STEP 2

1. define living environment!2. explain types of living environment3. explain the important of the clean water supply4. what are the criteria for healthy drinking water?5. explain the sources of the drinking water6. explain the technique to manage the drinking water7. what is definition of waste?8. explain the types of waste9. mention the program related to environmental health10. explain the management of liquid waste

STEP 31. define living environment!Pengetahuan dasar tentang bagaimana fungsi makhluk hidup dan bagaimana mereka berinteraksi satu sama lain dan lingkungannya The knowledge about the function of living thing and how they interact one another in the environment. External factor that influence life which is from biological, chemical, and physical factor.Kesatuan ruang dengan semua benda dan keadaan makhluk hidup termasuk di dalamnya manusia dan perilakunya yang melangsungkan perikehidupan dan kesejahteraan manusia serta makhluk hidup2. explain types of living environment healthy: according to healthy sanitation from physical, chemical, and biological factor. unhealthy: according to bad of sanitation like pollution and another

3. explain the important of the clean water supply! Because of the people need clean water to support their healthy life. Example: drink, take a bath, etc4. what are the criteria for healthy drinking water? Physically requirement no smell, no taste, clear colour Chemical requirement netral chlor, netral PH Bacteriologist Radioactive Microbial aspect Disinfection aspect Chemical aspect Radiological aspect Acceptability aspect : taste, odor, appearancehttp://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548151_eng.pdf?ua=1 5. explain the sources of the drinking water! Surface water water that flow in the surface soil like river Soil water like from point water, have 2 type: shallow water and deep waterThere are two main sources of water: surface water and groundwater. Surface Water is found in lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. Groundwater lies under the surface of the land, where it travels through and fills openings in the rocks. The rocks that store and transmit groundwater are called aquifers. Groundwater must be pumped from an aquifer to the earth's surface for use.Consumers receive their water from one of two sources: a private well, or a community water system. A household well pumps groundwater for household use. The source of a community water system may be either surface water or groundwater.Private Household WellsApproximately 15 percent of the U.S. population relies on individually owned and operated sources of drinking water, such as wells, cisterns, and springs. The majority of household wells are found in rural areas.Those who receive their water from a private well are solely responsible for the safety of the water. Private wells are not subject to federal regulations, and are generally regulated on a very limited basis by states. Local health departments may assist well owners with periodic testing for bacteria or nitrates, but the bulk of the responsibility for caring for the well falls on the well owner.Since the well owner is primarily responsible for the water, it is important to know what poses a threat to the well and the groundwater which is its source. A variety of sources can cause well water to become contaminated.Several contaminants occur in nature that may present a health risk if they are found in drinking water. They include bacteria, viruses, uranium, radium, nitrate, arsenic, chromium and fluoride. Many of these contaminants are naturally present in rock formations, and consequently end up in the water supply.Other sources of contamination are a result of human activity such as manufacturing or agriculture, or individual misuse. The following activities may cause harmful chemicals to enter the well water owner's water supply. Leakage from waste disposal, treatment, or storage sites. Discharges from factories, industrial sites, or sewage treatment facilities. Leaching from aerial or land application of pesticides and fertilizers on yards or fields. Accidental chemical spills. Leakage from underground storage tanks. Improper disposal of household wastes such as cleaning fluids, paint, and motor oil.Well owners generally disinfect or otherwise treat the water from their wells to remove the contaminants that are caused by such activities.http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water-education/water-info-safe-drinking-source.htm Surface WaterSurface water is water that collects on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, reservoir, or ocean. Surface water is constantly replenished through precipitation, and lost through evaporation and seepage into ground water supplies. According to the EPA, 68% of community water system users received their water from a surface water source, such as a lake (1).

Ground WaterGround water, which is obtained by drilling wells, is water located below the ground surface in pores and spaces in the rock, and is used by approximately 78% of community water systems in the United States, supplying drinking water to 32% of community water system users (1). EPA also estimates that approximately 15% of the U.S. population relies on private ground water wells (2).Source Water ProtectionEven though most community drinking water (especially from surface water sources) is treated before entering the home, the cost of this treatment and the risks to public health can be reduced by protecting source water from contamination. We all live in a watershed, which is an area that drains to a common waterway such as a stream, lake, wetland, or ocean. EPA and many other organizations collaborate with communities to work toward protecting water.http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_sources.html

6. explain the technique to manage the drinking water!Flocculation/Sedimentation:Flocculation refers to water treatment processes that combine or coagulate small particles into larger particles, which settle out of the water as sediment. Alum and iron salts or synthetic organic polymers (used alone or in combination with metal salts) are generally used to promote coagulation. Settling or sedimentation occurs naturally as flocculated particles settle out of the water.Filtration:Many water treatment facilities use filtration to remove all particles from the water. Those particles include clays and silts, natural organic matter, precipitates from other treatment processes in the facility, iron and manganese, and microorganisms. Filtration clarifies water and enhances the effectiveness of disinfection.Ion Exchange:Ion exchange processes are used to remove inorganic contaminants if they cannot be removed adequately by filtration or sedimentation. Ion exchange can be used to treat hard water. It can also be used to remove arsenic, chromium, excess fluoride, nitrates, radium, and uranium.Absorption:Organic contaminants, unwanted coloring, and taste-and-odor-causing compounds can stick to the surface of granular or powder activated carbon and are thus removed from the drinking water.Disinfection (chlorination/ozonation):Water is often disinfected before it enters the distribution system to ensure that potentially dangerous microbes are killed. Chlorine, chloramines, or chlorine dioxide are most often used because they are very effective disinfectants, not only at the treatment plant but also in the pipes that distribute water to our homesand businesses. Ozone is a powerful disinfectant, and ultraviolet radiation is an effective disinfectant and treatment for relatively clean source waters, but neither of these are effective in controlling biological contaminants in the distribution pipes.Monitoring Water QualityWater systems monitor for a wide variety of contaminants to verify that the water they provide to the public meets all federal and state standards. Currently, the nations community water systems (CWSs) and nontransient non-community water systems (NTNCWSs) must monitor for more than 83 contaminants. The major classes of contaminants include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), synthetic organic compounds (SOCs), inorganic compounds (IOCs), radionuclides, and microbial organisms (including bacteria). Testing for these contaminants takes place on varying schedules and at different locations throughout the water system.Transient non-community water systems may monitor less frequently and for fewer contaminants than CWSs. Because these types of systems serve an ever-changing population, it is most important for them to monitor for contaminants such as microbiologicals and nitrate that can cause an immediate, acute public health effect. Water systems also monitor for a number of contaminants that are currently not regulated. These monitoring data provides the basis for identifying contaminants to be regulated in the future.Distribution to CustomersAn underground network of pipes typically delivers drinking water to the homes and businesses served by the water system. Small systems serving just a handful of households may be relatively simple. Large metropolitan water systems can be extremely complex. sometimes with thousands of miles of piping serving millions of people. Although water may be safe when leaving the water treatment plant it is important to ensure that this water does not become contaminated in the distribution system because of such things as water main breaks, pressure problems, or growth of microorganisms. Much of the existing drinking water infrastructure was built many years ago. The US EPA Infrastructure Needs Survey, released in 2001, estimated that drinking water systems will need to invest $150.9 billion over a 20 year period to ensure the continued source development, storage, treatment, and distribution of safe drinking water. Many agree this is a very conservative low estimate.

The Water Cycle

Drinking water can come from both surface water and ground water. The water cycle begins with rainwater and snow melt that gathers in lakes and rivers which interact with ground water.

http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/guidance/sdwa/upload/2009_08_28_sdwa_fs_30ann_treatment_web.pdf 7. what is definition of waste? Product that no use that unimportant to environtmentWaste includes all items that people no longer have any use for, which they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded. Additionally, wastes are such items which people are require to discard, for example by lay because of their hazardous properties. Many items can be considered as waste e.g., household rubbish, sewage sludge, wastes from manufacturing activities, packaging items, discarded cars, old televisions, garden waste, old paint containers etc. Thus all our daily activities can give rise to a large variety of different wastes arising from different sources.http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/themes/waste Limbah mencakup semua item yang orang tidak lagi memiliki gunakan untuk, yang baik mereka berniat untuk menyingkirkan atau sudah dibuang. Selain itu, limbah adalah barang seperti yang orang perlu membuang, misalnya dengan awam karena sifat berbahaya mereka. Banyak item dapat dianggap sebagai contoh limbah, sampah rumah tangga, limbah lumpur, limbah dari kegiatan manufaktur, barang-barang kemasan, mobil dibuang, televisi tua, sampah kebun, wadah cat lama dll Jadi semua kegiatan kita sehari-hari dapat menimbulkan berbagai macam limbah yang berbeda yang timbul dari sumber yang berbeda.What is waste (trash, garbage, rubbish, refuse)

Waste are items we (individuals, offices, schools, industries, hospitals) dont need and discard. Sometimes there are things we have that the law requires us to discard because they can be harmful. Waste comes in infinite sizessome can be as small as an old toothbrush, or as large as the body of a school bus.

Everyone creates waste, although some people are very environmentally conscious and create very little. Likewise, some countries do a very good job creating less waste and managing the rest. Others are pretty horrible and have created huge environmental problems for the people and animals living there.Did you know? Europe creates about over 1.8 billion tonnes of waste each year. This means each person creates about 3.5tonnes on average.

Did you know? In 2010, Americans generated about 250 million tons of trash and recycled and composted over 85 million tons of this material, equivalent to a 34.1 percent recycling rate (see Figure 1 and Figure 2). On average, we recycled and composted 1.51 pounds out of our individual waste generation of 4.43 pounds per person per day. EPA, USA.All over the world, communities handle their waste or trash differently. Some common methods of managing their waste include landfilling, recycling and composting. Other communities strongly embark on waste reduction and litter prevention/control aimed at reducing the production of waste in the first place. Some communities also engage in waste-to-energy plants and hazardous waste disposal programs.What is the difference between trash and garbage?

