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A STUDY ON SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING AT

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

ACCOUNTING1.1 INTRODUCTION

Accounting information is essentiall !nancial information" t#e

conce$t of mone measurement results in t#e limitation of

recor%ing onl t#ose transactions in t#e &oo's of accounting t#at

is ca$a&le of &eing measure% in terms of mone( Accounting

re$orts are t#erefore limite% to $#enomena t#at can &e %escri&e%

in monetar terms( As a result" man factors im$ortant to

&usiness organi)ation *#ic# cannot &e translate% into monetar

terms go unrecor%e%(

A &usiness organi)ation is also a social unit( It uses t#e societ+s

resources an% $ro%uces goo%s an% ser,ices for *#ic# t#e societ

is t#e ultimate consumer( T#e &usiness $ro,i%es em$loment for

si)ea&le section of t#e societ ma'ers in ,arious forms( T#us" it is

onl in a %e,elo$e% societ a &usiness organi)ation *oul%

succee%( T#e %e,elo$ment of t#e societ an% &usiness are co-

e.tensi,e since t#e &usiness %ra*s t#e &ene!t from t#e societ it

#as a res$onsi&ilit to*ar%s it(

An increasing a*areness in our societ in recent times is t#at

&usiness managers are ma%e increasingl res$onsi&le for

conse/uential societ an% en,ironmental im$act( C#anging

en,ironments an% social $arameters #a,e com$elle% t#em to

re,alue t#eir social as *ell as economic o&ligations to*ar%s t#e

nee%s of societ since societ $ro,i%es t#e re/uisite *or'ing

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infrastructure an% facilities( T#is #as ma%e t#e enter$rise to

account an% re$ort also t#e nee%s of societ( 2ence t#e

organi)ation #as to $resent t#e accounting statements *#ic# *ill

re4ect t#e social an% economic &ene!ts create% & it as *ell as

t#e costs incurre% *it# *#ic# to a$$raise its contri&ution to*ar%s

sol,ing t#e $ro&lems of societ(

Social accounting &egan %e,elo$ing in t#e U(5( in t#e earl 3678s"

*#en t#e $u&lic interest Researc# grou$ esta&lis#e% Social Au%itLt%( T#is organi)ation carrie% out" an% $u&lis#e%" in,estigations

into t#e o$erations of large $u&lic com$anies" *it#out necessaril

gaining t#eir $ermission or coo$eration" *#ilst len%ing su$$ort to

consumer $ressure" t#ere is an argument t#at t#is #a% a negati,e

on accounta&ilit" as organi)ations soug#t to ensure t#at sensiti,e

information *as #i%%en from suc# in,estigations(

Glo&ali)ation #as &roug#t *it# it a *i%e reali)ation t#at

com$anies %o not o$erate in isolation" &ut can #a,e mar'e%

im$acts on t#e en,ironment an% $eo$le at local" national" an%

glo&al le,els( T#is #as le% to an increasing a*areness of CSR" an%

t#e tri$le &ottom-line of &usiness success an% measuring t#e

&usiness not onl in !nancial $erformance" &ut & its social an%

en,ironmental im$act as *ell( T#ir% craft an% t#e ne* economic

foun%ation $ioneere% a form of social accounting in earl 3668s

t#at in ,oluntar in nature an% roote% in engagement *it# sta'e

#ol%ers( T#is can assist organi)ation" &ot# commercial an% NGOs"

in un%erstan%ing an% im$ro,ing t#eir social im$act(



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Social accounting is a *a of %emonstrating t#e e.tent to *#ic#

an organi)ation is meeting its state% social or et#ical goals( :#ilst

in%e$en%entl ,eri!e%" t#e organi)ation itself o*ns t#e $rocess of

%ata collection an% analsis an% t#e $rocess is %ri,en &

in%icators t#e organi)ation sets in consultation *it# sta'e#ol%ers"

as o$$ose% to &eing on stan%ar%s or criteria %etermine%

e.tremel( T#is is &alance% & t#e $rinci$le of &enc#mar'ing"

*#ic# *#ilst still %e,elo$ing" s#oul% ena&le organi)ational

com$arisons *#ere $ossi&le(

Tec#nicall" t#e terms social accounting or social auit

refer to s$eci!c $arts of a $rocess no* &esto*e% *it# t#e muc#

more un*iel% title of ;social an% Et#ical Accounting" au%iting an%

Re$orting< =SEAAR>( In $ractice" t#e s#orter titles ten% to &e use%

interc#angea&l to refer to t#e entire $rocess( :#ic#e,er title is

use%" t#e $rocess s#oul% in,ol,e all t#ree ste$s?

