LAW OF SUPERPOSITION

Law of superposition states that the older layer is on the bottom and the younger is on top.

Unconformity- a layer of missing rock caused by erosion (if it takes place) or deposition (if it is not taking place).

Deposition- addition/accumulation of new material

Erosion – the wearing away of material

According to the Law of Superposition at which dept in a multi-layered rock formation will the oldest rock likely be found?

A. 10 mB. 50 mC. 300mD. 500m

Which type of dating method can be used on rock layers by applying the law of superposition?

A. Relative datingB. Absolute datingC. Radioactive datingD. Radiometic dating

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING USES LAYERED SEDIMENTARY ROCK TO TELL WHICH EVENTS ON EARTH OCCURRED BEFORE OTHER EVENTS?A. Absolute AgeB. UnconformityC. Relative Age D. Plate Tectonics

The diagram below shows fossils in sedimentary rocks.

Which layers most likely would provide fossil evidence of an

ancestor common to the organisms found in both layers 2and 3?A. Layer 1 C. Layer 3B. Layer 2 D. Layer 4

CONTINENTAL DRIFT

Evidence : 1. Continents fit like puzzle pieces 2. Identical fossils found on different

continents 3. Identical rock sequence (geology) 4. Ancient climate (example topical

fossils found on Antarctica)

Continents spread apart this theory didn’t explain the forces that moved it but The Theory of Plate tectonics did!! Convention currents in the mantle.

A SCIENTIST FINDS FOSSILS FROM THE SAME ORGANISM IN BOTH INDIA AND AFRICA. WHAT IS A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR THE PRESENCE OF THESE FOSSILS ON TWO DIFFERENT CONTINENTS?

A. Adaptation B. Continental Drift C. Climate Change D. Law of superposition

Some of the same species of plants are found in Africa and Australia. Which best explains this discovery?

A. Land bridgeB. Continental driftC. Climate changesD. Species extinction

Which statement best explains why fossils of both ocean animals, such as starfish, and land animals, such as insects, are found inland in Australia?

E. Not all former life was preserved as fossils.B. Ocean animals migrated several miles inland.C. Ocean water covered the land millions of years ago.D. Volcanoes erupted, and the animals were preserved in

the lava

Which is evidence of the separation of a supercontinent?

A. continents located in tropical regionsB. tracing human ancestry to several

original groupsC. mountains ranges that begin on one

continent and continue on anotherD. animals that develop differently

depending on which continent they live

If identical fossil remains of plants and animals that

lived 175 million years ago were found in Iceland,Europe, Africa and Brazil, what would be the bestconclusion?A. Iceland, Europe, Africa, and Brazil were all once part of the mid-Atlantic ridge.B. The breakup of an ancient supercontinent

occurred less than 175 million years ago.C. The breakup of an ancient supercontinent

occurred more that 175 million years ago.D. Iceland, Europe, Africa, and Brazil currently have

the same animals inhabiting them.

EVOLUTION (MEANS TO CHANGE)

The geologic time scale is a record of earth’s history which is categorized by major events (example 1st form of life).

Mass extinction- large amount of organisms die example of events that can cause this are volcanoes and asteroids.

Natural selection/adaptation- organism change in response to their environment.(Darwin’s finches their beaks matched what they ate)

The greater the diversity the greater the chances are for that species to survive during environmental changes.

Those traits that increase survival are passed on from generation to generation.

Which best explains why some species of animalsare found living only in certain groups of islandsand nowhere else in the world?

A. The islands have similar climates.B. The islands are geographically isolatedC. There are few natural predators found there.D. The food these animals eat is only found there.

ATOMIC STRUCTUREElements are made up of atoms. Elements can be

found on the periodic table (YOU WILL HAVE ONE FOR THE EOG)

FormulasAtomic # (TOP #/smaller#) = # protons# protons = #electronsMass#(bottom#/larger#)= # protons + #

neutrons*** to calculate # neutrons = Mass# - Atomic

#Subatomic Particle

Charge Location

Proton Positive charge Located inside of the nucleus

Neutron No charge/neutral Located inside of the nucleus

Electron Negative charge Outside the nucleus

PERIODIC TABLE REVIEW Elements in the same groups(vertical column) react and

behave similarly. Elements are given a symbol including a capital letter and

sometimes a lower case letter. EXAMPLE C –Carbon and Co-Cobalt

Important groups: 1- alkali metal most reactive,2 alkaline metals,17-halogens,18-noble gases (inert not to react).

Most of the elements are metals. Elements are :natural (occur in nature) or

synthetic (man-made) synthetic elements are the group at the bottom.

Group 1 Alkali Metals

Most reactive

Group 2 Alkaline Metals

Reactive

Group 17 Halogens Example Cl

Group 18 Noble gas Inert (not to react)

WHICH IS TRUE FOR ANY ELEMENT?