Trash: Solid waste form places like your atic, backyard or study. Trash items include paper and card boxes and the like.Garbage: This is waste from kitchen and bathroom. They also include waste from cooking food and from food storage facilities.http://www.eschooltoday.com/waste-recycling/waste-management-tips-for-kids.html Apa limbah (sampah, sampah, sampah, sampah)

Limbah adalah item yang kita (individu, kantor, sekolah, industri, rumah sakit) tidak perlu dan membuang. Kadang-kadang ada hal-hal yang kita miliki bahwa hukum mengharuskan kita untuk membuang karena mereka bisa berbahaya. Limbah datang dalam ukuran yang tak terbatas-beberapa dapat sekecil sikat gigi bekas, atau sama besar dengan tubuh bus sekolah.

Setiap orang menciptakan limbah, meskipun beberapa orang sangat sadar lingkungan dan menciptakan sedikit. Demikian juga, beberapa negara melakukan pekerjaan yang sangat baik membuat sedikit limbah dan mengelola sisanya. Lainnya adalah cukup mengerikan dan telah menciptakan masalah lingkungan yang besar bagi orang-orang dan hewan yang hidup di sana. Tahukah Anda?Eropa menciptakan sekitar 1,8 miliar ton limbah setiap tahun. Ini berarti setiap orang menciptakan sekitar 3.5tonnes rata-rata.

Tahukah Anda?Pada tahun 2010, Amerika dihasilkan sekitar 250 juta ton sampah dan daur ulang dan kompos lebih dari 85 juta ton bahan ini, setara dengan tingkat daur ulang 34,1 persen (lihat Gambar 1 dan Gambar 2). Rata-rata, kami daur ulang dan kompos 1,51 dari limbah individu kami 4,43 per orang per hari. -EPA, USA.Di seluruh dunia, masyarakat menangani limbah atau sampah mereka berbeda. Beberapa metode umum pengelolaan limbah mereka termasuk penimbunan, daur ulang dan pengomposan. Masyarakat lainnya sangat memulai pengurangan limbah dan sampah pencegahan / pengendalian bertujuan untuk mengurangi produksi sampah di tempat pertama. Sebagian masyarakat juga terlibat dalam limbah-to-energi tanaman dan program pembuangan limbah berbahaya.Apa perbedaan antara sampah dan sampah?

Sampah: Solid bentuk limbah tempat-tempat seperti ATIC Anda, halaman belakang atau belajar. Item sampah meliputi kertas dan kartu kotak dan sejenisnya. Sampah: Ini adalah limbah dari dapur dan kamar mandi. Mereka juga termasuk limbah dari memasak makanan dan dari fasilitas penyimpanan makanan.

8. explain the types of waste! Organic Anorganic Municipal waste including household and commercial Industrial waste Hazardous waste Construction and demolition waste Mining waste Waste from electrical equipment Bio degradable municipal waste Packaging wasteWaste Categories & TypesHealthcare produces a diverse set of wastes that require management. An important starting point is to assess what types of waste a typical healthcare facility produces and begin to understand who is responsible for tracking and managing each waste stream. The next stage will involve determining the volumes of each waste generated and the associated costs. It is not strange in healthcare to find that multiple peopleor no onehas historically been responsible for tracking a particular waste stream. Job turnover, and people wearing multiple hats sometimes leads to a gap.Additionally, it is not uncommon to find that different departments manage the costs associated with different waste streams and no one department has ever taken the time or responsibility to add up the various waste streams cross-department to get a clear understanding of how much total waste is generated and how much is spent on waste removal. The amount and costs for each waste stream is dependent on current environmental programs, regional regulations and hauling fees. This early assessment is an opportunity to identify these gaps. Only through capturing details on the types, amounts and associated costs for material removal, can one set goals and track performance.These are the major categories of waste typically found in an acute-care hospital setting.Click on each type of waste to learn more about appropriate management and reduction strategies. Solid Waste This waste stream is also called municipal waste, black bag, clear bag, or non-regulated medical waste. This is general trash, similar to what you would find in a hotel but with more plastics and packaging. The typical cost range for this waste is $ 0.03 - $ 0.08 per pound. Regulated Medical Waste (RMW) This waste stream is also called potentially infectious material, red bag waste or biohazardous waste. RMW is regulated state-by-state, but also falls under OSHAs Bloodborne Pathogen Standard.The typical cost range for this waste is $0.20 - $0.50 per pound. RCRA Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste is defined and regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and is either a listed waste or meets the characteristics of a hazardous waste. Individual states may have stricter regulations than the EPA, so management requirements can vary state-to-state. The costs vary, depending on the material but common RCRA hazardous wastes include hazardous pharmaceuticals, bulk chemotherapeutic agents, mercury, xylene and other solvents, some paints, aerosol cans etc. The typical cost range for this waste is $1.70 - $2.00 per pound. Pharmaceutical Waste Some pharmaceutical waste is considered RCRA hazardous while a large majority may not require handling as hazardous waste but should receive special disposal considerations, including controlled substances. As regulatory scrutiny of pharmaceutical waste increases, it is critical for healthcare organizations to understand the appropriate management and disposal methods. Some states also have stricter regulatory guidelines for pharmaceutical disposal including WA, MN, FL and DC. Disposal costs vary depending on the disposal mechanism. Universal Waste EPA has designated via its Universal Waste Rule that certain hazardous wasteswhen sent for recycling, may be managed under a less stringent set of regulations and do not have to be counted toward total hazardous waste volumes that determine generator status. Universal waste rules were developed to encourage recycling of these materials. Materials eligible to be handled as Universal Waste include: batteries pesticides mercury-containing equipment bulbs (lamps)In some states, electronic equipment such as computers also qualify for the Universal Waste designation. The typical cost range for this waste is $ 0.75 - $1.00 per pound. Recyclables Recyclables are items and materials bound for the waste stream that can be converted into a reusable material.Recyclables in healthcare include the usual suspects found in commercial buildings such as paper, cardboard, beverage and food containers, metal and glass. Additionally, there are a host of healthcare-specific materials that can also be recycled, including HIPAA paper waste, medical plastics, and items that can be reprocessed for reuse rather than disposed of. The typical cost range for this waste stream is $ 0.01 per pound. Beneficial Reuse & Donation This waste stream is comprised of supplies and equipment that can no longer be used by a particular department onsite but canbe reused elsewhere, whether in a different department, in the community or at another facility or clinic locally or overseas. Many hospitals have active donation programs to developing countries. Important to consider in these reuse and donation decisions is the appropriateness of the material for its end donation site. Disposal of this material can often be free while also saving money through avoided waste disposal fees. Construction & Demolition Debris (C&D) This waste stream is comprised of bulky material generated during construction and renovation projects including ceiling tiles, plumbing fixtures, carpeting, concrete, bricks, fill dirt, etc. Recycling of C&D waste is a common consideration in new construction and renovation projects, as it can qualify the organization for points under LEED certification or the Green Guide for Healthcare. C&D waste is unique in that the totals are not typically included in the determination of total waste generated at a facility, as it can dramatically skew baseline data with its large volume and immense weight. In the Practice Greenhealth framework, C&D waste is still measured, but is tracked separately from the other waste streams mentioned. Composting This waste stream is primarily comprised of food and landscaping wastematerial that will breakdown naturally in short periods of time under the proper temperature and pressure conditions, such as grass, weed clippings, tree limbs and branches, waste from vegetable produce, bread and grains, and paper products such as napkins or paper plates. One hospital found that 23% of its total waste stream was food waste. Organizations are finding ways to compost this materialeither onsite or using an offsite contractor. Diverting this waste from solid waste can significantly reduce waste disposal costsLimbah Categories & Jenis

Kesehatan menghasilkan beragam rangkaian limbah yang membutuhkan manajemen. Sebuah titik awal yang penting adalah untuk menilai apa jenis limbah menghasilkan fasilitas kesehatan yang khas dan mulai mengerti siapa yang bertanggung jawab untuk melacak dan mengelola setiap aliran limbah. Tahap berikutnya akan melibatkan menentukan volume setiap limbah yang dihasilkan dan biaya yang terkait. Hal ini tidak aneh dalam perawatan kesehatan untuk menemukan bahwa beberapa orang-atau tidak ada satu secara historis bertanggung jawab untuk melacak aliran limbah tertentu. Omset pekerjaan, dan orang-orang memakai beberapa "topi" kadang-kadang menyebabkan kesenjangan.

Selain itu, tidak jarang untuk menemukan bahwa departemen yang berbeda mengelola biaya yang terkait dengan aliran limbah yang berbeda dan tidak ada satu departemen yang pernah diambil waktu atau tanggung jawab untuk menambah berbagai limbah sungai lintas departemen untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang jelas tentang total limbah berapa banyak dihasilkan dan berapa banyak yang dihabiskan untuk pembuangan sampah. Jumlah dan biaya untuk setiap aliran limbah tergantung pada program lingkungan saat ini, peraturan daerah dan biaya pengangkutan. Penilaian awal ini adalah kesempatan untuk mengidentifikasi kesenjangan tersebut. Hanya melalui menangkap rincian tentang jenis, jumlah, dan biaya yang terkait untuk removal material, bisa gol satu set dan track kinerja.

Ini adalah kategori utama limbah biasanya ditemukan dalam pengaturan rumah sakit perawatan akut.

Klik pada setiap jenis limbah untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang strategi pengelolaan dan pengurangan yang sesuai.

