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C H A P T E R

To unlock the meaning of a medical word, first define each wordpart. Then put the word part definitions in order, beginning with the

suffix, followed by the first word part.Word Part Word Part Definition

SUFFIX -istry process related to the specialty ofCOMBINING FORM dent/o- tooth

Dentistry: The process related to the specialty of the teeth.

Medical Language Key

dent/o-meanstooth

dent/o- -istry-istrymeans

process related to the specialty of

Dentistry (DEN-tis-tree) is the medical speciality that includes the study ofthe anatomy and physiology of the teeth and gingiva (gums) and uses

diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugsto treat dental diseases. Dentistry is also known as odontology

(OH-don-TAWL-oh-jee).

20Dentistry

MEASURING YOUR PROGRESS: LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After you study this chapter, you should be able to

1. Identify the anatomical structures of a tooth by correctly labeling them on anatomical illustrations.

2. Correctly number each of the permanent teeth on an anatomical illustration.

3. Describe the process of tooth eruption.

4. Describe the physiology of tooth formation.

5. Build dental words from combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes.

6. Describe common dental diseases.

7. Describe common dental diagnostic laboratory and radiology tests.

8. Describe common dental medical and surgical procedures and drug categories.

9. Define common dental abbreviations.

10. Correctly spell and pronounce dental words.

11. Apply your skills by analyzing a dental record.

12. Test your knowledge of dentistry by completing review exercises at the end of the chapter.

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W-2 | Chapter 20 | Dentistry

Root canal

Apex

Jaw boneArteries, veins

and nerves

Gingiva (gums)

Enamel

Dentin

C ementum

Bony socket

Periodontal ligaments

Crown

Occlusal surfaceCusp

Gingival sulcus

Root

Dental pulp in the pulp cavity

Figure 20-1 ■ Tooth morphology.

Anatomy and PhysiologyThe teeth and gingiva (gums) are located in the oral cavityand are anchored in the maxilla (upper jaw bone) andmandible (lower jaw bone). The teeth play an importantrole in the digestive process. They tear food and grind foodinto small pieces during the process of mastication (chew-ing). The gingiva supports and protects each tooth. Theteeth and gingivae also play an important role in the pro-duction of speech and in the facial expression of emotions.Finally, teeth and gingivae that are healthy and cosmeti-cally pleasing allow a person to develop a positive self-image.

oral (OR-al)or/o- mouth-al pertaining to

cavity (KAV-ih-tee)cav/o- hollow space-ity state; condition

mastication (MAS-tih-KAY-shun)mastic/o- chew ing-ation a process; being or having

Anatomy of a ToothThere are regions and structures that are common to all the teeth (seeFigure 20-1■ and Tables 20-1 and 20-2). These regions and structuresmake up the morphology of the tooth.

morphology (mor-FAWL-oh-jee)morph/o- shape-logy the study of


Dentistry | Chapter 20 | W-3

Table 20-1 Regions of a Tooth (from superior to inferior)

Word or Phrase Description

occlusal surface The superior grinding surface on premolars and molars. (On incisors and canine teeth, this is a sharp edge or point that is known as the incisal surface.)

crown White part of the tooth that is visible above the gingiva (gums). It iscovered w ith enamel.Incisors have a blade-shaped crown. Canineshave a crown hat tapers to a point. Molars have a broad, roundcrown.

root Part of the tooth that is hidden below the gingiva (gums). Eachtooth has at least one root. The incisor and canine teeth each haveone root. The molars in the maxilla (upper jaw bone) have threeroots, while the molars in the mandible (lower jaw bone) almostalways have two roots, but occasionially can have three or fourroots.

occlusal (oh-KLOO-zal)occlus/o- close against-al pertaining to

Word Part and Definition


Table 20-2 Structures of a Tooth (from superior to inferior)

Word or Phrase Description

cusp Broad-based, cone-shaped point or mound that projects upward from the occlusal surface of a tooth. Canine teeth have one cusp.Premolars have at least two cusps. Molars have three to five cusps.

enamel G lossy, thick white layer that covers the crown of the tooth. Enamel is the hardest substance in the body.

dentin Hard layer of tooth just beneath the enamel layer.

pulp cavity Hollow area just beneath the dentin. The pulp cavity is filled w ith dental pulp, a jelly-like connective tissue. The pulp cavity also descends as a narrow canal, the root canal, into each root of the tooth. The pulp cavity also contains arteries, veins, and nerves.

cementum Continuous layer of bone-like connective tissue that covers the dentin layer of the tooth root. It begins at the surface of the gin-giva, where the enamel of the crown stops.It anchors the periodon-tal ligaments.

periodontal Multiple, tiny ligaments that join the cementum layer and the ligaments root of the tooth to the jaw bone to hold the tooth in place in its

bony socket.

apex Inferior tip of the root where arteries, veins, and blood vessels enter.


Word Part and Definition

cusp (KUSP)Cusp is derived from a Latin word meaninga point.

enamel (ee-NAM-el)Enamel is derived from a Latin word mean-ing hard, glossy covering.

dentin (DEN-tin)dent/o- tooth-in a substance

pulp (PULP)Pulp is derived from a Latin word meaningflesh-like.

cavity (KAV-ih-tee)cav/o- hollow space-ity state; condition

canal (kah-NAL)Canal is derived from a Latin word mean-ing tube or channel.

cementum (seh-MEN-tum)Cementum is a Latin word meaning roughstone.

periodontal (PAIR-ee-oh-DON-tal)peri- aroundodont/o- tooth-al pertaining to

ligament (LIG-ah-ment)Ligament is derived from a Latin wordmeaning a band.

socket (SAWK-et)Socket is a Latin word meaning a shoe anda sock (things that were made to fittogether).

apex (AA-peks)Apex is a Latin word meaning tip.



Every person has two sets of teeth: deciduous and permanent. Theword dentition includes all of the various kinds of teeth, both decidu-ous and permanent. The deciduous teeth or primary teeth begin toerupt in infancy at about 6 months of age (beginning with an incisorin the lower jaw) and are completely erupted by 2 years of age (seeFigure 20-2■). There are 20 deciduous teeth (8 incisors, 4 canines, and8 premolars). These are also known as baby teeth, milk teeth, or pri-mary teeth. The eruption of the deciduous teeth is known as teething.

dentition (den-TISH-un)dentit/o- eruption of teeth-ion action; condition

deciduous (dee-SID-yoo-us)decidu/o- falling off-ous pertaining to

Deciduous trees are those that lose theirleaves during the winter.

eruption (ee-RUP-shun)erupt/o- breaking out-ion action; condition

Figure 20-2 ■ Deciduous and permanent teeth in a 4-year-old child.All of the deciduous teeth have erupted and are in the oral cavity. Thepermanent teeth were already formed in the maxilla and mandible at the time of death, but had not erupted. Eventually, they would have pushed the deciduous teeth out. (The sides of the maxilla and mandible have beenpartially removed to expose the deciduous roots and permanent teeth).

The permanent teeth or secondary teeth erupt at various intervalsafter 6 years of age. The permanent teeth (except for the molars) eruptand replace the deciduous teeth above them. The third molars, or wis-dom teeth, that complete the set of permanent teeth do not erupt until16 to 23 years of age. There are 32 permanent teeth (8 incisors,4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars; see Table 20-3).



incisor (in-SY-zor)incis/o- to cut into-or person or thing that produces or

does

canine (KAY-nine)can/o- resembling a dog-ine pertaining to

premolar (pree-MOH-lar)Premolar is a combination of the prefix pre-(before; in front of) and the word molar.

molar (MOH-lar)Molar is derived from a Latin word mean-ing grinding stone.