Internal %ata collection an% analsis $roce%ures =accounting> An in%e$en%entl au%it of t#e results =au%iting> A mec#anism for %isseminating t#e outcomes more *i%el

=re$orting>

0o%ern !nancial tests $ostulate t#at t#e o&@ecti,e of t#e !rm is to

ma.imi)e its mar'et ,alue( Acce$tance of t#is single o&@ecti,e

s#oul% lea% managers to ma.imi)e t#e antici$ate% le,el of net

o$eration cas# 4o*s an% minimi)e t#e $ercei,e% le,el of ris'

associate% *it# t#ose cas# 4o*s(

T#e ,alue of t#e !rm is its %iscounte% antici$ate% net o$erational

cas# 4o*s( T#e single !nancial o&@ecti,e of ma.imi)ation of t#e

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mar'et ,alue of t#e !rm #as not &een uni,ersall acce$te%( E,en

a cursor glance at t#e con,ention $ro!ts an% loss accounting

suggeste% t#e com$anies+ res$onsi&ilities to ,arious interest

grou$s(

It can &e inter$rete% as suggesting t#at cor$orate managers #a,e

res$onsi&ilities to*ar%s consumers" managers of international

$aments" su$$liers" an% em$loees inclu%ing mangers" local

communities" an% mangers of go,ernment !nances as *ell ass#are#ol%ers an% $ro,i%es of loan ca$ital(

Social Accounting an its !"#o!ting is $"co%ing "ss"ntial

on account o& t'" &ollo(ing)

Increasing a*areness of societ a&out t#e cor$orate social

contri&ution(

Pro,i%ing means of i%entifing an% re*ar%ing &usiness for

social contri&ution( I%entifing a%,erse eects on t#e en,ironment( Im$ro,ing cre%i&ilit an% re$utation of &usiness(Transferring cost of social acti,ities to ot#er segments of

societ(

:#ile %esigning t#e contents to &e inclu%e% in social accounting"

it s#oul% &e ta'en care of to see t#at it %oes not con4ict *it# t#e

s#are#ol%ers interest(T#e &usiness enter$rise is an integral $art of t#e functioning of

our nation( As suc#" in return for t#e $ri,ileges an% rig#ts grante%

to it & t#e state" increasingl t#e enter$rise is &eing e.$ecte% to

assume res$onsi&ilit to*ar%s t#e societ in *#ic# o$erates(

Business !rms t#emsel,es #a,e c#ange%" an% at t#e same time



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#a,e &ecome so massi,e t#at t#e e.ercise im$ortant in4uences

on t#e communities in *#ic# t#e e.ist" often t#e e.ercise

strongl in4uence t#e la*s to *#ic# t#e are re/uire% to conform(

T#e entire $ri,ate sector #as &ecome all mi.e% u$ *it# t#e $u&lic

sector( T#ere is am$le e,i%ence t#at cor$orate managements are

recogni)ing t#e im$ortance of t#eir actions on t#e social *ell&eing

an% increasingl are re$orting t#is as$ect of t#eir o$erations in

annual re$orts(

1.* NATURE O+ SOCIAL ACCOUNTING

Social accounting )

Social accounting is also calle% & ot#er names suc# as social

res$onsi&ilit accounting" social au%it" socioeconomic

accounting" social re$orting Social accounting tries to measure

t#e eect of *elfare acti,ities on t#e societ an% t#e enter$rise

itself for /ualitati,e as *ell as /uantitati,e terms(

Social accounting is %e!ne% & Ric#ar% Do&&ins an% Da,i%

1anning a ;T#e 0easuring an% re$orting of information concerning

t#e im$act of entit an% its acti,ities an% societ


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im$airment of #uman factor of $ro%uction" mono$ol an% social

losses" $ro%uction of %angerous $ro%ucts an% e.$losi,es"

%eterioration in t#e la* an% or%er con%itions in t#e in%ustrial

estates etc(

Social B"n",t )

Social &ene!t+ is a com$ensation ma%e to t#e societ in t#e form

of increase in $er ca$ita income" em$loment o$$ortunities" etc(

Social -alu" )

Social alue+ %enotes /uanti!e% social *ort# or utilit( T#e ,alue

of an resource %e$en%s on t#e e.istence of some social *elfare

function /uanti!a&le as a *ort# is a social ,alue(

Social #!o,t )

Social $ro!t+ ma &e %e!ne% as t#e e.cess of social &ene!ts

recei,e% & t#e societ from a &usiness !rm o,er t#e social costs

&orne & t#e societ attri&uta&le to t#e same !rm(

Social !"#o!ting ?