Limbah Padat - aliran limbah ini juga disebut sampah kota, tas hitam, tas yang jelas, atau limbah medis non-diatur. Ini adalah sampah umum, mirip dengan apa yang akan Anda temukan di sebuah hotel tetapi dengan lebih banyak plastik dan kemasan. Kisaran biaya khas untuk limbah ini adalah $ 0,03 - $ 0,08 per pon. Diatur Limbah Medis (RMW) - aliran limbah ini juga disebut bahan infeksius, limbah tas merah atau limbah biohazardous. RMW diatur negara-negara, tetapi juga berada di bawah OSHA yang ditularkan melalui darah Patogen standard.the biaya khas kisaran untuk limbah ini adalah $ 0,20 - $ 0,50 per pon. RCRA Limbah - Limbah berbahaya didefinisikan dan diatur oleh US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) dan baik "terdaftar" limbah atau memenuhi karakteristik limbah berbahaya. Masing-masing negara dapat memiliki peraturan ketat dari EPA, sehingga persyaratan manajemen dapat bervariasi negara-to-negara. Biaya bervariasi, tergantung pada materi tetapi umum RCRA limbah berbahaya termasuk obat-obatan berbahaya, obat kemoterapi massal, merkuri, xylene dan pelarut lain, beberapa cat, kaleng aerosol dll Kisaran biaya khas untuk limbah ini adalah $ 1,70 - $ 2,00 per pon. Farmasi Limbah - Beberapa limbah farmasi dianggap RCRA berbahaya sementara sebagian besar mungkin tidak memerlukan penanganan limbah berbahaya, tetapi harus menerima pertimbangan pembuangan khusus, termasuk zat yang dikendalikan. Sebagai pengawasan peraturan meningkat limbah farmasi, sangat penting untuk organisasi kesehatan untuk memahami manajemen dan pembuangan metode yang tepat. Beberapa negara juga memiliki pedoman peraturan ketat untuk pembuangan farmasi termasuk WA, MN, FL dan DC. Biaya pembuangan bervariasi tergantung pada mekanisme pembuangan. Universal Limbah - EPA telah ditunjuk melalui nya Universal Limbah Peraturan bahwa limbah-saat berbahaya tertentu yang dikirim untuk didaur ulang, dapat dikelola di bawah satu set kurang ketat peraturan dan tidak perlu dihitung terhadap total volume limbah berbahaya yang menentukan status pembangkit. Aturan limbah universal dikembangkan untuk mendorong daur ulang bahan-bahan tersebut. Bahan layak untuk ditangani sebagai Universal Limbah meliputi: baterai pestisida peralatan yang mengandung merkuri lampu (lampu) Di beberapa negara, peralatan elektronik seperti komputer juga memenuhi syarat untuk penunjukan Universal Limbah. Kisaran biaya khas untuk limbah ini adalah $ 0,75 - $ 1,00 per pon. Daur ulang - Recyclables item dan bahan menuju aliran limbah yang dapat dikonversi menjadi material.Recyclables dapat digunakan kembali dalam kesehatan termasuk tersangka ditemukan pada bangunan komersial seperti kertas, karton, minuman dan wadah makanan, logam dan kaca. Selain itu, ada sejumlah bahan spesifik kesehatan yang juga dapat didaur ulang, termasuk HIPAA sampah kertas, plastik medis, dan barang-barang yang dapat diolah kembali untuk digunakan kembali daripada dibuang. Kisaran biaya khas untuk aliran limbah ini adalah $ 0,01 per pon. Menguntungkan Reuse & Donasi - aliran limbah ini terdiri dari persediaan dan peralatan yang tidak bisa lagi digunakan oleh departemen tertentu onsite tapi canbe digunakan kembali di tempat lain, baik di departemen yang berbeda, dalam masyarakat atau di fasilitas lain atau klinik lokal atau luar negeri. Banyak rumah sakit memiliki program donasi aktif untuk negara-negara berkembang. Penting untuk dipertimbangkan dalam keputusan penggunaan kembali dan sumbangan ini adalah kesesuaian bahan untuk situs donasi akhir. Pembuangan bahan ini sering bebas sementara juga menghemat uang melalui biaya pembuangan limbah dihindari. Konstruksi & Demolition Puing (C & D) - aliran limbah ini terdiri dari bahan besar yang dihasilkan selama konstruksi dan renovasi proyek termasuk ubin langit-langit, perlengkapan pipa, karpet, beton, batu bata, isi kotoran, dll Daur ulang C & D limbah adalah pertimbangan umum dalam baru konstruksi dan renovasi proyek, karena dapat memenuhi syarat organisasi untuk poin di bawah sertifikasi LEED atau Panduan Hijau untuk Kesehatan. C & D limbah adalah unik karena jumlah yang tidak biasanya dimasukkan dalam penentuan total sampah yang dihasilkan di fasilitas, seperti data dasar dapat secara dramatis miring dengan volume besar dan berat besar. Dalam rangka Praktek Greenhealth, C & D limbah masih diukur, tetapi dilacak secara terpisah dari aliran limbah lain yang disebutkan. Kompos - aliran limbah ini terutama terdiri dari makanan dan lansekap limbah bahan yang akan breakdown secara alami dalam jangka waktu yang singkat di bawah suhu dan tekanan kondisi yang tepat, seperti rumput, kliping rumput, tungkai dan cabang-cabang pohon, limbah dari sayuran menghasilkan, roti dan biji-bijian, dan produk kertas seperti serbet atau piring kertas. Salah satu rumah sakit menemukan bahwa 23% dari aliran Total limbah adalah sisa makanan. Organisasi mencari cara untuk kompos bahan-baik ini onsite atau menggunakan kontraktor offsite. Mengalihkan limbah ini dari sampah secara signifikan dapat mengurangi biaya pembuangan limbahhttps://practicegreenhealth.org/topics/waste/waste-categories-types Waste types Municipal Waste (including Household and Commercial) Industrial waste (including manufacturing) Hazardous Waste Construction and Demolition Waste Mining Waste Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Biodegradable Municipal Waste Packaging Waste End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) and Tyres Agricultural WasteMunicipal Waste (including Household and Commercial)SourceMunicipal waste is generated by households, commercial activities and other sources whose activities are similar to those of households and commercial enterprises. It does not include other waste arising e.g., from mining, industrial or construction and demolition processes.

ContentMunicipal waste is made up to residual waste, bulky waste, secondary materials from separate collection (e.g., paper and glass), household hazardous waste, street sweepings and litter collections. It is made up of materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, textiles, organics (food and garden waste) and wood. Figure 1 highlights the typical composition of municipal waste. As can be seen, the largest fraction is paper and cardboard at 35% of the waste stream, followed by organic material at 25%.

QuantityMunicipal waste represents approximately 14% of all waste generated.

Management RoutesMunicipal waste has traditionally been landfilled and this remains the predominant management option in most countries. However, some countries have taken significant steps away from landfill. Alternatives offered include incineration (increasingly with recovery of energy), composting and recycling of glass, paper, metal, plastics and other materials.

Environmental RelevanceThere are numerous potential impacts associated with the landfilling of waste including the production of leachate and landfill gas, odours, flies, vermin and the use of land.

Further information Report: Household and Municipal Waste: Comparability of data in EEA member countries. Report: Baseline projections of selected waste streams. Report: Environmental Signals 2002. Waste definitions

Back to topIndustrial waste (including manufacturing)Source and contentManufacturing industry waste comprises many different waste streams arising from a wide range of industrial processes. Some of the largest waste generating industrial sectors in Western and Central Europe include the production of basic metals, food, beverage and tobacco products, wood and wood products and paper and paper products.

QuantityIt has been estimated that over 33 million tonnes of industrial waste was generated in Europe in 1998. Waste from the manufacturing sector continues to rise, despite national and international declarations to reduce waste from manufacturing industry, to introduce cleaner technologies and other waste minimisation initiatives and to work towards manufacturing practices that are sustainable in the long term.

Environmental RelevanceThe manufacturing industry has a central role to play in the prevention and reduction of waste as the products that they manufacture today become the wastes of tomorrow. Manufacturers can achieve this by: considering the impacts of their products throughout its life at the design stage of the product; using manufacturing processes that minimise material and energy usage; eliminating or reducing where possible the use of substances or materials hazardous to health or the environment; and manufacturing products in such a way that they last longer and may be recycled or reused at the end-of-life stage.EU and government policy across Europe is increasingly driven by the need to influence manufacturing practices in an effort to decrease the environmental impact of produces during their manufacture, use and end-of-life.

Further information Waste definitions Waste prevention section

Back to topHazardous wasteSourceHazardous waste arises from a wide range of different sources including households, commercial activities and industry.

Quantity and contentHazardous waste represents approximately 1% of all waste generated in Europe. Wastes are classified as being hazardous depending on whether they exhibit particular characteristics. Further details can be found by clicking on the following link: Insert link to definitions section.

Management routesThe main disposal route for hazardous waste is landfill, incineration and physical or chemical treatment. On the recovery side, a significant proportion of hazardous waste is recycled or burned as a fuel.

Environmental relevanceAlthough hazardous waste represents only approximately 1% of all waste generated in Europe, it can present a potential risk to both human health and the environment. Hazardous waste is typically the subject of special legislation and requires special management arrangements to ensure that hazardous waste is kept separate from and treated differently to non-hazardous waste.

Further information Report: Hazardous waste generation in EEA member countries (2002) Report: Dangerous substances in waste Report: Hazardous waste generation in selected European countries (2000) Waste definitions

Back to topConstruction and Demolition WasteSourceConstruction and demolition waste is made up of two individual components: construction waste and demolition waste. It arises from activities such as the construction of buildings and civil infrastructure, total or partial demolition of buildings and civil infrastructure, road planning and maintenance. In some countries even materials from land levelling are regarded as construction and demolition waste.

Quantity and contentConstruction and demolition waste makes up approximately 25% of all waste generated in the EU with a large proportion arising from the demolition and renovation of old buildings. It is made up of numerous materials including concrete, bricks, wood, glass, metals, plastic, solvents, asbestos and excavated soil, many of which can be recycled in one way or another.

Management routesThe main methods used to treat and dispose of construction and demolition waste include landfill, incineration and recycling with some countries obtaining recycling rates as high as 80%.