Table 20-3 Types of Teeth

Tooth Description Illustration Word Part and Definition

incisors Center teeth in the dental arch. They have a long, thin edge that w idens into a chisel shape. The incisors cut food and tear it. There are eight incisors, four in the maxilla and four in the mandible.

canines Long, pointed teeth located between theincisors and the premolars. The canines sink

deeply into food to hold it. There are four canines, two in the maxilla and two in the mandible. A lso known as cuspids (because they have one large, pointed cusp) or eyeteeth.

premolars Somewhat flat teeth located between the ` canines and the molars. The premolars grind

and crush food. There are eight premolars, four in the maxilla, and four in the mandible. A lso known as bicuspids because they usually have two cusps (although they can have one to three cusps).

molars Largest teeth in the mouth. They are located posterior to the premolars. Each molar has three to five rounded cusps. The molars grind and crush food on their w ide surfaces. There are twelve molars, six in the maxilla and six in the mandible. First, two molars erupt together on the right and left sides of the maxilla and mandible. Then, the third molars, or w isdom teeth, are the last to erupt.



MAXILLA(upper dental arch)

RIG HT LEFT

MANDIBLE(lower dental arch)

1

1732

1831

1930

2029

21282227

23242526

2 15

3 14

4 13

5 12

6 117 10

8 9

16

Figure 20-3 ■ Tooth numbers.The universal numbering system is a standard notationsystem for numbering the teeth. Remember that you arelooking into the patient’s mouth and your right sidecorresponds to the patient’s left side.

Mesialsurface

Labialsurface

Buccal surface

Occlusal surface

Lingual surface

Incisal surface

Figure 20-4 ■ Tooth surfaces.Each tooth has several surfaces where caries can occur. Thesesurfaces are designated in the dental record by individual letters:O for occlusal surface, B for buccal surface, and so forth.

Each tooth in the mouth is assigned a number according to the uni-versal numbering system (see Figure 20-3■). Each tooth surface alsohas a standard designation (see Figure 20-4■).

• occlusal surface (O): superior surface on a premolar or molar

• incisal surface (I): superior surface edge on an incisor or point on acanine

• buccal surface (B): surface closest to the cheek on a premolar ormolar

• facial surface (F): the labial surface closest to the lips on an incisoror canine or the buccal surface closest to the cheek on a premolaror molar

• lingual surface (L): surface closest to the tongue

• mesial surface (M): surface next to the tooth in front of it

• distal surface (D): surface next to the tooth behind it

occlusal (oh-KLOO-zal)occlus/o- close against-al pertaining to

incisal (in-SY-sal)incis/o- to cut into-al pertaining to

buccal (BUHK-al)bucc/o- cheek-al pertaining to

facial (FAY-shal)faci/o- face-al pertaining to

labial (LAY-bee-al)labi/o- lip; labium-al pertaining to

lingual (LING-gwal)lingu/o- tongue-al pertaining to

mesial (MEE-zee-al)mesi/o- middle-al pertaining to

distal (DIS-tal)dist/o- away from the center or point

of origin-al pertaining to



Anatomy of the GingivaThe gingiva (gums) is a connective tissue that consists of two layers.The outermost gingival layer is a continuation of the mucous mem-branes of the oral cavity. The layer beneath that is composed of fibroustissue. The gingiva fills the spaces between the teeth and also sur-rounds the roots of every tooth. The gingiva is attached to the cemen-tum layer of the root as well as to the jaw bone. the shallow trench thatoccurs on the surface of the gingiva near the base of the crown of thetooth is known as the gingival sulcus.

Physiology of Tooth FormationOdontogenesis is the process by which teeth are formed. The decidu-ous teeth begin to develop in the jaw bone of the fetus about the six-teenth week of life. Odontoblasts first form the dentin layer of thetooth. They take calcium and phosphorus and deposit them as a cal-cium salt known as hydroxyapatite. This substance along with colla-gen fibers forms the dentin portion of the tooth. Dentin is actuallydenser and harder than bones in the body. Enamel, the very hardestsubstance in the body, is a glossy, white layer that covers the dentin. Itis composed entirely of calcium salts. The special cells that formenamel disintegrate when the tooth erupts and so damaged enamelcannot be repaired. Odontoclasts are special cells that gradually breakdown the roots of deciduous teeth so that they loosen and fall out, tomake way for the permanent teeth.

Did You Know?If a pregnant woman’s diet does not contain enough calcium, her body will break down her own bone structures in order to pro-vide enough calcium and phosphorus to build the developing bones and teeth of the fetus.

gingiva (JIN-jih-vah)gingivae (JIN-jih-vee)Gingiva is a Latin feminine singular nounmeaning gum. Form the plural by changingthe -a to -ae.

gingival (JIN-jih-val)gingiv/o- gums-al pertaining to

sulcus (SUL-kus)Sulcus is a Latin masculine singular nounmeaning narrow goove or ditch.

odontogenesis (oh-DON-toh-JEN-eh-sis)odont/o- toothgen/o- arising from; produced by-esis condition

odontoblast (oh-DON-toh-blast)odont/o- tooth-blast immature cell

odontoclast (oh-DON-toh-klast)odont/o- tooth-clast cell that breaks down substances



Vocabulary ReviewNow that you have studied the anatomy and physiology of the teeth and gingiva, take time to review those new words anddescriptions. Memorize the combining forms and their definitions before going on to the next section.

Combining Form Word or Phrase and Definition Description

apex Most inferior tip of the root of a tooth. Arteries, veins, and blood vesselsenter here.

canine tooth can/o- Long, pointed tooth between the incisor and the premolar. It sinks resembling a dog deeply into food. A lso known as the cuspid or eyetooth.

cementum Bone-like layer of connective tissue over the dentin that anchors theperiodontal ligaments to the root

crown White part of the tooth above the surface of the gingiva.

cusp Cone-shaped projection on the occlusal surface. Incisor teeth have nocusp. Canine teeth have one cusp. Premolars have at least two cusps.Molars have three to five cusps.

deciduous teeth decidu/o- Teeth that erupt during childhood from age 6 months to 2 years. A lso falling off called the milk teeth, baby teeth, or primary teeth.

dentin dent/o- Hard layer of tooth just beneath the enameltooth

dentition dentit/o- A ll of the teeth, both deciduous and permanenteruption of teeth

enamel G lossy, hard, white layer that covers the crown of the tooth

eruption erupt/o- Process by which a deciduous tooth or a permanent tooth pushes breaking out through the gums into the oral cavity

gingiva gingiv/o- Two-layer connective tissue composed of mucous membrane and fibrous gums tissue. It fills the spaces between the teeth and also surrounds the roots

of every tooth. It is attached to the cementum layer of the root as wellas to the jaw bone

incisor tooth incis/o- Chisel-shaped tooth in the center of the dental arch that cuts and tears to cut into food on its incisal surface

incisal surface incis/o- Cutting edge on the surface of the incisor and canine teethto cut into

mastication mastic/o- The process of chew ing, a function of the teethchew ing

molar tooth Largest tooth, located posterior to the premolar. It crushes and grindsfood on its large, flat occlusal surface.