Social re$orting+ encom$asses re$orting on t#ose acti,ities of t#e

organi)ation t#at #a,e an im$act on t#e societ at large &ut are

not necessaril re$resente% & its tra%itional !nancial re$ort(

Social Auit )

T#e conce$t of Social Au%it+ is a ne* %imension in au%iting(

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Accor%ing to 5o#ler+s Dictionar for Accountants"social audit

is an examination of business performance and

consequences of its super legal public interest, non-prot

activities. Such activities have been held to include

nancial contributors and personnel loans to public

enterprise, creation of scholarships, technical training

programmes shared with non-employees, memberships on

civic committees and boards and participations in aairs

devoted to public interest.

A re,ie* of t#e social res$onsi&ilities of t#ese enter$rises an% also

costs an% &ene!ts cause% to t#e $u&lic is calle% social Au%it+( T#e

social au%it is a sstematic e,aluation of an organi)ation+s social

$erformance as %istinguis#e% from its economic $erformance( T#e

social au%it is a tool & *#ic# an attem$t is ma%e to measure

$ositi,e or negati,e contri&ution of a &usiness to t#e societ(

To im$lement a social $rogramme successfull" a com$an

must &e organi)ationall geare% to t#e eort( It must arrange to

set into motion cor$orate mac#iner to?

E,aluate" /uantitati,el *#ere $ossi&le" t#e social

im$ro,ement in *#ic# it functions( Esta&lis# an% im$ro,e social o&@ecti,es

0a'e resource allocation in res$onse to i%enti!e% social

&ene!ts(

1. OB/ECTI-ES O+ SOCIAL ACCOUNTING



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T#e main o&@ecti,es of social accounting are to #el$ societ &

$ro,i%ing %ierent facilities & enter$rise an% to recor% t#em(

T#e are?

!ective utili"ation of natural resources# 0ain o&@ecti,es

of ma'ing social accounting is to %etermine *#et#er com$an

is $ro$erl utili)e t#eir natural resources or not( $elp to employees# Com$an can #el$ em$loees &

$ro,i%ing t#e facilit of e%ucation to c#il%ren of em$loees"

$ro,i%ing trans$ort free of cost an% also $ro,i%ing goo%

*or'ing en,ironment con%itions( $elp to society? Because com$anies factories s$rea% t#e

$ollution in natural societ *#ic# is ,er #armful for societ(

So" enter$rise can #el$ to societ & $lanting t#e trees"

esta&lis#ing ne* $ar's near factor area( An% also o$ening

ne* #os$itals $elp to customers# In social accounting t#is is t#e $art of

&ene!ts gi,en & com$an to societ" if com$an $ro,i%es

goo%s to customers at lo*er rate an% *it# #ig# /ualit( $elp to investors? Com$an can #el$ to in,estors &

$ro,i%ing trans$arent accounting information to in,estors(

1.0 IPORTANCE 2 SIGNI+ICANT +EATURES O+

SOCIAL ACCOUNTING1. Social accounting is not i%#act ass"ss%"ntSocial accounting" t#oug#t t#e AA3888 $rocess stan%ar%s"

