäéá=^KI=dê¨ÖçáêÉ=jKI=

dáãçåÇ=`K=~åÇ=qëìâ=qKI=“Stress corrosion cracking of Pressurizer nozzles in French 1300MWe unitsÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=cçåíÉîê~ìÇ=fffI=éKNRRI=pcbk=NVVQK=

_óÉêë=tK^K=Éí=~äKI=“The Limits of Zinc Addition in High Duty PWRsÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

_∏ííÅÜÉê=cKI=“Mandatory and desirable instrumentation in PWR and BWR unitsÒI=mçïÉê=mä~åí=`ÜÉãáëíêóI=VENFI=OMMTK=

`~êêÉííÉ=cK=Éí=~äKI=“Passivation of Steam Generator Tubes for Reducing the Activity in PWR EnvironmentÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=


`~êêÉííÉ=cK=Éí=~äKI=“Modelling of Corrosion Product Release from Steam Generator Tubes in Primary WaterÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=


`~êêÉííÉ=cK=Éí=~äKI=“Characterization of Colloidale Species in PWR EnvironmentÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

`Ü~ÄêÉíçì=sK=~åÇ=j~êÇçå=gKmKI=“M5 Alloy High Burnup BehaviourÒI=hqd=c~ÅÜí~Ö=çå=pí~íìë=çÑ=LWR=cìÉä=aÉîÉäçéãÉåí=~åÇ=aÉëáÖå=jÉíÜçÇëI=aêÉëÇÉåI=j~êÅÜ=OJPI=OMMSK=

`Ü~ãéáÖåó=cKI=`Ü~éÉäáÉê=cK=~åÇ=^ãò~ää~Ö=`KI=“Maintenance strategy of Inconel components in PWR primary systems in FranceÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=sÉëëÉä=mÉåÉíê~íáçå=fåëéÉÅíáçåI=`ê~ÅâáåÖ=~åÇ=oÉé~áêëI=d~áíÜÉêëÄìêÖI=jaI=pÉéíÉãÄÉê=OVJlÅíçÄÉê=OI=OMMPK=

`Ü~êíáÉê=mKI=bÇãçåÇ=aK=~åÇ=qìêäìÉê=dKI=“The French regulatory experience and views on nickel-base alloy PWSCC preventionÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=sÉëëÉä=mÉåÉíê~íáçå=fåëéÉÅíáçåI=`ê~ÅâáåÖ=~åÇ=oÉé~áêëI=d~áíÜÉêëÄìêÖI=jaI=pÉéíÉãÄÉê=OVJlÅíçÄÉê=OI=OMMPK=



UJPEUJNQF=

`ÜÉå=jJgKI=“The application of steam generator scale cleaning process at Maanshan NPPÒI=póãéçëáìã=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=~åÇ=`çêêçëáçå=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=mä~åíë=áå=^ëá~I=q~áéÉáI=

q~áï~åI=pÉéíK=OSJOUI=OMMTK=

`ÜÉñ~ä=sK=~åÇ=eçêçïáíò=gKI=“Chexal-Horowitz Flow-Accelerated Corrosion Model – Parameters and InfluencesÒI=^pjb=msmJsçä=_I=`ìêêÉåí=mÉêëéÉÅíáîÉë=çÑ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=mêÉëëìêÉ=sÉëëÉäë=~åÇ=

máéáåÖ=`çÇÉë=~åÇ=pí~åÇ~êÇëI=_ççâ=kçK=eMVTS_I=NVVRK=

`ÜêáëíÉåëÉå=eKI=“Remodelling of the Oxidant Species during Radiolysis of High Temperature Water in a PWRÒI=kìÅäÉ~ê=qÉÅÜåçäçÖó=NMVI=é~ÖÉ=PTPI=NVVRK=

`çÜÉå=mKI=“Water Coolant Technology of Power ReactorsÒI=dçêÇçå=~åÇ=_êÉ~ÅÜ=pÅáÉåÅÉ=éìÄäáëÜÉêëI=kÉï=vçêâI=içåÇçåI=m~êáëI=NVSVK=