A. Atomic number = number of protons + number of electrons

B. Atomic number = number of protonsC. Atomic number = number of protons +

number of neutrons D. Atomic number = number of protons,

electrons, and neutrons

WHICH IS TRUE OF ALL ELEMENTS?

A. They have no physical properties.B. They are solids at room temperature.C. They break down during chemical

reactions.D. They are each composed of only kind of

atom.

WHAT ARE THE BASIC MATERIALS THAT FORM ALL LIVING AND NONLIVING SUBSTANCES THROUGH DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS?A. ChemicalsB. CompoundsC. ElementsD. Gases

WHAT ARE ELECTRONS?

a. positively charged particlesb. negatively charged particlesc. particles with no charged. particles whose charge can change

 

What does the nucleus of an atom contain?

A.protons, neutrons, and electrons

B.only electronsC.protons and neutronsD.electrons and protons

Which element represents an atom of sodium?

A.1B.2C.3D.4

Element Protons Neutrons Electrons

1 11 11 11

2 22 22 22

3 11 23 11

4 11 12 11

ACCORDING TO THE PERIODIC TABLE, WHICH ONE REPRESENTS A CARBON ATOM?

A

C

B

D

Metals MetalloidsMost common silicon

Non-Metals

Shiny Yes Sometimes No- Dull

Malleable(Easily

Shaped)

Yes- example

Aluminum foil

Sometimes No

Conducts Electricity

Yes SometimesSemi- conductors used in computer

chips

No

Location Left Staircase Right

NASA IS DEVELOPING EASILY COMPACTED MATERIALS THAT WILL BE STORES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. WHAT CHARACTERISTICS SHOULD BE MATERIALS HAVE?

A. Electrical conductivity B. MagnetismC. Solubility D. malleability

In a sample of the element potassium, each atom has

A. 19 protonsB. 20 neutronsC. 39 protons and

neutronsD. 39 neutrons

ELEMENT, COMPOUND, MIXTURE

PHYSICAL VS CHEMICAL CHANGE

Physical Change Chemical change

Density Gas-bubbles produced

Melting Point Temperature change

Boiling Point Color change

Phase change (solid to liquid)

Precipitate – solid forms

Specific Heat is a unique temperature for a specific substance example water freezes at 0⁰ Celsius.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

Matter nor mass is created or destroyed, it can only be rearranged.

In a chemical equation the total mass in the reactants must equal the total mass in the product

Which substance cannot be decomposed by a chemical change?

a) NH3

b) C c) CH4

d) H2O

How many atoms are there in one molecule of the compound 2Al2O3?

a) 4 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygen

b) 5 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygen

c) 2 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygen

d) 4 atoms of aluminum and 6 atoms of oxygen

ENERGY TRANSFER

All organisms require energy for growth, maintenance, reproduction, locomotion, etc..

The SUN is the ultimate source of energy without it, the most basic forms of life would not exist

Food(nutrients-proteins, carbohydrates, fats, lipids) provides molecules that serve as fuel and building material for all organisms

Carbohydrates – provides energy for cells Proteins – helps build and repair muscle Fats – acts as he body's insulator protecting organs and

absorbing shocks, helps process vitamins and minerals, and provides energy

ENERGY TRANSFER

Mitosis/Meiosis- are the processes of growing and dividing to produce new cellsPhotosynthesis- Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucoseCellular Respiration- is the chemical reaction that releases the energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose

Where do plants get most of the energy they need to live and grow?

A waterB soilC airD sunlight

Which food provides the most energy for the body in the shortest amount of time?

A potatoB meatC milkD fruit

Why is protein an important part of a healthy diet?

A It is needed to change glucose to energy.B It is needed to store nutrients.C It is needed to repair tissue.D It is needed to produce water.

Ecosystem- all biotic (living) factors & abiotic (non-living) factors that interact in an environmentProducers- Organism that make their own food by capturing energy from the sun

Consumers- are organisms that feed on other organisms.

Energy flows from sun to organism to organism

The energy flow from one trophic level to the other is called a food chainA food chain is simple and directIt involves one organism at each trophic level

-Primary Consumers – eat producers-Secondary Consumers – eat the primary consumers-Tertiary Consumer-eat the secondary consumer-Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment.

Parasitism – one species feeds on another enhancesfitness of parasite but reduces fitness of host

Mutualism – two species provide resources or servicesto each other enhances fitness of both species

Commensalism – one species receives a benefit fromanother species enhances fitness of one species; noeffect on fitness of the other species

Symbiosis – two species live together can includeparasitism, mutualism, and commensalism

Ecological Interactions can affect distribution and abundance and influence evolution.