Environmental relevanceConstruction activity is seen as a key indicator of growth and prosperity in Western countries. However, construction and demolition waste instead of being a burden on society and the environment, can become a resource to be recycled and reused within the construction industry. Construction and demolition waste has been identified as a priority waste stream by the European Union. This means that particular attention will be paid to policies and measures to ensure increased recycling of construction and demolition waste. Due to the very large volume of construction and demolition waste produced, it can use up valuable space in landfills. In addition, if not separated at source it can contain small amounts of hazardous waste. However, it also has a high resource value and the technology for the separation and recovery of construction and demolition waste is well established, readily accessible and in general inexpensive. Most importantly, there is a reuse market for aggregates derived from construction and demolition waste in roads, drainage and other construction projects.

Further information Report: Review of selected waste streams: Sewage sludge, construction and demolition waste, waste oils, waste from coal-fired power plants and biodegradable municipal waste. Waste definitions

Back to topMining WasteSourceMining waste arises from prospecting, extraction, treatment and storage of minerals.

Quantity and contentMining and quarrying activities give rise to the single biggest waste stream at 29% of the total quantity of waste generated in EEA countries. It has been shown that approximately 50% of the material extracted during extraction and mining activities in Europe becomes waste. It is made up of topsoil, overburden, waste rock, waste from the processing of the ore body (tailings) which may also include process water, process chemicals and portions of the remaining materials.

Environmental relevanceThe two major concerns in relation to mining waste are the large volumes that are produced as well as the potential for hazardous substances to be present in the waste stream. Large areas of land are used for depositing mining waste and this activity has the potential to cause environmental pollution if not properly controlled. A number of recent cases of uncontrolled releases of mining waste to surface waters (rivers and lakes) have highlighted the risks of poor mining waste management. In response, the EU has proposed initiatives that are designed to improve mining waste management.

Further information Waste definitions

Back to topWaste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)SourceWaste electrical and electronic equipment (commonly referred to as WEEE) consists of end of life products and comprises of a range of electrical and electronic items such as:Refrigerators, IT and telecommunication equipment, Freezers, Electrical and electronic tools, Washing machines, Medical equipment Toasters, Monitoring and control instruments, Hairdriers, Automatic dispensers, Televisions, etc.Thus, sources are all users of electrical and electronic equipment from householders to all kinds of commercial and industrial activities.

Quantity and contentWEEE is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the European Union and makes up approximately 4% of municipal waste.An estimate of the composition of WEEE arising is shown in Figure 4. As can be seen, iron and steel are the most common materials found in electrical and electronic equipment and account for almost half of the total weight of WEEE. Plastics are the second largest component by weight representing approximately 21% of WEEE. Non-ferrous metals including precious metals represent approximately 13% of the total weight of WEEE and glass around 5%.

Expected growth rates are between 3 and 5% each year. This means that in five years time, 16-28% more WEEE will be generated and in 12 years the amount is expected to double. This rapid growth rate is due to the fast pace of technological development, especially in information technology (IT) which have resulted in the more frequent replacement of electrical and electronic equipment by industry.

Management RoutesAt present, a large proportion of WEEE is disposed of in landfills or incineration plants, depending on local or national practices. In some countries and regions, products such as fridges and freezers are separately collected and sent to recycling plants for dismantling and recycling.

Environmental relevanceWEEE has been identified as a priority waste stream by the European Commission due to its potentially hazardous nature, the consumption of resources in its manufacture and its expected growth rates. In response, the European Commission has prepared legislation in the form of the following two Directives: A Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE); and A Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment.The European Commission is also preparing legislation in the form of the following draft Directive: A Directive on the Environmental Impact of Electrical and Electronic Equipment.The directives propose that manufacturers will become responsible for taking back and recycling electrical and electronic equipment. This will in turn provide industry with incentives to design electrical and electronic equipment in an environmentally more efficient way, taking waste management issues into consideration.

Further information Report: Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (coming soon) Waste definitions

Back to topBiodegradable municipal WasteSourceBiodegradable Municipal Waste (BMW) is waste from households and commercial activities that is capable of undergoing biological decomposition. Food waste and garden waste, paper and cardboard are all classified as biodegradable municipal waste.

QuantityApproximately 60% of municipal waste is biodegradable. In 1995, approximately 107 million tonnes of biodegradable municipal waste was produced in EU plus Norway of which 66 percent is consigned to landfill.

Management routesA range of options are used to treat BMW. Alternatives to landfill include composting, mechanical-biological pre-treatment recycling and incineration (with and without energy recovery). As can be seen from the figure below, those countries and regions such as Denmark, The Netherlands, Flanders and Austria, which have a low reliance on landfill, employ a mixture of incineration, composting and recycling to treat BMW.

Environmental relevancePotential impacts associated with landfilling of biodegradable municipal waste include the production of leachate and landfill gas, odours, flies and vermin. In response to these concerns, the Landfill Directive (Council Directive 1999/31/EC), amongst other things, places targets for the reduction in the proportion of biodegradable municipal waste that may be consigned to landfill. By 2006 Member States are restricted to landfilling a maximum of 75% of the total amount by weight of BMW produced in 1995. This target increases to 50% in 2009 and 35% in 2016. To meet these targets, Member States are obliged to set up national strategies to reduce the quantity of biodegradable waste going to landfill.

Further information Report: Biodegradable Municipal Waste Management in Europe Report: Review of selected waste streams: Sewage sludge, construction and demolition waste, waste oils, waste from coal-fired power plants and biodegradable municipal waste Waste definitions

Back to topPackaging wasteSourcePackaging is defined as any material which is used to contain, protect, handle, deliver and present goods. Items like glass bottles, plastic containers, aluminium cans, food wrappers, timber pallets and drums are all classified as packaging. Packaging waste can arise from a wide range of sources including supermarkets, retail outlets, manufacturing industries, households, hotels, hospitals, restaurants and transport companies.

QuantityPackaging waste represents up to 17% of the municipal waste stream. As it has a relatively short life, it soon becomes a waste that must be treated or disposed off.

Management routesA number of different methods are used to manage packaging waste. These included reuse, recycling (mechanical, chemical and feedstock), composting, thermal treatment and landfill. In 1998, approximately 50 percent of packaging waste was recycled in 12 EU countries with an additional 9% reported as being recovered (i.e, waste to energy). The remaining 41 percent of packaging waste was landfilled.

Environmental relevancePackaging and packaging waste can have a number of impacts on the environment. Some of these impacts can be associated with the extraction of the raw materials used for manufacturing the packaging itself, impacts associated with the manufacturing processes, the collection of packaging waste and its subsequent treatment or disposal. In addition packaging may contain some critical substances e.g., PVC and heavy metals which may pose a risk to the environment.

Further information Waste definitions

Back to topEnd-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) and TyresSourceEnd-of-life vehicles are defined as cars that hold up to a maximum of eight passengers in addition to the driver, and trucks and lorries that are used to carry goods up to a maximum mass of 3.5 tonnes. Thus their sources range from households to commercial and industrial uses.

Quantity, content and management routesIn the year 2000, 13.4 million cars were scrapped in the EU. This is projected to increase by 21% by 2015 to 17 million. Cars are composed of numerous different materials. Approximately 75% of the weight of a car is made up of steel and aluminium, most of which is recycled. Other materials present include lead, mercury, cadmium and hexavalent chromium, in addition to other dangerous substances including anti-freeze, brake fluid and oils that, if not properly managed, may cause significant environmental pollution. The remainder is composed of plastic which is recycled, incinerated or landfilled.

Environmental relevanceThe EU introduced a directive on end of life vehicles (2000/53/EC) which had an implementation date of April 2002. The Directive's main focus is on waste prevention. It also contains provisions on recycling ELVs, producer responsibility, reduced use of hazardous substances and increased use of recycled materials in vehicle manufacture. Progressive targets are set out for ELV recycling. The Directive introduces provisions for the collection of all ELVs, with a requirement for ELVs to be transferred to authorised treatment facilities.

Further information Report: Baseline projections of selected waste streams (1999) Report: Dangerous substances in waste Waste definitions

Back to topAgricultural wasteSourceAgricultural waste is composed of organic wastes (animal excreta in the form of slurries and farmyard manures, spent mushroom compost, soiled water and silage effluent) and waste such as plastic, scrap machinery, fencing, pesticides, waste oils and veterinary medicines.

QuantityNo overall estimates are available on the quantity of agricultural waste produced in the EU. Ireland has estimated that in 1998 over 80% of national waste arising were from agricultural sources.

Management routesThere are a number of methods used to treat agricultural waste. These include spreading the waste on land under strict conditions, anaerobic digestion and composting.

Environmental relevanceThere are a number of potential environmental impacts associated with agricultural waste if it is not properly managed not least of which is the run-off of nutrients to surface waters which can cause over enrichment of the water body. Leaking and improper storage of agricultural waste can also pose a serious threat to the environment should the waste reach surface waters. In addition, farming activities can give rise to emissions of ammonia and methane which can cause acidification and contribute to greenhouse gases emissions.

Further information Waste definitions

http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/themes/waste jenis limbah Limbah Kota (termasuk rumah tangga dan komersial) Limbah industri (termasuk manufaktur) Limbah Berbahaya Konstruksi dan Demolition Limbah Limbah Pertambangan Limbah dari Peralatan Listrik dan (WEEE) Limbah Kota Biodegradable Limbah Kemasan End-of-Life Kendaraan (ELVs) dan Ban Limbah PertanianLimbah kota (termasuk rumah tangga dan komersial)Limbah rumah sumber yang dihasilkan oleh rumah tangga, kegiatan komersial dan sumber-sumber lain yang kegiatannya yang mirip dengan rumah tangga dan perusahaan komersial. Ini tidak termasuk limbah lainnya yang timbul misalnya dari pertambangan, industri atau konstruksi dan proses pembongkaran.Limbah rumah Konten terdiri limbah sisa, sampah besar, bahan sekunder dari pengumpulan terpisah (misalnya, kertas dan kaca), limbah berbahaya rumah tangga, penyisiran jalan dan koleksi sampah. Hal ini terdiri dari bahan-bahan seperti kertas, kardus, logam, tekstil, organik (makanan dan limbah kebun) dan kayu. Gambar 1 menyoroti komposisi khas limbah rumah tangga. Seperti dapat dilihat, fraksi terbesar adalah kertas dan kardus di 35% dari aliran limbah, diikuti oleh bahan organik pada 25%.