`çÜÉå=mKI=_~ëÉÇ=çå=mK=`çÜÉå=fåÑçêã~íáçå=íÜÉ=Ç~í~=ïÉêÉ=êÉÅ~äÅìä~íÉÇ=Ñçê=“Water Coolant TPRÒI=NVUOK=

`çêêÉÇÉê~=dKI=^äîÉëJsáÉáê~=jK=~åÇ=ÇÉ=_çìîáÉêI=lKI=“Fouling and TSP blockage of steam generators on EdF fleet: Identified correlations with secondary water chemistry and planned remediesÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=ëóëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=

dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

`çï~å=oK=~åÇ=eìëëÉó=aKI=“Radiation Field Trends as Related to Chemistry in United States BWRsÒI=OMMS=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãë=Ó=

gÉàì=fëä~åÇI=hçêÉ~I=lÅí=OPJOSI=OMMSK=

a~Åèì~áí=cK=Éí=~äKI=“Corrosion Product Transfer in French PWRs during ShutdownÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=^îáÖåçåI=cê~åÅÉI=OMMOK=

a~Åèì~áí=cK=Éí=~äKI=“Status of Primary System Contamination in French PWRÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=p~å=cê~åÅáëÅçI=OMMQK=

a^íc=EaÉìíëÅÜÉë=^íçãÑçêìãFW=qçé=PWRë=áå=bäÉÅíêáÅáíó=mêçÇìÅíáçå=ëáåÅÉ=NVUMI=^ååì~ä=pí~íáëíáÅë=OMMTK=

a^íc=EaÉìíëÅÜÉë=^íçãÑçêìãFW=qçé=qÉå=áå=bäÉÅíêáÅáíó=áå=~å=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çãé~êáëçå=Ñçê=OMMTI=

é~ÖÉ=QPI=g~ÜêÉëÄÉêáÅÜí=OMMTK=

ÇÉ=_çìîáÉê=lKI=aÉã~ëëÉ=mKI=_çìÅÜ~Åçìí=jK=~åÇ=cêìòòÉííá=hKI=“Redox conditions effect on flow accelerated corrosion: Influence of hydrazine and oxygenÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=

`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãI=^îáÖåçåI=cê~åÅÉI=^éêáä=OOJOSI=OMMOK=

aÉÄê~ó=tK=~åÇ=píáÉÇáåÖ=iKI=“Materials in the Primary Circuit of Water Cooled Power ReactorsÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=káÅâÉä=mçïÉê=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=i~ìë~ååÉI=pïáíòÉêä~åÇI=NVTOK=

a¨Åçëëáå=bK=Éí=~äKI=“Axial Offset Anomaly feedback and R&D Modelling Studies on EdF CoresÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

aÉåâ=gK=~åÇ=pîçÄçÇ~=oKI=“Stress corrosion cracking due to carbon dioxide and organic impurities in the steam/Water cycleÒI=mçïÉê=mä~åí=`ÜÉãáëíêóI=UETFI=OMMSK=

aÉëÜçå=gKI=bÇëáåÖÉê=hKI=cê~ííáåá=mKI=eìëëÉó=aK=~åÇ=tççÇ=`KI=“Ultrasonic Fuel Cleaning in PWRs and BWRsÒI=OMMS=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãë=J=

gÉàì=fëä~åÇI=hçêÉ~I=lÅí=OPJOSI=OMMSK=

aáàçìñ=jKI=_çìîáÉê=lKI=jÉêÅáÉê=pKI=m~ÖÉë=aKI=_êÉíÉääÉ=gJiKI=iÉÅäÉêÅè=mKI=qÉãéáÉê=cK=~åÇ=

oçìãáÖìáÉêÉI=cKI=“Application of AREVA inhibitor-free high temperature chemical cleaning process against blockages on SG tube support platesÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=

