LCA IN POM
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LCA applied to palm oil
Jannick Hoejrup SchmidtDepartment of Development and Planning
Aalborg Universitywww.plan.aau.dk/~jannick/
Malaysian Palm oil
Sète, 2nd March 2010
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Programme
• Goal and scope• System boundaries• Life cycle inventory: critical emissions• LCA-results: palm oil and improvement options
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Vegetable oils: production volume
Most important oils: Palm, soybean (constrained), rapeseed
High growth rate (Biodiesel and increasing food intake)
Significant land use impacts in SE-Asia and S-America
Based on FAOSTAT
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Goal and scope
4
Purpose:
Environmental assessment of Malaysian palm oil and palm oil at United Plantations Berhad
Identification and assessment of improvement options
Capturing and utilisation of methane from oil mill effluent
Utilisation of biomass (EFB) for electricity generation
Mineral soils versus peat soils
Functional unit
1 tonne of refined palm oil for food purposes at refinery gate
Refined oil; neutralised, bleached and deodorised oil; NBD oil
© United Plantations Berhad
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Goal and scope
5
Modelling: consequential
Actual affected/marginal suppliers included
Allocation is avoided by system expansion
Data: good data availability
Plantation: Fertiliser, pesticides, fuels, yield profiles, capital goods (United Plantations Berhad)
Oil mill & refinery: Energy balance, stack emissions, methane measurements, capital goods (United Plantations Berhad)
Emissions: Parameterised model based on nutrient balances, emission factors: mainly IPCC methodology reports
LCIA-method
Stepwise v1.1 (www.lca-net.com)
www.plan.aau.dk/~jannick/research
© United Plantations Berhad
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Palm oil production
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Oil palm plantation
Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Palm oil mill
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Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Product system and material flows
9
0.129 t PKC
1.000 t NBD PO+PKO 19.2 kg protein102 SFU energy
0.107 t NBD PKO
39.7 kg fodder fat0 kg protein
92 SFU energy
Palm kernel oil mill
Palm oil mill
0.111 t crude PKO
4.651 t FFB
Oil palm plantation
Refinery
Refinery
0.929 t CPO 0.247 t kernels
0.893 t NBD PO
35.5 kg ffa
4.2 kg ffa
Palm oil (PO), Malaysia
Functional unit
Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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10
Programme
• Goal and scope• System boundaries• Life cycle inventory: critical emissions• LCA-results: palm oil and improvement options
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System delimitation: land use
Agr. Stage: Land use change – how?
1 ha rapeseed in DK÷ 1 ha barley in DK+ 1.8 ha barley in Canada
5230 kg barley ?
1 ha
DK
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System delimitation:land use
Aff
ecte
d ar
ea: t
%A
ffec
ted
yiel
d: s%
Schmidt (2008), System delimitation in agricultural consequential LCA. IntJLCA
Area
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13
System delimitation: co-products
Oil mill stage: Handling of co-products
Fodder energy
Fodder protein
Fodder: PKC
Palm oil
DisplacesBarley
Soybean meal
© United Plantations Berhad
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System delimitation: co-products
Marginal land:MY: Grassland/forestCAN: GrasslandBrazil: Savannah/forest
Marginal fodder energy:Barley from Canada
Marginal fodder protein:Soybean meal from Brazil
Marginal vegetable oil:Palm oil from Malaysia/Indonesia
Oil crop
Oil mill
Oil Oil meal
Energy Protein
Barley(Canada) Soy mill
Soy growing(Brazil)
Oil
© United Plantations Berhad
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15
System delimitation: co-products, solving the loop
Schmidt (2010), Comparative life cycle assessmentof rapeseed oil and palm oil. IntJLCA
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System delimitation: co-products, solving the loop1 t palm oil
Schmidt (2008), Shift in the marginal supply ofvegetable oil. IntJLCA
© United Plantations Berhad
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17
Programme
• Goal and scope• System boundaries• Life cycle inventory: critical emissions• LCA-results: palm oil and improvement options
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Emissions inventory: agricultural stage
N-balance: N2O, NH3, N2, NO, NO3-
P-balance: PO4
CO2 from peat
18
5) SurplusNO3
-
N2O NH3
P
N2 fixation
Oil palm planting material
Fertilisers
N deposition from atmosphere
EFB
POME
1) Net inputs
Accessible nutrientsfor uptake and losses
4) Harvested FFB
Net inputs
N2 NO
5) Surplus
Net outputs
Bunch ash
N-change in soil matter
Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Dynamic balance throughout the oil palm life cycle
19Accessible nutrients foruptake and losses
2) Release from decomposition of biomass
Intermediate inputs
Shredded stands from theprevious generation of oil
palms
Pruned fronds
Cover cropIncrease in cover crop
Increase in standing biomass (oil palmexcluding harvested FFB, prunedfronds and spent male flowers)
3) Uptake: Changes in stored nutrients
Intermediate outputs
Increase in biomass(fronds)
Increase in biomass(spent male flowers)
Spent male flowers
N2O-N (IPCC 2000)
NH3-N (DK model)
NO-N (FAO and IFA)
N2-N (DK model)