Limbah rumah kuantitas mewakili sekitar 14% dari seluruh limbah yang dihasilkan.Rute pengelolaan sampah Kota secara tradisional landfill dan ini tetap menjadi pilihan manajemen dominan di sebagian besar negara. Namun, beberapa negara telah mengambil langkah-langkah yang signifikan dari TPA. Alternatif yang ditawarkan meliputi pembakaran (semakin pemulihan energi), pengomposan dan daur ulang kaca, kertas, logam, plastik dan bahan lainnya.Relevansi lingkungan Ada potensi dampak banyak terkait dengan penimbunan limbah termasuk produksi lindi TPA dan gas, bau, lalat, kutu dan penggunaan lahan.Informasi lebih lanjut Laporan: Rumah Tangga dan Sampah Kota: komparatif data di negara-negara anggota EEA. Laporan: Dasar proyeksi aliran limbah yang dipilih. Laporan: Sinyal Lingkungan 2002. Definisi Limbah

Kembali ke atasLimbah industri (termasuk manufaktur)Sumber dan limbah industri Manufacturing konten terdiri dari banyak aliran limbah yang berbeda yang timbul dari berbagai proses industri. Beberapa limbah terbesar menghasilkan sektor industri di Barat dan Eropa Tengah meliputi produksi logam dasar, makanan, minuman dan tembakau produk, kayu dan produk kayu dan kertas dan produk kertas.Kuantitas Diperkirakan bahwa lebih dari 33 juta ton limbah industri yang dihasilkan di Eropa pada tahun 1998. Limbah dari sektor manufaktur terus meningkat, meskipun deklarasi nasional dan internasional untuk mengurangi limbah dari industri manufaktur, untuk memperkenalkan teknologi yang lebih bersih dan inisiatif minimisasi limbah lainnya dan untuk bekerja menuju praktek manufaktur yang berkelanjutan dalam jangka panjang.Relevansi Industri manufaktur lingkungan memiliki peran sentral untuk bermain dalam pencegahan dan pengurangan limbah sebagai produk yang mereka memproduksi saat ini menjadi limbah besok. Produsen dapat mencapai ini dengan: mempertimbangkan dampak produk mereka sepanjang hidupnya pada tahap desain produk; menggunakan proses manufaktur yang meminimalkan materi dan penggunaan energi; menghilangkan atau mengurangi mana mungkin penggunaan bahan atau bahan berbahaya pada kesehatan atau lingkungan; dan produk manufaktur di sedemikian rupa sehingga mereka bertahan lebih lama dan dapat didaur ulang atau digunakan kembali pada akhir-of-hidup tahap.Kebijakan Uni Eropa dan pemerintah di seluruh Eropa semakin didorong oleh kebutuhan untuk mempengaruhi praktek-praktek manufaktur dalam upaya untuk mengurangi dampak lingkungan dari memproduksi selama pembuatan, penggunaan dan akhir-of-hidup.

Informasi lebih lanjut definisi Limbah Bagian Pencegahan Limbah

Kembali ke ataslimbah berbahayaLimbah berbahaya sumber muncul dari berbagai sumber yang berbeda termasuk rumah tangga, kegiatan komersial dan industri.Kuantitas dan limbah berbahaya konten mewakili sekitar 1% dari seluruh sampah yang dihasilkan di Eropa. Limbah diklasifikasikan sebagai berbahaya tergantung pada apakah mereka menunjukkan karakteristik tertentu. Rincian lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan dengan mengklik link berikut: Insert Link ke bagian definisi.Rute Manajemen rute pembuangan utama untuk limbah berbahaya adalah TPA, pembakaran dan pengobatan fisik atau kimia. Di sisi recovery, proporsi yang signifikan dari limbah berbahaya didaur ulang atau dibakar sebagai bahan bakar.Relevansi lingkungan Meskipun limbah berbahaya hanya mewakili sekitar 1% dari seluruh limbah yang dihasilkan di Eropa, dapat menimbulkan risiko potensial untuk kesehatan manusia dan lingkungan. Limbah berbahaya biasanya subjek undang-undang khusus dan memerlukan pengaturan manajemen khusus untuk memastikan bahwa limbah berbahaya disimpan terpisah dari dan diperlakukan berbeda untuk limbah tidak berbahaya.Informasi lebih lanjut Laporan: limbah berbahaya di negara-negara anggota EEA (2002) Laporan: zat berbahaya dalam limbah Laporan: limbah berbahaya di negara-negara Eropa yang dipilih (2000) Definisi Limbah

Kembali ke atasKonstruksi dan Demolition LimbahSumber Konstruksi dan limbah pembongkaran terdiri dari dua komponen individu: limbah konstruksi dan limbah pembongkaran. Hal ini muncul dari kegiatan seperti pembangunan gedung dan infrastruktur sipil, total atau sebagian pembongkaran bangunan dan infrastruktur sipil, perencanaan dan pemeliharaan jalan. Di beberapa negara bahkan bahan dari meratakan tanah dianggap sebagai konstruksi dan limbah pembongkaran.Kuantitas dan konten Konstruksi dan limbah pembongkaran membuat sampai sekitar 25% dari seluruh limbah yang dihasilkan di Uni Eropa dengan sebagian besar timbul dari pembongkaran dan renovasi bangunan tua. Hal ini terdiri dari berbagai bahan termasuk beton, batu bata, kayu, kaca, logam, plastik, pelarut, asbes dan tanah digali, banyak yang dapat didaur ulang dalam satu atau lain cara.

Rute metode manajemen utama yang digunakan untuk mengobati dan membuang konstruksi dan limbah pembongkaran termasuk TPA, pembakaran dan daur ulang dengan beberapa negara memperoleh tingkat daur ulang setinggi 80%.Kegiatan Konstruksi relevansi lingkungan dipandang sebagai indikator kunci dari pertumbuhan dan kemakmuran di negara-negara Barat. Namun, konstruksi dan limbah pembongkaran bukan menjadi beban masyarakat dan lingkungan, dapat menjadi sumber daya yang akan didaur ulang dan digunakan kembali dalam industri konstruksi.Konstruksi dan limbah pembongkaran telah diidentifikasi sebagai aliran limbah prioritas oleh Uni Eropa. Ini berarti bahwa perhatian khusus akan dibayarkan kepada kebijakan dan langkah-langkah untuk memastikan daur ulang peningkatan konstruksi dan limbah pembongkaran. Karena volume yang sangat besar limbah konstruksi dan pembongkaran yang dihasilkan, dapat menggunakan ruang berharga di tempat pembuangan sampah. Selain itu, jika tidak dipisahkan dari sumbernya dapat mengandung sejumlah kecil limbah berbahaya. Namun, juga memiliki nilai sumber daya yang tinggi dan teknologi untuk pemisahan dan pemulihan konstruksi dan limbah pembongkaran mapan, mudah diakses, dan secara umum murah. Yang paling penting, ada pasar reuse untuk agregat yang berasal dari konstruksi dan limbah pembongkaran di jalan, drainase dan proyek konstruksi lainnya.Informasi lebih lanjut Laporan: Ulasan aliran limbah yang dipilih: Lumpur limbah, konstruksi dan limbah pembongkaran, limbah minyak, limbah dari pembangkit listrik tenaga batu bara dan limbah rumah biodegradable. Definisi Limbah

Kembali ke atasLimbah pertambanganLimbah sumber Pertambangan muncul dari calon, ekstraksi, pengolahan dan penyimpanan mineral.Kuantitas dan konten Pertambangan dan penggalian kegiatan menimbulkan aliran tunggal sampah terbesar di 29% dari jumlah total sampah yang dihasilkan di negara-negara EEA. Telah menunjukkan bahwa sekitar 50% dari bahan diekstraksi selama kegiatan ekstraksi dan pertambangan di Eropa menjadi limbah. Hal ini terdiri dari lapisan atas tanah, overburden, batuan sisa, limbah dari pengolahan bijih tubuh (tailing) yang juga dapat mencakup air proses, proses kimia dan bagian dari bahan yang tersisa.Relevansi lingkungan Dua masalah utama dalam kaitannya dengan limbah pertambangan adalah volume besar yang dihasilkan serta potensi zat berbahaya untuk hadir dalam aliran limbah. Sebagian besar lahan yang digunakan untuk menyimpan limbah pertambangan dan kegiatan ini berpotensi menimbulkan pencemaran lingkungan jika tidak dikontrol dengan baik. Sejumlah kasus baru-baru ini rilis tidak terkendali limbah tambang ke permukaan air (sungai dan danau) telah menyoroti risiko pengelolaan limbah tambang yang buruk. Sebagai tanggapan, Uni Eropa telah mengusulkan inisiatif yang dirancang untuk meningkatkan pengelolaan limbah pertambangan.Informasi lebih lanjut definisi Limbah