`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=ëóëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

afk=ORQTTI=“Probenahmesysteme in Kernkraftwerken mit Leichtwasserreaktoren“I=NVUVK=açÄêçîçäëâ~=fKI=Éí=~äKI=“Morpholine Secondary Water Chemistry in Ukrainian and French UnitsÒI=

fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=kìÅäÉ~ê=ï~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=áå=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=gÉàìI=hçêÉ~I=

lÅíçÄÉê=OMMSK=

açåÅÉä=kK=Éí=~äKI=“On the Role of Nickel Deposition in a CIPS Occurrence in PWRÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=_ÉêäáåI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMUK=

aìÇà~âçî~=hKI=hóëÉä~=gKI=wã∞íâç=jKI=j~êíóâ•å=jKI=g~åÉë∞â=gK~åÇ=e~åìë=sKI=SíÜ

=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=

pÉãáå~ê=çå=mêáã~êó=~åÇ=pÉÅçåÇ~êó=páÇÉ=t~íÉê=`ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=NPPI=_ìÇ~éÉëí=OMMRK=b~íÉê=iKI=“Make sure water chemistry samples are representativeÒI=mçïÉêI=gìäó=NVUVK=bÅçåçãçì=gKI=^ëëáÅÉ=^KI=`~íí~åí=cKI=p~äáå=gK=~åÇ=píáåÇÉä=jKI=“Contrôles et expertises

métallurgiques de traversées de couvercle de cuveÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=fåíK=póãéK=cçåíÉîê~ìÇ=fffI=

é=NVTI=pcbk=NVVQK=

báÅâÉäé~ëÅÜ=kKI=VGB=hê~ÑíïÉêâëíÉÅÜåáâ=SUI=éK=VQU=Ó=VRPI=NVUUK=



^JNE^JOF=

Appendix A – European “Knallgas” explosion experience (Rolf Riess and Wilfried Rühle)

qÜáë=ëÉÅíáçå=ëÜ~ää=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉ=íÜÉ=Éñéäçëáçå=ÉîÉåíë=ïÜáÅÜ=çÅÅìêêÉÇ=áå=bìêçéÉ~å=BWRë=ëáåÅÉ=íÜÉ=ãáÇ=

UMë=áå=~=ëÜçêí=~åÇ=ÅÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ä=çêÇÉêK==

1985 F1, Sweden

• mêçÄäÉãë=ïáíÜ=ëçäÉåçáÇ=éáäçí=î~äîÉë=áå=íÜÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÇÉéêÉëëìêáë~íáçå=ëóëíÉã=Ü~îÉ=çÅÅìêêÉÇ=

áå=íÜÉ=é~ëí=áå=F1HF2=EqÉçääáëììÇÉå=sçáã~=lóà=ETVOF=NHO=~äëçFK=

• ^=ëíìÇó=ÅçåÅäìÇÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇ=Ç~ã~ÖÉë=ïÉêÉ=íÜÉ=êÉëìäí=çÑ=äçÅ~ä=çñóÖÉåJÜóÇêçÖÉå=

ÅçãÄìëíáçåë=íêáÖÖÉêÉÇ=Äó=~íçãë=çÑ=éìêÉ=åáÅâÉä=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=åáÅâÉä=éä~íáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éáäçí=î~äîÉ=

ëçäÉåçáÇ=éäìåÖÉêK=

• ^ÅíáçåëW==

− ^ää=åáÅâÉä=áåëáÇÉ=íÜÉ=éáäçí=î~äîÉ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=êÉãçîÉÇ=

− máäçí=î~äîÉë=áåíÉêå~ä=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÑáííÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~å=~ÇÉèì~íÉ=êÉÅçãÄáåÉê=Eë~ãÉ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉ=áå=

TVO=éä~åíëFK=

06.05.1987 Gumdremmingen C, Germany

• aìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=íÉëíáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ë~ÑÉíó=êÉäáÉÑ=î~äîÉë=çåÉ=ã~áå=î~äîÉ=ëíìÅâ=çéÉå=~ÑíÉê=~Åíì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=

éáäçí=î~äîÉK=

• qÜÉ=áåëéÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=éáäçí=î~äîÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=î~äîÉ=êÉîÉ~äÉÇ=Ç~ã~ÖÉë=~í=íÜÉ=ÅçåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éäçí=

î~äîÉ=~åÇ=~äëç=~í=íÜÉ=ÅÉåíê~ä=éáîçí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=î~äîÉK=

• fí=áë=ÄÉäáÉîÉÇ=íÜ~í=ê~ÇáçäóíáÅ=Ö~ëÉëI=ÉåêáÅÜÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=éáéÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=éáäçí=î~äîÉ=~åÇ=