occlusal surface occlus/o- Flat grinding surface of the premolar and molar. It comes in close against contact w ith the occlusal surface of the premolar and molar in the

opposite jaw bone.

odontoblast odont/o- Cell that forms the dentin layer of a toothtooth

odontoclast odont/o- Cell that breaks down the roots of the deciduous teeth so that they tooth loosen and fall out to make way for the permanent teeth



Combining Form Word or Phrase and Definition Description

odontogenesis odont/o- Formation of the teeth in the fetus, beginning about the sixteenth week tooth of life

gen/o-arising from; produced by

oral cavity or/o- Mouth. The oral cavity contains the teeth and gingivae, as well as the mouth tongue, hard palate, soft palate, and uvula.

cav/o-hollow space

periodontal odont/o- Tiny ligaments that join the cementum to the jaw bone to hold the ligaments tooth tooth in its bony socket

permanent teeth Teeth that erupt during childhood and adolescence from ages 6 to 17and replace the deciduous teeth. A lso known as the secondary teeth.There are 32 permanent teeth.

premolar tooth Somewhat flat tooth between the canine and the molar. It crushes andgrinds food on its occlusal surface. A lso known as the bicuspid becauseit usually has two cusps.

pulp cavity Hollow area beneath the dentin. Contains the dental pulp, a jelly-likeconnective tissue. The pulp cavity also contains arteries, veins, andnerves.

root Part of the tooth beneath the gingiva (gums). The incisor and canineteeth each have one root. The molars in the maxilla (upper jaw bone)have three roots, while the molars in the mandible (lower jaw bone)almost always have two roots, but occasionally can have three or fourroots.

root canal A narrow segment of the pulp cavity that continues along each root ofthe tooth

socket Bony hole in the maxilla or mandible that snugly holds the roots of eachtooth

wisdom tooth A third molar that does not erupt until 16 to 23 years of age



Labeling ExerciseA. Match each anatomy word or phrase to its numbered structure in Figure 20-5■. Write that word or phrase on the blankline next to its number. Use the Answer Key to check your answers.

apex crown of the tooth enamel occlusal surfacearteries, veins, and nerves cusp gingiva periodontal ligamentsbony socket dental pulp in the pulp cavity gingival sulcus root canalcementum dentin jaw bone root of the tooth

1. _________________________________

2. _________________________________

3. _________________________________

4. _________________________________

5. _________________________________

6. _________________________________

7. _________________________________

8. _________________________________

9. _________________________________

10. _________________________________

11. _________________________________

12. _________________________________

13. _________________________________

14. _________________________________

15. _________________________________

16. _________________________________

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

910

11

1213

14

15

16

Figure 20-5 ■

MAXILLA(upper dental arch)

RIG HT LEFT

MANDIBLE(lower dental arch)

Figure 20-6 ■

B. Number each tooth in Figure 20-6■, using the standard numbering system used by dentists. Write the numbers 1through 32 directly on or next to the tooth.



Building Medical WordsCombining FormsHere are the combining forms you have learned so far. Next to each combining form, write its meaning. Use the Answer Keyto check your answers. The first one has been done for you.

Combining Form Medical Meaning Combining Form Medical Meaning

1. cav/o- _______________________________

2. bucc/o- _______________________________

3. can/o- _______________________________

4. decidu/o- _______________________________

5. dentit/o- _______________________________

6. dent/o- _______________________________

7. dist/o- _______________________________

8. erupt/o- _______________________________

9. gen/o- _______________________________

10. gingiv/o- _______________________________

11. incis/o- _______________________________

12. labi/o- _______________________________

13. lingu/o- _______________________________

14. mastic/o- _______________________________

15. mesi/o- _______________________________

16. occlus/o- _______________________________

17. odont/o- _______________________________

18. or/o- _______________________________

hollow space

Combining Forms and SuffixesRead the definition hint for the medical word you are to build. Look at the combining form that is given. Write the correctsuffix on the blank line. Then write the medical word. (Remember: You may need to remove the combining vowel. Alwaysremove the hyphens and slash.) Use the Answer Key at the end of the book to check your answers. The first one has beendone for you.

SUFFIX LIST-al (pertaining to) -clast (cell that breaks down substances) -or (person or thing that produces or does) -ation (a process; being -in (a substance) -ion (action; condition)

or having) -ine (pertaining to) -ous (pertaining to)-blast (immature cell) -ity (state; condition)

Definition Hint Combining Form Suffix Write the Medical Word

1. State of a hollow space ____________________________

2. Pertaining to the gums gingiv/o- __________ ____________________________

3. Process of chew ing mastic/o- __________ ____________________________

4. Pertaining to the mouth or/o- __________ ____________________________

5. Pertaining to one tooth closing against another occlus/o- __________ ____________________________

6. Thing that cuts into incis/o- __________ ____________________________

7. Pertaining to resembling a dog (tooth) can/o- __________ ____________________________

8. Condition of the eruption of teeth dentit/o- __________ ____________________________

9. Pertaining to falling off decidu/o- __________ ____________________________

10. Action of breaking out erupt/o- __________ ____________________________

11. Immature cell that forms teeth odont/o- __________ ____________________________

12. Cell that breaks down teeth odont/o- __________ ____________________________

13. Tooth substance dent/o- __________ ____________________________

cav/o- -itycavity



Symptoms, Signs, and DiseasesWord Part

Word or Phrase and Definition Description

abscess abscess (AB-ses) Tooth w ith a localized area of pain, swelling, redness, and a pus-Abscess is derived from a Latin producing infection w ith local areas of dead tissue. The infection can word meaning a going away. extend from the tooth into the jaw bone. Treatment: Antibiotic drugs,

root canal treatment, or tooth extraction.

bruxism bruxism (BRUCK-sizm) Grinding or clenching the upper and lower teeth together, consciouslybrux/o- to grind the teeth or unconsciously, while awake but often moreso during sleep. Bruxism -ism process; disease from a wears down the tooth enamel, flattens and shortens the teeth, and even

specific cause causes teeth to chip or crack under the pressure. The frequent contrac-tions of the jaw muscles can also lead to temporomandibular joint disor-der. Treatment: Mouth guard to wear at night.

caries caries (KAIR-eez) Small areas of progressive softening and destruction of the enamel that Caries is a Latin word meaning begin as bacteria in dental biofilm on the teeth digest carbohydrates and rottenness. produce acid. The acid eats away at the enamel, dissolving the calcium

in a process known as decalcification. Caries often begin in a pit (tiny decalcification hollow) or fissure (narrow groove) where there is a defect in the continu-

(dee-KAL-sih-fih-KAY-shun) ity of the enamel. A carious tooth is one that has cavities or toothde- reversal of; w ithout decay. Treatment: Filling of the cavity.calcific/o- hard from calcium-ation a process; being or

having

carious (KAIR-ee-us)cari/o- caries (tooth decay)-ous pertaining to

dentalgia dentalgia (den-TAL-jee-ah) Pain in the tooth from any cause. A small cavity does not cause dent/o- tooth immediate pain because the enamel has no nerves. A lso known as alg/o- pain toothache. A lso known as odontodynia. Treatment: Analgesic drugs. -ia condition, state, thing Correct the underlying cause.

odontodynia(oh-DON-toh-DIN-ee-ah)

odont/o- toothdyn/o- pain-ia condition, state, thing

delayed dentition Condition in which the eruption of teeth is delayed. The deciduous teethhave not erupted by 13 months of age or the permanent teeth have noterupted by seven years old. It may be caused by vitamin D deficiency,Down syndrome, hypothyroidism, and other syndromes. Treatment:Correct the underlying cause.