Kembali ke atasLimbah dari peralatan listrik dan elektronik (WEEE)Sumber Limbah listrik dan elektronik peralatan (biasanya disebut sebagai WEEE) terdiri dari produk akhir kehidupan dan terdiri dari berbagai barang listrik dan elektronik seperti:Lemari es, IT dan peralatan telekomunikasi, Freezer, listrik dan alat-alat elektronik, mesin cuci, toaster peralatan medis, Pemantauan dan instrumen kontrol, hairdriers, dispenser otomatis, Televisi, dllDengan demikian, sumber semua pengguna peralatan listrik dan elektronik rumah tangga dari semua jenis kegiatan komersial dan industri.Kuantitas dan WEEE konten adalah salah satu aliran limbah yang paling cepat berkembang di Uni Eropa dan membuat sampai sekitar 4% dari estimasi waste.An kota komposisi WEEE atas konsekuensi ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4. Seperti dapat dilihat, besi dan baja adalah bahan yang paling umum ditemukan dalam peralatan listrik dan elektronik dan account untuk hampir setengah dari berat total WEEE. Plastik merupakan komponen terbesar kedua berat mewakili sekitar 21% dari WEEE. Logam non-ferrous termasuk logam mulia mewakili sekitar 13% dari berat total WEEE dan kaca sekitar 5%. Tingkat pertumbuhan yang diharapkan adalah antara 3 dan 5% setiap tahun. Ini berarti bahwa dalam waktu lima tahun, 16-28% lebih WEEE akan dihasilkan dan dalam 12 tahun jumlah ini diharapkan meningkat dua kali lipat. Tingkat pertumbuhan yang cepat ini disebabkan langkah cepat perkembangan teknologi, khususnya di bidang teknologi informasi (TI) yang telah mengakibatkan lebih sering diganti peralatan listrik dan elektronik oleh industri.Rute manajemen Saat ini, sebagian besar WEEE dibuang di tempat pembuangan sampah atau tanaman pembakaran, tergantung pada praktek-praktek lokal atau nasional. Di beberapa negara dan wilayah, produk-produk seperti lemari es dan freezer terpisah dikumpulkan dan dikirim ke pabrik daur ulang untuk pembongkaran dan daur ulang.Relevansi lingkungan WEEE telah diidentifikasi sebagai aliran limbah prioritas oleh Komisi Eropa karena sifat berpotensi berbahaya, yang konsumsi sumber daya dalam pembuatan dan tingkat pertumbuhan yang diharapkan. Sebagai tanggapan, Komisi Eropa memiliki undang-undang disiapkan dalam bentuk dua Directive berikut: Sebuah Petunjuk dari Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Limbah Listrik dan; dan Sebuah Petunjuk Pembatasan Penggunaan Hazardous Substances di Peralatan Listrik dan.Komisi Eropa juga sedang mempersiapkan undang-undang dalam bentuk berikut rancangan Directive: Sebuah Petunjuk Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Peralatan Listrik dan.Arahan mengusulkan bahwa produsen akan menjadi bertanggung jawab untuk mengambil kembali dan daur ulang peralatan listrik dan elektronik. Hal ini pada gilirannya akan memberikan industri dengan insentif untuk merancang peralatan listrik dan elektronik dengan cara yang ramah lingkungan lebih efisien, mengambil isu-isu pengelolaan limbah menjadi pertimbangan.Informasi lebih lanjut Laporan: Limbah dari Peralatan Listrik dan (segera hadir) Definisi Limbah

Kembali ke atasLimbah kota BiodegradableSumber Biodegradable Limbah (BMW) adalah limbah dari rumah tangga dan kegiatan komersial yang mampu menjalani dekomposisi biologis. Sisa makanan dan limbah kebun, kertas dan kardus diklasifikasikan sebagai limbah biodegradable.Kuantitas Sekitar 60% dari limbah kota yang biodegradable. Pada tahun 1995, sekitar 107 juta ton limbah rumah biodegradable diproduksi di Uni Eropa ditambah Norwegia yang 66 persen diasingkan ke TPA.Rute manajemen Berbagai pilihan yang digunakan untuk mengobati BMW. Alternatif untuk TPA termasuk pembuatan kompos, daur ulang pra-perlakuan mekanik-biologis dan insinerasi (dengan dan tanpa pemulihan energi). Seperti dapat dilihat dari gambar di bawah ini, negara-negara dan daerah seperti Denmark, Belanda, Flanders dan Austria, yang memiliki ketergantungan rendah pada TPA, menggunakan campuran pembakaran, pengomposan dan daur ulang untuk mengobati BMW.Potensi dampak relevansi lingkungan yang terkait dengan penimbunan limbah rumah biodegradable termasuk produksi lindi TPA dan gas, bau, lalat dan kutu. Menanggapi masalah ini, TPA Directive (Council Directive 1999/31 / EC), antara lain, menempatkan target pengurangan proporsi limbah rumah biodegradable yang dapat diasingkan ke TPA. Pada tahun 2006 negara anggota dibatasi untuk penimbunan maksimum 75% dari jumlah total berat BMW diproduksi pada tahun 1995. Target ini meningkat menjadi 50% pada tahun 2009 dan 35% pada tahun 2016. Untuk memenuhi target tersebut, negara-negara anggota diwajibkan untuk mengatur up strategi nasional untuk mengurangi jumlah limbah biodegradable pergi ke TPA.Informasi lebih lanjut Laporan: Pengelolaan Sampah Biodegradable Kota di Eropa Laporan: Ulasan aliran limbah yang dipilih: Lumpur limbah, limbah konstruksi dan pembongkaran, limbah minyak, limbah dari pembangkit listrik tenaga batu bara dan limbah rumah biodegradable Definisi Limbah

Kembali ke ataskemasan limbahSumber Kemasan didefinisikan sebagai setiap bahan yang digunakan untuk mengandung, melindungi, menangani, menyampaikan dan barang hadir. Produk seperti botol kaca, wadah plastik, kaleng aluminium, pembungkus makanan, palet kayu dan drum diklasifikasikan sebagai kemasan. Kemasan limbah dapat timbul dari berbagai sumber termasuk supermarket, gerai ritel, industri manufaktur, rumah tangga, hotel, rumah sakit, restoran dan perusahaan transportasi.Kuantitas Kemasan limbah merupakan hingga 17% dari aliran limbah kota. Karena memiliki hidup yang relatif singkat, segera menjadi limbah yang harus diolah atau dibuang.

Rute manajemen Sejumlah metode yang berbeda digunakan untuk mengelola limbah kemasan. Ini termasuk penggunaan kembali, daur ulang (mekanik, kimia dan bahan baku), kompos, perlakuan panas dan TPA. Pada tahun 1998, sekitar 50 persen dari limbah kemasan didaur ulang di 12 negara Uni Eropa dengan tambahan 9% dilaporkan sebagai pulih (yaitu, waste to energy). Sisanya 41 persen limbah kemasan yang dikubur.Relevansi lingkungan Kemasan dan limbah kemasan dapat memiliki sejumlah dampak terhadap lingkungan. Beberapa dampak tersebut dapat dikaitkan dengan ekstraksi bahan baku yang digunakan untuk pembuatan kemasan itu sendiri, dampak yang terkait dengan proses manufaktur, pengumpulan sampah kemasan dan pengobatan atau dijual kembali. Selain kemasan mungkin mengandung beberapa zat penting seperti, PVC dan logam berat yang dapat menimbulkan risiko terhadap lingkungan.Informasi lebih lanjut definisi Limbah

Kembali ke atasAkhir-of-Life Kendaraan (ELVs) dan BanSumber Akhir-of-hidup kendaraan didefinisikan sebagai mobil yang memegang sampai maksimum delapan penumpang di samping sopir, dan truk dan truk yang digunakan untuk mengangkut barang sampai massa maksimum 3,5 ton. Dengan demikian sumber-sumber mereka berkisar dari rumah tangga untuk penggunaan komersial dan industri.Rute kuantitas, konten dan manajemen Pada tahun 2000, 13,4 juta mobil yang ditolak di Uni Eropa. Hal ini diproyeksikan meningkat sebesar 21% oleh 2015-17000000. Mobil terdiri dari berbagai bahan yang berbeda. Sekitar 75% dari berat mobil terdiri dari baja dan aluminium, yang sebagian besar didaur ulang. Bahan lain yang hadir termasuk timbal, merkuri, kadmium dan kromium heksavalen, selain zat berbahaya lainnya termasuk anti-freeze, minyak rem dan minyak yang, jika tidak dikelola dengan baik, dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan yang signifikan. Sisanya terdiri dari plastik yang didaur ulang, dibakar atau dikubur.

Relevansi lingkungan Uni Eropa memperkenalkan direktif pada akhir kendaraan hidup (2000/53 / EC) yang memiliki tanggal pelaksanaan April 2002. Fokus utama Directive adalah pada pencegahan limbah. Hal ini juga berisi ketentuan tentang daur ulang ELVs, tanggung jawab produsen, mengurangi penggunaan bahan berbahaya dan peningkatan penggunaan bahan daur ulang dalam pembuatan kendaraan. Target progresif ditetapkan untuk ELV daur ulang. Petunjuk memperkenalkan ketentuan untuk koleksi semua ELVs, dengan persyaratan untuk ELVs akan ditransfer ke fasilitas pengolahan yang berwenang.Informasi lebih lanjut Laporan: proyeksi Dasar aliran limbah yang dipilih (1999) Laporan: zat berbahaya dalam limbah Definisi Limbah