ã~áå=ëíÉ~ã=äáåÉI=ïÉêÉ=áÖåáíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=áåëáÇÉ=Åçåíêçä=ÅóäáåÇÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=î~äîÉ=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=î~äîÉ=

~Åíì~íáçåK==

qÜáë=ÉîÉåí=áë=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áå=ãçêÉ=ÇÉí~áä=áå=~å=IAEA=fopJbsbkqJobmloq=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=kçK=MMM=TRSI=

NVUTK=

11.06.1987 Kruemmel

• aìêáåÖ=~=éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëáÉåíI=~ää=ë~ÑÉíóLêÉäáÉÑ=î~äîÉë=çéÉåÉÇ=~åÇ=ÅäçëÉÇ=éêçéÉêäó=Äìí=íÜÉ=

Éî~äì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉîÉåí=ëÜçïÉÇ=ëÉîÉê~ä=áêêÉÖìä~êáíáÉëI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=íÜÉ=äáãáí~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=î~äîÉ=

ëíêçâÉ=çÑ=íÜêÉÉ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=î~äîÉëK=qÜÉ=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=Éî~äì~íáçåë=êÉîÉ~äÉÇ=ÇÉÑçêã~íáçå=çÑ=ÅÉåíê~ä=

éáîçíë=Å~ìëÉÇ=Äó=áÖåáíáçå=çÑ=ê~ÇáçäóëáëJÅ~ìëÉÇ=Ö~ëÉëK=qÜáë=äÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=áãéäÉãÉåí~íáçå=çÑ=

ÅçìåíÉêãÉ~ëìêÉëI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=éä~íáåìã=Åç~íÉÇ=Ö~ëâÉíë=çå=Ñä~åÖÉë=çÑ=éáîçí=î~äîÉë=~åÇ=

íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ö~ìÖÉë=çå=íÜÉ=áãéìäëÉ=äáåÉëK=qÜÉ=ÇÉÑçêã~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÉåíê~ä=éáîçíë=ÇáÇ=åçí=

áãé~áê=íÜÉ=çéÉê~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=î~äîÉëK=qÜáë=ÉîÉåí=áë=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áå=ãçêÉ=ÇÉí~áä=áå=~å=IAEA=fopJbsbkqJobmloq=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=kçK=MMM=UQMI=NVUTK=

1998 Gundremmingen, Germany

• aìêáåÖ=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=ïçêâ=~í=íÜÉ=ÑçìêíÜ=ÑÉÉÇï~íÉê=äáåÉ=~=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=Ü~ë=çÅÅìêêÉÇK==

• ^å=~å~äóëáë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ö~ëÉë=áåëáÇÉ=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=Ü~ë=ëÜçïå=~=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=~Äçìí=OMBK==

• qÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=Ü~ë=Ñäçïå=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=FW=í~åâ=áåíç=íÜÉ=ÉãéíáÉÇ=ëóëíÉã=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=

ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉK=



^JOE^JOF=

30.06.1993 Mühleberg, Switzerland

• ^ÑíÉê=ãáë~Åíáçåë=áå=íÜÉ=åçåJë~ÑÉíóJêÉä~íÉÇ=ÅäçëÉÇ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãë=~=ëÅê~ã=ï~ë=áåáíá~íÉÇ=

Äó=íÜÉ=ëáÖå~ä=“êÉ~Åíçê=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÜáÖÜÒK=

• qÜÉ=êÉ~ëçå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëáÖå~ä=ÅçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=çÑ=ê~ÇáçäóíáÅ=Ö~ëÉë=áå=íÜÉ=RPV=äÉîÉä=ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåí=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=RPV=éêÉëëìêÉ=ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíK=

11.08.1995 Leibstadt, Switzerland

eóÇêçÖÉå=aÉÑä~Öê~íáçå=áå=~å=~ìñáäá~êó=SG=ÇìêáåÖ=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=ïçêâ=éêÉé~ê~íáçå=

• aìêáåÖ=çéÉåáåÖ=çÑ=~å=~ìñáäá~êó=SG=çÅÅìêêÉÇ=~=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÇÉÑä~Öê~íáçåK==