edentulism edentulism (ee-DEN-tyoo-lizm) Lack of natural permanent teeth, usually because of decay and disease.edentul/o- w ithout teeth A patient who has no teeth is said to be edentulous. Treatment: -ism process; disease from a Dentures.

specific cause

edentulous (ee-DEN-tyoo-lus)edentul/o- w ithout teeth-ous pertaining to



Word Part Word or Phrase and Definition Description

gingivitis gingivitis (JIN-jih-VY-tis) Inflammation and infection of the gingivae due to dental biofilm gingiv/o- gums (plaque). Bacteria in the biofilm produce toxins that irritate the gingiva. -itis inflammation of The gingivae become red, swollen, tender, and bleed easily when

touched. There is halitosis (bad breath). Left untreated, gingivitis can halitosis (HAL-ih-TOH-sis) progress to peri-odontal disease. Treatment: Brushing and flossing.

halit/o- breath Use of an ultrasonic dental instrument that emits high-frequency sound -osis condition; abnormal waves and water to disrupt the biofilm and wash it away.

condition; process

impaction impaction (im-PAK-shun) Tooth is unable to erupt because it is blocked by other teeth or by bone. impact/o- wedged in Treatment: Tooth extraction.-ion action; condition

malocclusion malocclusion Malpositioning of the upper dental arch w ith respect to the lower dental (MAL-oh-KLOO-zhun) arch. The occlusal surfaces of the teeth do not meet correctly for

mal- bad, inadequate mastication. In an overbite, the maxillary teeth extend anteriorly beyond occlus/o- close against the mandibular teeth. In an underbite, the reverse is true.-ion action; condition

odontopathy odontopathy General word for any disease of the teeth or bony sockets(OH-don-TOP-ah-thee)

odont/o- tooth-pathy disease, suffering

supereruption supereruption Downward migration of a tooth in the maxilla after removal or loss of (SOO-per-ee-RUP-shun) the opposite tooth in the mandible. A lso known as odontoptosis.

super- above, beyond Treatment: Dental bridge to replace the missing tooth.erupt/o- breaking out-ion action; condition

odontoptosis(oh-DON-toh-TOH-sis)

odont/o- tooth-ptosis state of prolapse or

drooping; falling

periodontitis periodontitis The continuing presence of dental biofilm in the gingival sulcus causes (PAIR-ee-oh-don-TY-tis) the gingiva to lose its attachment to the surface of the root of the

peri- around tooth, forming a periodontal pocket. G ingivitis and calculus formation odont/o- tooth cause the pocket to enlarge. The degree of periodontitis is based on -itis inflammation of the depth of the periodontal pocket as measured by a peridontal probe

(less than 3 mm is normal); the amount of gingival inflammation; the periodontal amount of dental biofilm and calculus formation; the amount of attrition

(PAIR-ee-oh-DON-tal) (loss of tooth structure); and whether or not the tooth has become peri- around loose. A lso known as periodontal disease. Treatment: Use of an ultra-odont/o- tooth sonic dental instrument that emits high-frequency sound waves to -al pertaining to disrupt biofilm and calculus. Scaling and root planing. Use of topical

antibiotic drug implanted in the pockets.




plaque plaque (dental biofilm) (PLAK) Mass of bacteria that forms a sticky, transparent film that adheres to the Plaque is a French word meaning teeth. Dental biofilm on the crown of the tooth produces acid that a plate. eventually damages the enamel and produces caries. Dental biofilm in

the gingival sulcus causes gingivitis, which can lead to periodontal dis-calculus (KAL-kyoo-lus) ease. If plaque is not removed, it becomes calcified as a hard, yellow-Calculus is a Latin word meaning brown deposit known as calculus or tartar. Treatment: brushing and a small stone. flossing Use of an ultrasonic dental instrument that emits high-frequency

sound waves and water to disrupt the dental biofilm and wash it away.tartar (TAR-ter)Tartar is derived from a Latin word meaning a crusty deposit (on teeth or w ine bottles).

stain Discolored yellow or brown areas on the teeth. Stains can be caused bydrinking coffee or tea or by smoking. Tetracycline antibiotics taken by apregnant woman can permanently stain the tooth enamel of the fetus.Treatment: Whitening treatment.

torus torus (TOH-rus) Nodular, bony outgrowth projecting into the oral cavity, usually on the lingual side of the mandible (see Figure 20-7■). The cause may be

tori (TOH-rye) related to bruxism and constant stress on the mandible. A torus is pain-Torus is a Latin masculine singular less and grows slow ly, but the mucous membrane overlying it can noun meaning rounded swelling become irritated. Treatment: None, unless it needs to be removed to or bulge. Form the plural by properly fit a set of dentures.changing the -us to -i.

Figure 20-7 ■ Tori.This patient has bilateral tori growing from each side of themandible. She also has four crowns—three are gold and one isceramic—on her lower teeth. Her wisdom teeth have beenextracted.

Word AlertHOMONYMScavity (noun) a hollow space

Example: The teeth are found in the oral cavity (mouth).

cavity (noun) dental cariesExample: Regular brushing and flossing prevents a cavityfrom developing.

Did You Know?A kidney stone is also known as a calculus because it is hard andcomposed of calcium and other minerals.



Diagnostic ProceduresWord Part


bitewing The patient bites down on a A series of four radiographs of the back teeth, each show ing the crown radiograph w ing-shaped form that holds the and part of the root for several top and bottom teeth in the same area

x-ray film. of the mouth (see Figure 20-8■). These have a high degree of detail (resolution) and show details of the tooth as well as areas of decay. Performed at the time of the annual dental examination. A lso known as a bitew ing x-ray (BWX).

periapical periapical (PAIR-ee-AP-ih-kal) Shows the same teeth as a bitew ing radiograph but from a different radiograph peri- around angle and includes the entire root. Useful for detecting bone loss and

apic/o- apex (tip) decay in the root beneath the gum line.-al pertaining to

full-mouth Consists of four bitew ing radiographs as well as 14 periapical radiograph radiographs. Performed on all new patients. A lso known as a full-mouth

x-ray (FMX).

Panorex Panorex (PAN-oh-reks) Panoramic radiograph of the entire bony structure of the face and teeth, radiograph including the jaw bones, sinuses, and temporomandibular joints. The

x-ray machine moves in a semicircle around the head from ear to ear toproduce one continuous image.

Figure 20-8 ■ Bitewing radiograph.This gives a closeup view of just a few teeth at a time.Details of the roots and pulp cavities are clearly seen.



Dental ProceduresWord Part


bridge prosthesis (praws-THEE-sis) Dental prosthesis that is permanent and takes the place of a missing Prosthesis is a Greek word tooth (see Figure 20-9■). At each end, the bridge is cemented to meaning an adding on. crowns on adjacent teeth. This is known as a fixed bridge. Each natural

tooth that is used to anchor a dental bridge is known as an abutment.abutment (ah-BUT-ment)Abutment is derived from a French word meaning to join end to end.

crown Permanent dental prosthesis that replaces the surface of the tooth abovethe gingiva. Crowns are used when a tooth is too badly chipped, cracked,or diseased to be repaired but the root of the tooth is still intact. Crownsare also used after a root canal is performed. Crowns can be made fromceramic, reinforced resin, gold, or a combination of gold and ceramic.

dental The teeth are visually examined for damage and the presence of dental examination biofilm (see Figure 20-10■). The teeth are checked for caries. Fillings,

crowns, and bridges are examined to be sure they are intact. The gingi-vae are checked for inflammation or easy bleeding. A blunt periodontalprobe is used between the teeth and gingivae to check for pockets andsigns of periodontal disease. The findings of the dental examination arerecorded in the dental record according to the number of the tooth andthe affected surface of the tooth.