Kembali ke ataslimbah pertanianLimbah pertanian sumber terdiri dari limbah organik (kotoran hewan dalam bentuk bubur dan pupuk kandang, kompos menghabiskan jamur, kotor air dan silase limbah) dan limbah seperti plastik, mesin scrap, pagar, pestisida, limbah minyak dan obat-obatan hewan.Kuantitas ada perkiraan keseluruhan yang tersedia pada jumlah limbah pertanian yang diproduksi di Uni Eropa. Irlandia memperkirakan bahwa pada tahun 1998 lebih dari 80% limbah nasional atas konsekuensi berasal dari sumber pertanian.Rute manajemen Ada beberapa metode yang digunakan untuk mengolah limbah pertanian. Ini termasuk menyebarkan limbah di darat dalam kondisi yang ketat, anaerobic digestion dan pengomposan.Relevansi lingkungan Ada beberapa potensi dampak lingkungan yang terkait dengan limbah pertanian jika tidak dikelola dengan tidak sedikit di antaranya adalah run-off nutrisi ke permukaan air yang dapat menyebabkan lebih pengayaan badan air. Bocor dan penyimpanan yang tidak tepat limbah pertanian juga dapat menimbulkan ancaman serius terhadap lingkungan harus permukaan air mencapai limbah. Selain itu, kegiatan pertanian dapat menimbulkan emisi amonia dan metana yang dapat menyebabkan pengasaman dan berkontribusi terhadap emisi gas rumah kaca.Informasi lebih lanjut definisi Limbah9. mention the program related to environmental health! Public MCK Control of water Provide the garbage around the publicENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROGRAMPosted Thu, 17/09/2009 - 10:08 by deputi3E. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION (PL)Healthy Environment Programme aims to achieve the environmental quality of a healthier life through the development of regional health system to drive the development of cross-sectoral vision of health.The main activities to achieve these objectives include: (1). Provision of Water Supply and Sanitation (2) Maintenance and Control of Environmental Quality (3) Controlling the impact of environmental risks (4) Development of a healthy region.Environmental sanitation goal achievement is an accumulation of the activities of the various cross-sector, private and public roles where environmental health management is handling the most complex, the activity is closely related with each other, namely from upstream across multiple sectors participated role (Industry, Environment , Agriculture, Public Works, etc.) both policy and physical development and the Department of Health itself is focused on the management of health impacts downstream.As an illustration of its goals healthy environment is presented in a principal activities through agreed indicators as well as some of the activities carried out as follows:1. Water Supply and SanitationA paradigm shift in the development of the water sector and environmental sanitation in the use of infrastructure and facilities are built, through a policy of Drinking Water and Environmental Sanitation signed by Bappenas, the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Public Works is very significant to the organization of water supply and sanitation, especially in the area. The implementation of such strategies include application response approach needs, human resource development, public awareness campaigns, efforts to improve environmental sanitation, institutional development and strengthening of monitoring and evaluation system at all stages of the implementation of the reference pattern approach Provision of Water and Sanitation.Environmental Health Directorate itself in order to achieve access to clean water and sanitation is reinforced by three Sub-Directorate of Health, Water, Waste Impact Control, And Sanitation Sanitation Food and Food Ingredients is also supported by the activities in which the Government of Indonesia in cooperation with international donor agencies, such as the ADB, German KFW, WHO , UNICEF, and the World Bank are implemented through CWSH, WASC, Pro Water, wHO, WSLIC_2 with the activities carried out is guidance and control of basic infrastructure facilities and health of poor rural society with the aim of improving health status, productivity, and quality of life low-income communities in rural areas, especially in the fulfillment of the provision of clean water and sanitation.Past experience shows that drinking water infrastructure and facilities that are not able to function optimally to current developed through community development approach involving (from planning, construction, operations and maintenance). Knowinglythat the implementation of development activities undertaken and supported by a broad cross-related sectors (Bappenas, Ministry of Home Affairs and Public Works) through CWSH activities, WASC, Pro Air, WSLIC_2 there are some progress made, especially in improving the coverage of water and basic sanitation as well as not directly improve the health.According to sources in the BPS 2006, in the following table: household access to drinking water s / d in 2006, an increase coverage in urban and rural areas, ie above 70%. When compared with 2005, a decline in this case is caused by the change in criteria for determining access to drinking water. Seen in the graph below 2.97:graph 2.97Household Access To The Water1995 s / d in 2006In terms of the quality of drinking water services are duties of the DepartmentHealth, Environmental Health Directorate has conducted various activities through water quality surveillance training for officers in the Provincial / District / City / PHC, technical assistance program to provide clean water and sanitation to the managers of the program in the ranks of the provincial and district / city it aims to increase the quality of program managers in providing safe water for consumption by the public.For water quality indicators are reported both clean water and drinking water from the aspects of Bacteriological (E. coli and Total Coliform) visible deterioration in the coverage, it is because the new 11 provinces reporting and looks still below the value set in the target coverage 2006 (target 81% of drinking water and clean water 56.5%) with this condition need for strengthening of the ranks of the province through increased capacity (funding, accredited laboratory, the ability of officers) and the regulations so that the area can further enhance the service activities related to drinking water quality .020406080100TAHUNCakupan (%) PERKOTAANPERDESAANKOTADESAPERKOTAAN88.989.0990.890.289.891.190.691.892.39394.493.7PERDESAAN57.461.4965.767.167.468.76768.570.472.974.173.7KOTA DESA67.571.157575.776.278.277.278.779.581.582.682.3199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006graph 2.98Drinking Water Quality and Water2001 s.d 2006For basic sanitation level of achievement can be an indicator of other success is the achievement latrine coverage.As a picture of domestic coverage in landfills defecation by urban and rural areas are as follows:table 2:35Household Coverage According to the Final DisposalDefecation (BAB) in Urban and Ruralyear 2005908070COVERAGE (%)6050DRINKING WATER40CLEAN WATER3020100No.residenceGoose NeckplengsengancublukDo Not Use1urban77.2113.627.391.782Rural48.9812.1730.888.87The Amount62.3612.8819.145.39Source: BPS data in 20052:35 From the table above shows that based on the type of dwelling stated that the average population is already using landfills defecation already Qualified Health (MSK) is 62.36%. While the results of incoming reports and the results of the monitoring and evaluation officer to the center of the area, information obtained incoming data s / d end of December 2006 total (25 provinces), for latrine coverage indicators of a qualified health show attainment20012002200320042005DRINKING WATER74.1164.8779.9173.0579.868.766.9649.0453.7655.8954.8151.1CLEAN WATERYEAR OLD200663.5%. When compared with the results of the reports received from the BPS seen the difference in the number of (1:14%), but this figure is not a significant difference in this case relates to the difference of assessment indicators.When compared between urban and rural areas turned out to rural areas for the use of the bowel that MSK is still below 50%, this is closely related to health promotion activities, especially in a clean and healthy living behaviors that do not sinifikan with the results of the use of latrine coverage MSK. It required the commitment of central and local governments are strong for organizing approach that can contribute quickly to change negative behavior in Chapter any place that is through the application of the approach of CLTS (Community Led Total Sanitation).To achieve total sanitation particularly in bowel movements are not random, Environmental Health Directorate has approached CLTS activities, this approach becomes a priority activity of all provinces and districts in accelerating the achievement of total sanitation. Pendektan CLTS which has been applied in some areas has been perceived success in the not so long ago that + 6 months of behavioral changes become CHAPTER CHAPTER disembarang place in the latrine, which in Lumajang, Bogor, Muara Enim, Sambas, Jambi, Sumbawa has been declared the area is free from open defecation.Figure 2.23CLTS approach areaSambasMuaraenimMuara JambiBogorLumajangSumbawaTotal sanitation success was followed by various other regions to declare the district into a free area of defecation, it is not apart mentoring support for the provision of clean water and sanitation are supported by activities WSLIC 2, CWSHP and Pro Air which are all scattered in 14 provinces and 69 districts and regions Pamsimas also been preparing for CLTS approach as the only approachhave high leverage in improving the region achieved the status of the territory Open Defication Free (ODF) as well as a decrease in disease incidence based environment. Through the assistance and facilitation center to the regions in the development of CLTS implementation and monitoring and evaluation of technical developments in every line of execution. To illustrate the development of the region which applies success of CLTS approach in a period less than 6 months as well as the distribution of officers who have followed TOT and ready to apply the implementation.To illustrate the level of achievement of the formation of community action plans and physical development of sanitation facilities that have been built are as follows:table 2:36Status of the Implementation of Water Supply and Sanitations.d December 2006N0ProvinceTarget s / d in 2010shortlistRKM Formedconstruction Completedpost-Construction1WSLIC2246020941928133812512CWSHP140010517--3Pro Air7535-35-4Pamsimas-----The Amount44752229195813731251Source: Activity Report WSLIC2, CWSHP, Pro Air2. Maintenance and Monitoring of Environmental Qualitya. Educational Institutions SupervisionHealth conditions in the school environment is focused on aspects of hygiene, sanitation facilities in schools are closely related to the physical condition of school buildings.In 2006 the coverage of healthy school 55.68% (Figure 2.99). Activities undertaken to improve environmental health in schools are: Control of environmental risk factors in school Development of environmental health in schools and boarding school Dissemination and advocacy Kepmenkes 1429/2006 on guidelines Implementation of Environmental Health in Schools Assessment of healthy school competitionIn fact, the physical maintenance of school buildings and boarding schools is a problem faced by almost all regencies / cities which resulted in decreasing the environmental health conditions in schools, so that the need for policy and financial support from the government district / city in the physical maintenance of school buildings. Increase cooperation with the Ministry of Religious Affairs, in creating a healthy boarding through the preparation of guidelines for healthy boarding and boarding healthy competition, and to improve the steering committee for the School Health (TPUKS) through training.graph 2.99Achievement Indicators of Healthy Schoolsyear 20065454545155555658607465757655.6777880010203040506070802000200120022003200420052006200720082009TargetRealiasaib. Healthy HomesIn 2006, coverage reached 69% of healthy homes. Activities undertaken: formulating requirements of indoor air quality and to develop implementation guidelines monitoring air quality in the home.In the implementation in the field, not all districts / cities have both physical and monitoring equipment biomaker, to measure the level of pollution and its effects on humans.graph 2,100Achievement Indicators of Healthy Homes2006 47464754555870687169716901020304050607080200120022003200420052006TargetRealisasic. Supervision of Public PlacesSupervision of public places should be done as a gathering place for humans, which could