• aìêáåÖ=êÉÑìÉääáåÖ=íÜÉ=~ìñáäá~êó=ëíÉ~ã=áë=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=Äó=~å=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=SGK=

• qÜáë=ëíÉ~ã=Åçåí~áåë=ëã~ää=èì~åíáíó=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=~åÇ=çñóÖÉåK=

• aìêáåÖ=“Åççä=ÇçïåÒ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ï~ë=íê~åëéçêíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=SG=~åÇ=Äó=ëíÉ~ã=ÅçåÇÉåë~íáçå=íÜÉ=

ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇK=

17.09.1999 Brunsbuettel, Germany

• aìêáåÖ=~=êÉÅìêêÉåí=íÉëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=éáäçí=î~äîÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=äçï=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄóJé~ëë=î~äîÉë=~=ã~äÑìåÅíáçå=

ï~ë=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇK=

• cìêíÜÉê=~=êáëÉ=áå=~Åíáîáíó=áå=íÜÉ=íìêÄáåÉ=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=ï~ë=ÇÉíÉÅíÉÇK=

• qÜÉ=êÉ~ëçå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=êáëÉ=áå=~Åíáîáíó=ï~ë=~=ÄêÉ~â=çÑ=~=Åçåíêçä=éáéÉ=çÑ=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éáäçí=î~äîÉëK=

• qÜáë=ÄêÉ~â=ï~ë=Å~ìëÉÇ=Äó=~=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçãÄìëíáçåK=

^=ÇÉí~áäÉÇ=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÑçìåÇ=áå=íÜÉ=dopJfåÑçêã~íáçå=kçíáÅÉ=kçK=MTLOMMMK=

aìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÅçìåíÉêãÉ~ëìêÉë=í~âÉå=~ë=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=~ëëìãéíáçå=ï~ëI=íÜ~í=íÜçëÉ=

ÅçìåíÉêãÉ~ëìêÉë=ïÉêÉ=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=~åÇ=~ää=ÉîÉåíì~ä=Å~ëÉë=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ìåÇÉê=ÅçåíêçäI=ìåíáä=íÜÉ=

_êìåëÄìÉííÉä=ÉîÉåíK=qÜáë=ÉîÉåí=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ëìãã~êáòÉÇ=áå=~=t^kl=oÉéçêíI=OMMMK==



_JNE_JNF=

Appendix B – Japanese and US attitudes (Rolf Riess and Wilfried Rühle)

qÜáë=ëÉÅíáçå=ëÜ~ää=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉ=íÜÉ=ëáíì~íáçå=êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ=ê~Çáçäóëáë=Ö~ë=Éñéäçëáçåë=áå=g~é~å=~åÇ=áå=íÜÉ=rpK==

Japan:

få=~=é~éÉê=çÑ=lÜåç=Éí=~äKI=OMMOI=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=e~ã~çâ~JN=Å~ëÉK=^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉáê=

ÇÉëÅêáéíáçåI=áå=kçîÉãÄÉê=OMMN=~=ëíÉ~ã=ÅçåÇÉåëáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=éáéáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=RHR=ëóëíÉã=êìéíìêÉÇ=~í=

íÜÉ=e~ã~çâ~=éçïÉê=ëí~íáçå=çÑ=`ÜìÄìLbm`lK=^=ÖêÉ~í=ÉÑÑçêí=ï~ë=ÇÉîçíÉÇ=íç=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=íÜÉ=êççí=

Å~ìëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉîÉåí=ëç=íÜ~í=ÅçìåíÉêãÉ~ëìêÉë=íç=éêÉîÉåí=íÜÉ=êÉJçÅÅìêêÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ëìÅÜ=~ÅÅáÇÉåíë=Å~å=ÄÉ=

í~âÉå=ïáíÜçìí=Ñ~áäK==

få=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=g~é~åÉëÉ=çïåÉêë=Öêçìé=çÑ=BWR=dìáÇÉäáåÉë=ïÉêÉ=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=éêÉîÉåí=ÑìíìêÉ=Å~ëÉë=çÑ=ê~Çáçäóëáë=Ö~ë=ÉñéäçëáçåëK=råÑçêíìå~íÉäó=íÜÉëÉ=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=Åçåí~áå=çåäó=