Figure 20-9 ■ Porcelain bridge.A dental technician is putting the finishing touches on a porcelainbridge. The full mouth impression shows how the new bridge will fitin the patient’s mouth. The glass bottles on the workbench containvarious shades of porcelain. The blue bins are case bins for threedifferent patients. Each contains that patient’s full mouth impressionas well as the dentist’s instructions about what type of bridge tomake.

Figure 20-10 ■Dental examination.A sharp dental explorer is used to test the surface of each tooth for soft spots, a sign of caries.




denture denture (DEN-tyoor) Removable full dental prosthesis that takes the place of missing teeth. dent/o- tooth Dentures are made of an acrylic resin that is colored to resemble teeth -ure system; result of and gingivae. A full denture replaces all of the upper teeth or all of the

lower teeth. A set of dentures includes both upper and lower dentures.Dentures are also known as false teeth. If the patient has some remain-ing teeth, a partial denture can be created that replaces the missingteeth and goes around or over the remaining teeth.

extraction extraction (ek-STRAK-shun) Removal of a decayed tooth that cannot be repaired. Selective extraction ex- out, away from of healthy teeth is performed to relieve crowding, often in preparation tract/o- pulling for orthodontics. Extractions may be performed under local anesthesia -ion action; condition or light I.V. sedation. A lso known as an odontectomy.

odontectomy(OH-don-TEK-toh-mee)

odont/o- tooth-ectomy surgical excision

filling amalgam (ah-MAL-gam) Dental procedure to remove a cavity. Then an amalgam (a mixture of Amalgam is derived from a mercury, silver, copper, tin, and zinc) or a composite resin (plastic) filling Greek word meaning a soft is inserted to restore the tooth surface. Amalgam fillings, which are mass. known as silver fillings because of their color, are inexpensive and very

durable. Newer composite resin fillings are popular because they match the color of the tooth, but they do not last as long.

fluoride treatment fluoride (FLOOR-eyed) A gel, foam, or rinse containing fluoride is held in the mouth and then spit out. This topical fluoride strengthens the enamel and helps the teeth resist acid and decay. Fluoride in toothpaste provides a low level of topical fluoride.

impression A thick casting material is used to make a negative impression of theteeth and gingivae. Then plaster of paris is used to fill the indentationsin the casting material and create a three-dimensional image of theteeth. Impressions are used by the dental lab as a guide while formingcrowns and dentures. They are also used to preserve a “before” pictureof the teeth prior to orthodontics.

night guard Plastic guard made from an impression of the teeth that is worn on theupper teeth or lower teeth at night. It prevents the posterior upper andlower teeth from touching and is used for patients who clench or grindtheir teeth at night.

orthodontics orthodontics (OR-thoh-DON-tiks) Dental procedure in which metal or plastic braces are used to correct orth/o- straight crooked teeth. W ires and rubber bands between the brackets exert odont/o- tooth steady pressure to control the rate and direction in which the teeth -ics know ledge, practice move. Sometimes an outside headgear is used to exert pressure from

outside the mouth; this appliance is usually worn only at night. Standard orthodontia orthodontics takes 1–3 years to complete. After that, the patient may

(OR-thoh-DON-shee-ah) wear a retainer for a year or so that fits in the roof of the mouth and orth/o- straight keeps the teeth from drifting from the corrected position. Orthodontics odont/o- tooth is also known as orthodontia.-ia condition, state, thing

planing planing (PLAY-ning) Dental procedure that smooths roughened areas of the tooth below thegingiva after scaling has been done to remove dental biofilm and calcu-lus. The resulting smooth surface encourages the gingiva to reattach tothe root of the tooth and eliminate periodontal pockets. This decreasesthe size of the periodontal pocket between the gingiva and the toothand allows the gingiva to reattach to the tooth.




root canal Dental procedure in which the infected pulp of the tooth is removedand the root canal is filled w ith a flexible gum. A temporary crown is puton the tooth and this is later replaced w ith a permanent crown.

Did You Know?Skeletal remains from 700 B.C. show evidence of permanent and removable bridges.

The Chinese invented the toothbrush in the 1500s.

Did You Know?The flexible gum used to fill a root canal is known as gutta per-cha. It is the dried milky juice of the Malaysian percha tree.Gutta is the Malaysian word for gum.

ConnectionsPubl ic Health. Fluoride treatment of public drinking waterbegan in 1951, but some communities in the United States stilldo not have it.

For many years there have been concerns that the mercury con-tained in amalgam fillings leaches out and creates a health haz-ard, triggering diseases like multiple sclerosis, arthritis, orAlzheimer’s disease. Multiple scientific studies have not substan-tiated this, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) andAmerican Dental Association (ADA) still support the use ofamalgams.

scaling Dental procedure that uses a curette to scrape away dental biofilm andcalculus from above and below the gingiva. An ultrasonic instrumentw ith high-frequency sound waves can also be used. (Cavitron) to scrapeaway layers of plaque and calculus above and below the gum line.

sealing Dental procedure that applies a thin coat of plastic (a sealant) over thechew ing surface of the back teeth to prevent cavities.

tooth bonding Dental cosmetic procedure that is used to correct minor irregularities inthe shape of a tooth or decrease the space between two adjacent teeth.A composite plastic resin that matches the color of the tooth is appliedin multiple layers and cured (hardened) by a high-intensity light. It isthen sculpted and polished to the desired shape.

tooth whitening Dental cosmetic procedure that is used to correct various degrees of dis-coloration of the teeth. Whitening gel is applied to the teeth, and a spe-cial light or laser is used to activate the bleaching action of the gel.

veneers veneer (veh-NEER) Dental cosmetic procedure in which a very thin, tooth-shaped overlaid Veneer is derived from a French surface of porcelain or plastic is glued on top of an existing tooth. word meaning to furnish. Veneers are used to hide severely chipped, broken, crooked, or oddly

shaped teeth or teeth that have large or irregular gaps between them.Veneers are only placed on the upper and lower front teeth that are visi-ble when the patient smiles.



Table 20-4 Dental Equipment

Word or Phrase Description Word Part and Definition

articulating paper Soft paper that transfers a colored dye to each area where an upper tooth touches a lower tooth when the patient bites down. Used to check occlusion after a filling or crown.

cheek retractor Curved plastic instrument that is positioned to pull the cheek and lip back from the teeth

dental handpiece Standardized holder that accommodates a variety of abrasive, rotating burs that are used to remove caries or grind down a tooth and prepare it for a crown. Regular drills use diamond-coated burs. M icro air abrasion uses fine particles of aluminum oxide powered by compressed air to remove small caries. Lasers (erbium: YAG) vaporize small caries and areas of excessive gingival tissue.

dental explorer Curved metal instrument w ith a sharp tip. Used to identify areas of softness or decay in the tooth enamel.

dental scaler Sharp-edged instrument (curette) used to mechanically scrape away dental biofilm, calculus, and stains. An ultrasonic scaler uses high-frequency sound waves to disrupt biofilm and calculus.

dentifrice Abrasive toothpaste or powder used to clean dental biofilm and stains from the teeth

disclosing tablets Tablet of red dye that dissolves in the mouth and stains areas of dental biofilm left by inadequate brushing and flossing

forceps Grasping instrument to remove crowns or extract teeth

periodontal probe Very thin, spatula-shaped probe marked w ith a ruler that measures the depth (in millimeters) of periodontal pockets between the teeth and gingivae.

rubber dam Thin rubber sheet to keep cement or particles out of the throat and isolate the teeth being worked on

retractor (ree-TRAK-ter)re- again and again; backward; unable

totract/o- pulling-or person or thing that produces or

does

scaler (SKAY-ler)scal/o- series of graduated steps-er person or thing that performs or

does

dentifrice (DEN-tih-fris)dent/i- tooth-frice thing that produces friction



Drug CategoriesSeveral different categories of drugs are used to treat the symptoms, signs, and diseases of the teeth and gums. The mostcommon drugs in each category are listed.