be a source of transmission of various diseases. Aspects considered include: The condition of the building include the ceiling, walls, floors, ventilation, lighting, etc. Sanitation Facilities include water supply systems, sewage facilities, means pembuagan wastewater, and waste disposal facilities.Public places are inspected by sanitarians officer in health centers and in the District / City among others: salon, hotel,markets, terminals, cinema, swimming pool / bathhouse, health care facilities, recreation areas, and other public places.In 2006, the coverage of areas eligible General health reaches 77%.graph 2,101Achievement Indicators Healthy TTU2006 01020304050607080Target727374738077.5787980Realisasi6068737677772001200220032004200520062007200820093. Control of Environmental Pollution Risk ImpactNational development is basically aimed at the welfare of the people, increase state revenues, job opportunities and the acceleration of development in the area. Implementation of development that does not implement health oriented approach to development that could have a negative effect both on the surrounding nature and living things, especially public health problems. Environmental risk factors and behavior is a unit that has a reciprocal relationship that affect the public health problems and environmental health. Environmental quality in construction activity plan needs to be studied carefully and deeply, so the magnitude of the potential health risks can be mitigated. Environmental Health Directorate in conducting focus control environmental pollution implementation needs to be done either through facilitation to program managers, advocacy and dissemination to decision keputasan area as well as strengthening the ability through TOT is:a. EIA / ADKLStudy aspects of public health need to be assessed carefully and deeply, with the approach of environmental health impact assessment (ADKL) and methods of epidemiology. Environmental health impact assessment methods (ADKL) can be used to identify the potential impact of a relationship between environmental parameters, environmental media, exposed population and its impact on health.Assessment aspects of public health is one of the activities carried EIA review commission Ministry of Health, in particular DG & PL as the Audit Commission team EIA central level authorities to conduct an assessment of the EIA document aspects of public health, which is done before the EIA documents to trial. to seehow far the application of public health aspects of the document that has been approved.1) Assessment EIA documents:In 2006 documents were assessed by a team EIA EIA Commission of the Ministry of Health as much as 18 plan development activities, which consists of documents Terms of Reference (KA EIA), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL) .Based on this, in the 10 documents KA EIA, EIA documents 8, 8 RKL and RPL documents were assessed 8 public health component. In general, these documents do not conduct a study of public health aspects carefully and depth in accordance with existing regulations. In addition, there are still many EIA document contains no legislation related to health, good laws, government regulations and health minister's decision.Component of public health is one of the components that must be examined in each preparation of EIA documents. Each type of activity or business plan that must be completed EIA documents should conduct a study on the public health aspects of the project plan. However, from the documents that have been assessed and heard in the Ministry of Environment in general public health aspects are still shallow, limited and only normative.Initiator and consultants of the EIA did not study aspects of public health in accordance with the simulation of air dispersion No. Kep-124/12/1997 on Public Health Aspects study guide in preparation of EIA documents and the Minister of Health No. 876 / Menkes / SK / VIII / 2001 on Technical Guidelines for Environmental Health Impact Assessment.KA EIA documents are assessed ranging from scoping, identification of potential impacts, evaluation of potential impacts to the method of data collection and data analysis methods are not associated with a health component in the development plan documents. While the EIA documents in the initial environmental baseline studies included only 10 (ten) of these types of diseases and environmental sanitation, with only one year of data.Secondary data is only taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and the local health office, not at the health center study area. This does not describe the initial health condition of the location of the EIA study. For RKL and RPL does not describe the public health aspects that must be managed and monitored. Reporting and monitoring the implementation of the RKL and RPL does not involve the Provincial Health Office or District / City.In addition to assessing the public health aspects of the EIA document (KA EA, EA, RKL and RPL), the team is also involved in the technical team in a series of activities carried out by the EIA Environmental Management Division, Office of the Minister of StateEnvironment, namely technical team conducted a trial in November 2006 for gold mining development plan activities in the province of North Sulawesi (Table 2:37).table 2:37Documents Assessed In Session At The Technical TeamNo.activityKA EIAEIARKLRPL1.PT. Mine Tondano NusajayaGold Mining activities Batupangah, district. Likupang-Kab.Minut and district. North Bitung Bitung North Sulawesi Province2.PT. Maeros Soputan Mining Gold Mining Activities Tokatindung district. Likupang-Kab. Minut and district. North Bitung BitungBoth the EIA document is a plan of development of gold mining activities in the area of North Minahasa Regency and Regency Bitung North Sulawesi Province. This document has been tried in the province of North Sulawesi, because there is something that the document is tried KLH. Drafting team EIA documents both of these activities do not have a public health expert.In the trial of this technical team involving experts in the field of mining, geology, air quality, water quality and so on. While the agencies involved in the trial of the technical team is the Deputy Mayor of the District. North Minahasa, Sam Ratulangi University, Ministry of Environment, the State Secretariat and DG & PL, the MOH.2) Review CoursesField survey activities in the framework of the health aspects of assessment is done to see if that is listed in the document and UKL / UPL according to the state of the field and a picture of the condition of public health at the site of construction activities before the construction project there (early environmental baseline studies), so that we can predict the likelihood -Enables that will occur as a result of the construction of the project.The location field survey on the public health aspects of assessment activities that have been carried out by a team EIA commission DG & PL in several provinces in the central trial AMDAL documents, such as South Sumatra, Riau, Riau, Lampung, West Java, Central Java, and South Kalimantan . In addition to conducting a review of the field at the location of the mandatory EIA, also at the hospital whether they have EIA and UKL and UPL.From fieldwork conducted in activities that required most of the construction project is not already running, still under construction, such as maturation of land, infrastructure development, mobilization of equipment and materials and so on.While the activities are not mandatory EIA is generally already in carrying out the UKL and UPL.Cross-sectoral coordination between the Department of Health and Environmental Impact Management Agency at the provincial level has sebagimana properly but not optimally, both in the context of the EIA document assessment and implementation of UKL and UPL. As for the district / city mostly still walk on their own, there is no coordination between the Department of Health with Bappedalda Regency / City.In general, consultants and initiator not understand the public health aspects of the research paper is technically and in accordance with applicable regulations. While the environmental health officer at the Department of Health are many who do not understand ADKL in the EIA. Information SK Ka.Bapedal No. 124 About Free Assessment Aspects of Public Health and the Minister of Health Decree No. 876 / Menkes / SK / VIII / 2001 on Technical Guidelines for Environmental Health Impact Assessment, is not known by the Department of Health.b. Air Pollution ControlCurrently reduction of ambient air quality, especially in big cities has become a problem that requires serious attention given already at levels that can damage the health of the community. Air quality deterioration occurs due to emissions into the ambient air exceed the carrying capacity of the environment. The environment is not able to neutralize the pollution occurred.Major cities such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Semarang, Bandung and Medan as well as centers of industrial growth is the ultimate feel the impact of a decrease in air quality. Monitoring of various parameters of the ambient air quality in major cities such as dust (particulate matter), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) results are quite alarming. One of the Government's efforts to address the increasing air pollution from mobile sources are phasing out leaded gasoline (Pb) since July 2006. The hope concentrations of Pb in ambient air will go down.The issue of air pollution for almost more than two decades, and many efforts are made to control air pollution at the local, national, and international, have raised public awareness of the importance of clean air for life. Environmental Health Directorate has socialized UAQI to some areas in order to control the impact of air pollution. From the results of the report SLHI (2006) data summary ISPU in 2006 from the year 2001 to 2006.table 2:38Recapitulation Data ISPU By Categoryyear 2006CATEGORIESTHE CITYOkay(days)moderate(daynot Healthy(days)Very Unhealthy (days)dangerous(days)No Data (days)JAKARTA2627154--14Surabaya2530119--20Palangkaraya22922264-43Pontianak581043-287Pekanbaru9325---237Semarang-----365duo145---346field15252--333Jambi------Denpasar------Source: Ministry of Environment, 2006Categorizing ISPU basically correlated with Ambient Air Quality Standards (BMUA) used in accordance with Government Regulation No. 41 of 1999 on Air Pollution Control. Category well under BMUA, being the same category with BMUA whereas unhealthy category showed concentrations above BMUA. Changes in the number of good days and is showing a decrease in air quality. The above conditions BMUA correlated with values in the category of unhealthy ISPU. To state the condition of the air ketercemaran an area needs to be done aggregation calculation of monitoring results in a year that is expressed in the status of air quality.graph 2102Monitoring Water Quality Monitoring System (AQMS)Year 2001 - 20060%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Jakarta2001Jakarta2004Bandung2003Bandung2006Denpasar2002Denpasar2005Medan2001Medan2004Pekanbaru2003Pekanbaru2006Pontianak2002Potianak2005Palangkaraya2001Palangkaraya2004Semarang2003Semarang2006Surabaya2002Surabaya2005Kota-tahun% ISPUBaikSedangTidak SehatSangat Tdk SehatBerbahayaData morbidly tersediaSumber: KLH 20061) Monitoring Levels of Lead in AirMonitoring levels of lead (Pb) in ambient air has been conducted since 2002, to support the government's policy phasing out leaded gasoline. In July 2001 unleaded gasoline presented in Jakarta and surrounding areas, followed Cirebon in October 2001. Under the plan in January 2005 in Indonesia is no longer leaded gasoline. The plan was delayed due to delays in construction of refinery in Balongan and Cilacap. New in July 2006 had said earlier no longer use lead in all its refineries.Lead content in ambient air in nine major cities (Jakarta, Bogor, Surabaya, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Bandung, Denpasar, Medan and Makassar) was measured using a High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) for 24 hours. The data is then analyzed using wet digestion method with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.TSP concentrations in some districts / municipalities exceed the ambient air quality standard (230 ug / m3). TSP concentration in District Genuk Semarang 290 ug / m3, at Napier Field Karebosi Jl.sudirman 289 ug / m3, the display ISPU Jl. Heroes Surabaya 237 ug / m3 and 318 Ancol area ug / m3.graph 2103TSP concentration in Some Big Cities in Indonesiayear 2006graph 2,104The concentration of Pb in Some Big Cities in Indonesiayear 20060501001502002503