áåëíêìÅíáçåë=çå=Üçï=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=éêÉîÉåí=~ÅÅáÇÉåíëK=líÜÉê=

ÅçìåíÉêãÉ~ëìêÉë=~êÉ=åçí=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=~ë=éçëëáÄäÉ=çéíáçåëK==

USA:

qÜÉ=NRC=áëëìÉÇ=fk=OMMOJNRI=“eóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÉîÉåí=áå=ÑçêÉáÖå=éáéáåÖÒ=çå=^éêáä=NOI=OMMO=

íç=áåÑçêã=~ÇÇêÉëëÉÉë=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÉîÉåí=~í=íïç=ÑçêÉáÖå=BWRëK=qÜÉ=NRC=êÉèìÉëíÉÇ=íÜ~í=êÉÅáéáÉåíë=êÉîáÉï=íÜÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=~åÇ=ÅçåëáÇÉê=~Åíáçåë=~ë=~ééêçéêá~íÉI=íç=~îçáÇ=

ëáãáä~ê=éêçÄäÉãë=áå=rp=éä~åíëK=^í=~=BWR=ldLNRC=pÉåáçê=j~å~ÖÉãÉåí=jÉÉíáåÖ=çå=gìäó=ORI=

OMMOI=íÜÉ=NRC=ëí~ÑÑ=~ëâÉÇ=íÜÉ=BWR=ld=íç=ëìÄãáí=~=ïêáííÉå=êÉéçêí=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ÖêçìéÛë=ÑçääçïJìé=

~ÅíáîáíáÉë=áå=êÉëéçåëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ÉîÉåíëK=qÜÉ=BWR=lïåÉêë=dêçìé=ëìÄãáííÉÇ=íÜÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=íç=

íÜÉ=NRC=ëí~ÑÑ=áå=~=äÉííÉê=Ç~íÉÇ=aÉÅK=OMI=OMMOK==få=êÉëéçåëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÉîÉåí=GE=ÅçåîÉåÉÇ=íÜÉ=q~ëâ=cçêÅÉK=qÜÉ=

_told=é~êíáÅáé~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=GE=q~ëâ=cçêÅÉ=íç=ëíìÇó=íÜÉ=ÉîÉåíëK=qÜÉ=q~ëâ=cçêÅÉ=ÅçåÅäìÇÉÇ=íÜ~í=~äëç=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=ëáãáä~ê=ÉîÉåíë=áå=rp=BWRë=áë=ëã~ääK=pìÅÜ=ÉîÉåíë=Å~ååçí=ÄÉ=ÅçãéäÉíÉäó=

éêÉÅäìÇÉÇK=GE=áëëìÉÇ=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=äÉííÉê=EpfiF=åçK=SQP=“mçíÉåíá~ä=Ñçê=o~ÇáçäóíáÅ=d~ë=

aÉíçå~íáçåÒI=Ç~íÉÇ=gìåÉ=NQI=OMMO=íç=~ää=BWR=iáÅÉåëÉÉëK==_~ëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=oÉîáÉï=çÑ=GE=pfi=åçK=SQP=íÜÉ=_told=ÅçåÅäìÇÉÇ=íÜ~í=éáéáåÖ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçåë=

~åÇ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=ÅçåÇìÅáîÉ=íç=ê~ÇáçäóíáÅ=Ö~ë=~ÅÅìãìä~íáçå=~êÉ=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=ê~êÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉI=íÜÉ=

äáâÉäáÜççÇ=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÉîÉåíë=áå=rp=BWRë=áë=ëã~ääK=eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ=éçëëáÄáäáíó=ÅçìäÇ=

åçí=ÄÉ=êìäÉÇ=çìíI=é~êíáÅìä~êäó=áå=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=ÇÉÖê~ÇÉÇ=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉK=jçêÉ=ÇÉí~áäÉÇ=äáíÉê~íìêÉ=~Äçìí=

íÜÉ=ëáíì~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=rp=áë=ÑçìåÇ=áå=fk=OMMOJNRI=pìéK=NK=

LCC4 Annual Report 2008 - Printfile

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