Category Word Part and Definition Description Example

anesthetic drugs anesthetic (AN-es-THET-ik) Topical and locally injected anesthetic drugs benzocaine (topical), an- w ithout, not are used to prevent pain during dental lidocaine (topical and esthet/o- sensation, procedures. injected), Novocain (injected),

feeling Pontocaine (injected)-ic pertaining to

anesthetic gas Inhaled gas used to produce conscious nitrous oxide (N2O)sedation, relieve anxiety, and decrease memory of the event.

antibiotic drugs antibiotic (AN-tee-by-AWT-ik) Treat bacterial infections causing periodontal ampicillin (oral)(AN-tih-by-AWT-ik) disease. Antibiotic (in the form of a gel or

anti- against a piece of gelatin, fiber, or microspheres) is bi/o- life; living organisms; placed in the periodontal pocket between

living tissue the tooth and gingiva. Can also be given -tic pertaining to orally as a tablet for severe infections.

Dental Surgical ProceduresCombining Form


dental implant abutment (ah-BUT-ment) Surgical procedure performed under general anesthesia that inserts an Abutment is derived from a implant to serve as an anchor for one or more false teeth. The implant French word meaning to join end consists of a titanium fixture shaped like the root of a tooth and an to end. abutment (the part of the implant that is above the gum line).

gingivectomy gingivectomy Surgical excision of excessive, hypertrophied gum tissue or of loose and (JIN-jih-VEK-toh-mee) diseased gum tissue due to periodontal disease. A lso known as a

gingiv/o- gums gum resection.-ectomy surgical excision

resection (ree-SEK-shun)resect/o- to cut out and remove

-ion action; condition

odontoplasty odontoplasty Surgical procedure that changes the surface of the tooth above and (oh-DON-toh-PLAS-tee) below the gum line. It is used to remove extensive deposits of calculus

odont/o- tooth below the surface of the gingiva. It is used to remove extensive deposits -plasty process of reshaping of calculus to treat severe peridontal disease.

by surgery



AbbreviationsADA American Dental Association

B buccal (surface of a premolar or molar)

BWX bitew ing x-ray

calc calculus

D distal (surface of the tooth)

D.D.S. Doctor of Dental Surgery

DMFT decayed, missing, or filled teeth

F facial (surface of the tooth)

FM full mouth

FMX full mouth x-ray

F Tx fluoride treatment

I incisal (surface of the tooth)

L lingual (surface of a tooth)

M mesial (surface of the tooth)

O occlusal (surface of a premolar or molar)

OHI oral hygiene instructions

ortho orthodontist

pedo pedodontist

SRP scaling and root planning

subg. subgingival

Word AlertABBREVIATIONSAbbreviations are commonly used in all types of medical documenta-tion; however, they can mean different things to different people and their meaning can be misinterpreted. Always verify that the meaning of the abbreviation makes sense in the context of the report.ADA stands for the American Dental Association, but it can also stand forthe American Dietetic Association and the American Diabetes Association.

Ortho stands for orthodontist and orthodontics, but it can also stand fororthopedist and orthopedics.

It’s Greek to Me!Did you notice that some dental words have more than one combining form? Combining forms fromboth the Greek and Latin languages remain a part of medical language today.

Medical Word Greek Latin Examples of Medical Words

tooth odont/o- dentit/o- periodontist, dentitiondent/o dental



Career FocusDentists practice in the medical specialty of dentistry and treatpatients with tooth and gingival problems. Dentists are doctors whoattended a school of dentistry and have a Doctor of Dental Surgery(D.D.S) degree. Dentists are also known as odontologists.Pedodontists specialize in pediatric dentistry or pedodontics.Endodontists specialize in endodontics, the treatment of diseasesof the dental pulp and tooth root. They often perform dental surgery.Periodontists specialize in periodontics, the treatment of diseasesof the gums and structures that support the tooth root. Ortho-dontists specialize in orthodontics, the straightening of the teethby means of braces. Cosmetic dentists specialize in procedures tochange the appearance of the smile. Forensic dentists work withthe police to identify a victim by matching the teeth to dental radi-ographs or by matching bite marks on a victim’s skin to the dentitionof suspects.

Dental hygienists are allied health professionals who haveexpertise in helping patients attain and maintain oral health. Theyperform dental examinations to identify dental biofilm, periodontalpockets, and caries. They take x-rays and perform cleaning, scaling,and root planning. They perform preventative dental procedures andalso instruct patients in the proper way to brush and floss.

Dental assistants assist the dentist during dental procedures.

Meet Rosemary, a dental hygienist.I became a dental hygienist for a variety of reasons. The main reason was that Iwas directly able to help people and affect their health, not only in the mouth, butthe whole body. On a typical day I’ll see an average of eight to ten patients. Iusually get to the office a half hour before my first patient. I review the recordsand pull out any previous x-rays that were done. Then I’m ready to see thatpatient.

I do an intraoral examination and make notes in the dental record. I do oralcancer screening. I’ll do the prophylaxis; clean their teeth, do a polishing, and takex-rays if necessary, before the dentist comes in. We see all kinds of patients,anywhere from 2 years old to 82 years old. We have handicapped patients, seniors,people who have excellent oral health, and sometimes people who need a lot ofdental work done.

dentist (DEN-tist)dent/o- tooth-ist one who specializes in

odontologist (OH-don-TAWL-oh-jist)odont/o- toothlog/o- the study of-ist one who specializes in

pedodontist (PEE-doh-DON-tist)ped/o- childodont/o- tooth-ist one who specializes in

One of the two o’s is deleted when thecombining forms ped/o- and odont/o- arejoined.

pedodontics (PEE-doh-DON-tiks)ped/o- childodont/o- tooth-ics know ledge, practice

endodontist (EN-doh-DON-tist)endo- innermost, w ithinodont/o- tooth-ist one who specializes in

endodontics (EN-doh-DON-tiks)endo- innermost, w ithinodont/o- tooth-ics know ledge, practice

periodontist (PAIR-ee-oh-DON-tist)peri- aroundodont/o- tooth-ist one who specializes in

periodontics (PAIR-ee-oh-DON-tiks)peri- aroundodont/o- tooth-ics know ledge, practice

orthodontist (OR-thoh-DON-tist)orth/o- straightodont/o- tooth-ist one who specializes in

orthodontics (OR-thoh-DON-tiks)orth/o- straightodont/o- tooth-ics know ledge, practice

cosmetic (kawz-MET-ik)cosmet/o- attractive, adorned-ic pertaining to

forensic (foh-REN-sik)forens/o- court proceedings in

criminal law-ic pertaining to

hygienist (hy-JEH-nist) (hy-JEE-nist)hygien/o- health-ist one who specializes in


CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISESReview all the material in this chapter by completing the review exercises in this section. Use the Answer Key to check your answers.