NO3- -N (the rest)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
year
1
year
2
year
3
year
4
year
5
year
6
year
7
year
8
year
9
year
10
year
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year
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year
13
year
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year
15
year
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year
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year
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year
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year
20
year
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year
22
year
23
Yie
ld re
lativ
e to
ave
rage
yie
ld
Yield - mineralYield - peat
2½ yearimmature
20½ yearmature
Schmidt (2008), Life cycleassessment of palm oil at UnitedPlantations Berhad. UnitedPlantations Berhad
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Dynamic balance throughout the oil palm life cycle
20
Standing biomass: 4.31 t/ha y
Oldstandingbiomass:
47.45 t/ha yRelease from decomposition offelled palms, t/ha y
Uptake: biomass in standingstock (not harvested), t/ha y
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2322212019
Release minus uptake, t/ha y 43.14 43.14 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31 0Sum
Release (t/ha y)
Standing biomass of:- trunk- fronds- male flowers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2322212019
Fronds: 10.7 t/ha y
8.032.68 2.68
8.03 Pruned fronds: 10.7 t/ha yRelease from decomposition ofpruned fronds, t/ha y
Uptake: biomass in fronds tobe pruned, t/ha y
Release minus uptake, t/ha y 8.03 2.68 -4.01 -5.35 -1.34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Sum
Release (t/ha y)
Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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CO2 from cultivation of peat
IPCC (2003) 5.0 t CO2/ha yr (3.0-14.0): drained managed tropical forests
73 t CO2/ha yr (7.3-139): cropland
Henson (2004) 27.5 t CO2/ha yr: oil palm
Reijnders and Huijbregts (2006) 37-55 t CO2/ha yr: oil palm
Hooijer et al. (2006) 54-90 t CO2/ha yr: oil palm, level depends on drainage depth
21Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Emissions inventory: palm oil mill stage
22
CH4Particles
© United Plantations Berhad
© United Plantations Berhad
© United Plantations Berhad
© United Plantations Berhad
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Methane from palm oil mill effluent
23
Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Stack emissions from palm oil mills
24
Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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25
Programme
• Goal and scope• System boundaries• Life cycle inventory: critical emissions• LCA-results: palm oil and improvement options
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Overview of differences between aver Malaysia and United Plantations
26
Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Weighted results: Malaysian palm oil
27
Based on: Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Process contribution: characterised results
28
N2O: 38%CO2: 32%CH4: 30%Other: <1%
Particles: 75%NH3: 12%NOx: 11%Other: <2%
Based on: Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Improvement options: GHG-emissions
29
Based on: Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessmentof palm oil at United Plantations Berhad.United Plantations Berhad
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30
Mineral soil UP: 13.4% peatMY: 9.5% peat
Peat soil
Combination of improvement options: GHG-emissions
Index 100 Index 65Index 41Index 35Index 18
Based on: Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Improvement options: Respiratory inorganics
31Based on: Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Land transformation: GHG-emissions
32Assumption: Transformation supports cultivation in 100 years
Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Land transformation: GHG-emissions
33
2.453.18
0.731.13
Based on: Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil atUnited Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
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Concluding remarks
Most significant impacts: GHG, land use, respiratory inorganics
Most significant improvement potentials Avoid cultivation of peat
Capture and utilise methane from POME
Increase yields by good management (replanting, fertiliser, integrated pest management) and good planting material
Potential to reduce GHG emissions with factor 3-5!
34© United Plantations Berhad
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Allocation – impossible processes are created
35
Milk Meat Milk Meat
Allocation
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Unallocated milking cow (per 100 DM feed)
36
9.3 Milk 2.2 Meat
100 DM feed
2.0 CH4
28.3 C in CO2
23.2 Manure
35.0 respiratory water
Milk: 77% of turnoverMeat: 23% of turnover
outputs = 100
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Allocated milking cow (economic allocation: milk 77%)
37
9.3 Milk 2.2 Meat
77 DM feed
1.5 CH4
21.8 C in CO2
17.9 Manure
27.0 respiratory water
Milk: 77% of turnoverMeat: 23% of turnover
outputs = 77.5
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Functional unit = palm oil + palm kernel oil
38
0.893 t veg. oil for food
Palm oil system
0.107 t PKO
Uses: substitutable market segment
Special fat market segment1 t veg. Oilfor food
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Marginal suppliers
39
Marginal suppliers: Area or yield