Anatomy and PhysiologyMatching ExerciseMatch each numbered word or phrase to its description.

1. root _____ Part of the tooth below the gingiva

2. cementum _____ Cone-shaped point on occlusal surface

3. apex _____ Part of the tooth above the gingiva

4. pulp cavity _____ Holds the cementum to the jaw bone

5. crown _____ Narrows and forms a root canal

6. dentin _____ Tooth layer beneath the enamel

7. cusp _____ Hardest substance in the body

8. enamel _____ Bony layer over the tooth root

9. periodontal ligament _____ Tip of tooth root

True or FalseIndicate whether each statement is true or false by writing T or F on the line.

1. ____ Healthy teeth and gingiva allow a person to develop a positive self-image.

2. ____ On a molar tooth, the occlusal surface is used for cutting and tearing food.

3. ____ The gingiva is a mucous membrane that covers the crown of the tooth.

4. ____ The premolars are also known as w isdom teeth.

5. ____ The canine teeth are also known as cuspids.

6. ____ The first deciduous tooth to erupt is usually the lower incisor.

7. ____ When the diet of a pregnant woman does not contain enough calcium, her body w ill break down her own bones to buildthe developing teeth of the fetus.



Fill in the BlankFill in the blank w ith the correct word or phrase from the list below.

deciduous gingiva masticationdentition hydroxyapatite occlusal surfaceeruption odontoclast odontoblast

1. The ______________________ of a tooth is the cutting or grinding surface.

2. An ______________________ is a cell that breaks down the root of a deciduous tooth so that it can loosen and fall out.

3. ______________________ is the medical word for the pink connective tissue commonly known as the gums.

4. ______________________ is the chew ing of food.

5. ______________________ is a calcium salt in the tooth structure.

6. The milk teeth are also known as ______________________ teeth.

7. The ______________________ of the deciduous teeth is known as teething.

8. An ______________________ is a cell that forms the dentin of the tooth.

9. A ll of the deciduous and permanent teeth together make up the ______________________.

Medical Language Word PartsName that Word PartIdentify each of the word parts given here by writing the correct letter (P. C. or S) on the line beside it. Then write its definition on theblank line. The first one has been done for you.

Prefix = P Combining Form = C Suffix = S

Word Part Definition Word Part Definition

1. -al _______ ___________________

2. alg/o- _______ ___________________

3. an- _______ ___________________

4. anti- _______ ___________________

5. apic/o- _______ ___________________

6. -ation _______ ___________________

7. bi/o- _______ ___________________

8. -blast _______ ___________________

9. brux/o- _______ ___________________

10. bucc/o- _______ ___________________

11. calcific/o- _______ ___________________

12. can/o- _______ ___________________

13. cari/o- _______ ___________________

14. cav/o- _______ ___________________

15. -clast _______ ___________________

16. cosmet/o- _______ ___________________

17. de- _______ ___________________

18. decidu/o- _______ ___________________

19. dent/i- _______ ___________________

20. dentit/o- _______ ___________________

21. dent/o- _______ ___________________

22. dist/o- _______ ___________________

23. dyn/o- _______ ___________________

24. -ectomy _______ ___________________

25. edentul/o- _______ ___________________

26. endo- _______ ___________________

27. -er _______ ___________________

28. erupt/o- _______ ___________________

29. -esis _______ ___________________

30. esthet/o- _______ ___________________

31. ex- _______ ___________________

32. forens/o- _______ ___________________

33. -frice _______ ___________________

34. gen/o- _______ ___________________

35. gingiv/o- _______ ___________________

36. halit/o- _______ ___________________

37. hygien/o- _______ ___________________

38. -ia _______ ___________________

39. -ic _______ ___________________

40. -ics _______ ___________________

pertaining to


S


41. impact/o- _______ ___________________

42. -in _______ ___________________

43. incis/o- _______ ___________________

44. -ine _______ ___________________

45. -ion _______ ___________________

46. -ism _______ ___________________

47. -ist _______ ___________________

48. -istry _______ ___________________

49. -itis _______ ___________________

50. -ity _______ ___________________

51. labi/o- _______ ___________________

52. lingu/o- _______ ___________________

53. log/o- _______ ___________________

54. mal- _______ ___________________

55. mastic/o- _______ ___________________

56. mesi/o- _______ ___________________

57. occlus/o- _______ ___________________

58. odont/o- _______ ___________________

59. -or _______ ___________________

60. or/o- _______ ___________________

61. orth/o- _______ ___________________

62. -osis _______ ___________________

63. -ous _______ ___________________

64. -pathy _______ ___________________

65. peri- _______ ___________________

66. -plasty _______ ___________________

67. pre- _______ ___________________

68. -ptosis _______ ___________________

69. re- _______ ___________________

70. resect/o- _______ ___________________

71. scal/o- _______ ___________________

72. super- _______ ___________________

73. -tic _______ ___________________

74. tract/o- _______ ___________________

75. -ure _______ ___________________

Word Part Definition Word Part Definition

oral

Word-Building ExerciseUse the combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes given here to build words that match the definitions given. Write the word you buildin the blank provided. The first one has been done for you.

Word Parts-al (pertaining to) dent/o- (tooth) -ism (process; disease from a specific cause)alg/o- (pain) -ectomy (surgical excision) lingu/o- (tongue)brux/o- (to grind the teeth) edentul/o- (without teeth) odont/o- (tooth)bucc/o- (cheek) -esis (condition) or/o- (mouth)cari/o- (caries, tooth decay) gen/o- (arising from; produced by) orth/o- (straight)-clast(cell that breaks down gingiv/o- (gums) -ous (pertaining to)

substances) -ia (condition, state, thing) -pathy (disease, suffering)decidu/o- (falling off)

1. Pertaining to the mouth (You think or/o- + -al.) You write__________________________________________________________

2. Pertaining to the nonpermanent teeth that fall out ____________________________________________________________________

3. Condition by which teeth are produced in the fetus ___________________________________________________________________

4. Pertaining to the gums _____________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Disease of the teeth _______________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Cell that breaks down teeth ________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Pertaining to the tongue ___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Disease from grinding the teeth _____________________________________________________________________________________

9. Pertaining to the cheek ____________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Condition of a painful tooth ________________________________________________________________________________________

11. Pertaining to tooth decay __________________________________________________________________________________________

12. Pertaining to being w ithout teeth ___________________________________________________________________________________

13. Surgical excision of a tooth _________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Thing (process) that straightens the teeth ____________________________________________________________________________



Symptoms, Signs, and DiseasesLabeling ExerciseLook at Figure 20-11■ . Using the numbered blanks below, describe what you see in this patient’s mouth. For tooth decay, indicatethe tooth number and tooth surface. For crowns, indicate the tooth number and type of crown. Describe any other abnormalities.

Figure 20-11 ■

1. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. ____ Cavities are also known as caries.

2. ____ Tooth decay located on the lingual surface would be next to the cheek.

3. ____ The fetus’s teeth can become permanently stained if the mother takes the antibiotic tetracycline during pregnancy.

4. ____ Malocclusion occurs when the teeth of the upper dental arch do not properly meet the teeth of the lower dental arch.

5. ____ Dental biofilm (plaque) is a clacified deposit on the teeth.

6. ____ Periodontal disease is measured by the depth of the pocket between the gingiva and the tooth.



Circle ExerciseCircle the correct word from the choices given.

1. Halitosis is a condition of bad (breath, gums, teeth).

2. A patient who has no teeth is said to be (carious, edentulous, labial).

3. (Abscess, Bruxism, Caries) can lead to the development of temporomandibular joint disorder.

4. Redness and inflammation of the gums is known as (gingivitis, impaction, torus).

Matching ExerciseMatch each numbered word to its synonym.

1. calculus _____ Bad breath

2. caries _____ Gum resection

3. gingivectomy _____ Tartar

4. halitosis _____ Dentalgia

5. odontectomy _____ Periodontal disease

6. odontodynia _____ Tooth decay

7. orthodontics _____ Orthodontia

8. periodontitis _____ Tooth extraction

Dental Procedures, Surgery, Radiology,Drugs, and Abbreviations

Matching ExerciseMatch each numbered word or phrase to its description.

1. amalgam _____ False teeth

2. bridge _____ X-ray performed at each annual dental exam

3. BWX _____ Semicircular full mouth x-ray

4. dentifrice _____ Nodular, bony outgrowth from the jaw bone

5. denture _____ Dental instrument used to remove dental biofilm

6. disclosing tablets _____ Abrasive toothpaste

7. odontopathy _____ A type of dental prosthesis to replace a few missing teeth

8. Panorex _____ Any type of dental disease

9. scaler (curette) _____ Filling made of silver, mercury, and other metals

10. torus _____ Reveal areas of dental biofilm missed by inadequate brushing





1. ____ A dam is a thin rubber sheet that keeps cement particles out of the throat.

2. ____ An odontectomy is the process of creating a denture for a patient who has no teeth.

3. ____ Applying fluoride treatment to the teeth is known as sealing.

4. ____ A veneer is a type of bridge to replace a missing tooth.

5. ____ Nitrous oxide is an anesthetic gas used in dental offices.

6. ____ M icro air abrasion is one way to do tooth whitening.

7. ____ Lasers are used to whiten teeth and to drill small cavities.

8. ____ A dentist has a D.D.S. degree.

9. ____ Endodontics is the process of using braces and dental appliances to straighten the teeth.

Essay QuestionDescribe what dental biofilm (plaque) is and what effect it has on the teeth and gingivae.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Applied SkillsAnalysis of a Dental ReportIt is 8:45 A .M . and your dental office is about to open for the day. You review the dental record of the first scheduled patient tobecome familiar w ith her past dental history. This is what the dental hygientist wrote in the patient’s dental record during her previousvisit (see Figure 20-12■). In the space below, write out the content of this record, translating abbreviations into full words.

Figure 20-12 ■

PATIENT: SELCHER, Kellie

3/5/06 __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________


Pronunciation ChecklistPractice pronouncing each word. Check the box after you master the pronunciation of the word.

❏ abscess (AB-ses)❏ abutment (ah-BUT-ment)❏ amalgam (ah-MAL-gam)❏ anesthetic drug (AN-es-THET-ik

DRUHG)❏ anesthetic gas (AN-es-THET-ik GAS)❏ antibiotic drug (AN-tee-by-AWT-ik)

(AN-ty-by-AWT-ik DRUHG)❏ apex (AA-peks)❏ bruxism (BRUCK-sizm)❏ buccal surface (BUHK-al SUR-fis)❏ calculus (KAL-kyoo-lus)❏ canal (kah-NAL)❏ canine tooth (KAY-nine TOOTH)❏ caries (KAIR-eez)❏ carious (KAIR-ee-us)❏ cavity (KAV-ih-tee)❏ cementum (seh-MEN-tum)❏ cosmetic dentist (kawz-MET-ik

DEN-tist)❏ cusp (KUSP)❏ deciduous tooth (dee-SID-yoo-us

TOOTH)❏ dentalgia (den-TAL-jee-ah)❏ dental hygenist (DEN-tal hy-JEH-nist)

(hy-JEE-nist)❏ dentifrice (DEN-tih-fris)❏ dentin (DEN-tin)❏ dentist (DEN-tist)❏ dentistry (DEN-tis-tree)❏ dentition (den-TISH-un)

❏ denture (DEN-tyoor)❏ distal surface (DIS-tal SUR-fis)❏ edentulism (ee-DEN-tyoo-lizm)❏ edentulous (ee-DEN-tyoo-lus)❏ enamel (ee-NAM-el)❏ endodontics (EN-doh-DON-tiks)❏ endodontist (EN-doh-DON-tist)❏ eruption (ee-RUP-shun)❏ extraction (ek-STRAK-shun)❏ fluoride (FLOOR-eyed)❏ forensic dentist (foh-REN-sik DEN-tist)❏ gingiva (JIN-jih-vah)❏ gingivae (JIN-jih-vee)❏ gingival (JIN-jih-val)❏ gingivectomy (JIN-jih-VEK-toh-mee)❏ gingivitis (JIN-jih-VY-tis)❏ halitosis (HAL-ih-TOH-sis)❏ impaction (im-PAK-shun)❏ incisor tooth (in-SY-zor TOOTH)❏ labial surface (LAY-bee-al SUR-fis)❏ ligament (LIG-ah-ment)❏ lingual surface (LING-gwal SUR-fis)❏ malocclusion (MAL-oh-KLOO-zhun)❏ mastication (MAS-tih-KAY-shun)❏ mesial surface (MEE-zee-al SUR-fis)❏ molar (MOH-lar)❏ occlusal surface (oh-KLOO-zal SUR-fis)❏ odontectomy (OH-don-TEK-toh-mee)❏ odontoblast (oh-DON-toh-blast)❏ odontoclast (oh-DON-toh-klast)❏ odontodynia (oh-DON-toh-DIN-ee-ah)

❏ odontogenesis (oh-DON-toh-JEN-eh-sis)

❏ odontologist (OH-don-TAWL-oh-jist)❏ odontology (OH-don-TAWL-oh-jee)❏ odontopathy (OH-don-TOP-ah-thee)❏ odontoplasty (oh-DON-toh-PLAS-tee)❏ odontoptosis (OH-don-toh-TOH-sis)❏ oral cavity (OR-al KAV-ih-tee)❏ orthodontia (OR-thoh-DON-shee-ah)❏ orthodontics (OR-thoh-DON-tiks)❏ orthodontist (OR-thoh-DON-tist)❏ pedodontics (PEE-doh-DON-tiks)❏ pedodontist (PEE-doh-DON-tist)❏ periapical (PAIR-ee-AP-ih-kal)❏ periodontal (PAIR-ee-oh-DON-tal)❏ periodontics (PAIR-ee-oh-DON-tiks)❏ periodontist (PAIR-ee-oh-DON-tist)❏ periodontitis (PAIR-ee-oh-don-TY-tis)❏ plaque (PLAK)❏ premolar (pree-MOH-lar)❏ prosthesis (praws-THEE-sis)❏ prosthetic (praws-THET-ik)❏ resection (ree-SEK-shun)❏ retractor (ree-TRAK-ter)❏ scaler (SKAY-ler)❏ socket (SAWK-et)❏ tartar (TAR-ter)❏ torus (TOH-rus)❏ tori (TOH-rye)❏ veneer (veh-NEER)



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