$ro,i%es a com$re#ensi,e an% sstematic frame*or' for

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accounting" au%iting" an% re$orting against an organi)ation+s

social o&@ecti,es( T#e %isci$line of social accounting encourages

an organi)ation to ta'e im$act assessment more seriousl( It

encourages management information sstems to &e %e,elo$e%

an% em&e%%e% in t#e organi)ation to $ro,i%e ongoing monitoring

an% learning from $rogramme acti,ities(

*. Social Accounting us"s #a!tici#ato!3 %"t'osSocial accounting $ro,i%es an i%eal *a to com&ine $artici$ator

met#o%s of in%icator setting *it# ongoing /ualitati,e %atacollection( T#e em$#asis on i%entifing an% engaging *it# 'e

sta'e#ol%ers len%s itself *ell to t#e use of im$act assessment

met#o%ologies suc# as Partici$ator Rural A$$raisal=PRA> an%

Partici$ator Learning an% Action=PLA>( If a SEAAR mt#olog is to

&e em$loe% as a frame*or' for im$act assessment" t#en it

&ecomes incum&ent on t#ose %esigning an inter,ention to %o so

in t#e lig#t of sta'e#ol%er %ialogue" so t#at t#e criteria for

assessment are set t#roug# sta'e#ol%er consultation" rat#er t#an

&eing %onor %ri,en(

.Social Accounting s""4s to "%$" 2EDe,elo$ment of social accounting $rocesses *it#in an

organi)ation in,ol,es commitment to ongoing sta'e#ol%er

%ialogue" an% t#e %e,elo$ment of a management information

sstem &ase% on in%icators of social im$act( Im$act assessment

of enter$rise %e,elo$ment $ro@ects often &emoan t#e lac' of a

sstematic em&e%%e% 0KE sstem" *#ic# #am$ers eorts to

$ro,i%e an% use meaningful im$act assessment information( T#e

AA3888 focus on em&e%%ing sstems is t#erefore useful



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=es$eciall *it# t#e a%%ition of a full mo%ule on t#is to$ic to &e

a%%e% in t#e ne*AA3888 Series>(T#e e.$erience of Tra%ecraft is t#at iterations of t#e social au%it

$rocess #a,e le% to a s#ift in focus from a nee% to $ro,e our

ac#ie,ements" to*ar%s a %esire to im$ro,e t#em" using learning

gaining from t#e e.ercise as a 'e %ri,er(

0. Sco#" o& "ngag"%"ntIt is im$ortant to note t#at social accounting #as an

organi)ational" rat#er t#an $ro@ect le,el sco$e( T#us sta'e#ol%ers

@u%ge an organi)ation on t#eir o,erall $erce$tion rat#er t#an a

narro* ,ie* of $ro@ect success or failure( 2o*e,er" one of t#e

le,el at *#ic# sta'e#ol%er %ialogue can &e carrie% out & t#e

organi)ation( Enter$rise %e,elo$ment acti,ities t$icall in,ol,e

c#ains of interrelate% inter,entions( It is unreasona&le to e.$ect

$arties t#at %o not #a,e a %irect relations#i$ *it# t#e organi)ation

to &e in,ol,e% in ma'ing a regular assessment of #o* it #as

$erforme% against social in%icators(5. T!ans#a!"nc31un%amental to social accounting is t#e conce$t of accounta&ilit"

ai%e% t#roug# increase% trans$arenc( 1e* of t#e esta&lis#e%

met#o%s of e,aluating $ro@ect or $rogramme success inclu%e

trans$arenc of results as a $rimar concern" social accounting

a%%s a le,el of accounta&ilit to *#at are sometimes $ercei,e% as

unaccounta&le NGOs( T#e are t#ose *#o no* suggest t#at social

accounting oers an interesting *a of &ringing *i%er

accounta&ilit to %onor fun%e% or NGO le% $ro@ects in t#e

enter$rise sector(

6. Co%#lianc" o! i%#!o7"%"nt



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One of t#e most $ositi,e features of social accounting is t#at it

encourages c#ange *it#in t#e organi)ation( Earlier conce$ts of

social au%it in,ol,e% an e.ternal organi)ation ma'ing an

assessment of social $erformance an% $ro,i%ing a re$ort on t#e

com$an( T#is met#o% %i% not ten% to c#ange t#e *a &usinesses

o$erate% in t#e *a t#at self-%irecte% assessments are carrie% out

in t#e same *a im$ose% e.ternall len%ing to limite%

o*ners#i$ of t#e results & t#e organi)ation assesse%( Social

accounting ten%s to foster an im$ro,ement rat#er t#an a

com$liance-&ase% mentalit to im$act assessment an% so s#oul%

lea% to o*ners#i$ an% ongoing im$ro,ement in t#e organi)ation(

1.5 BENE+ITS O+ SOCIAL ACCOUNTING AND

REPORTINGSe,eral &ene!ts of social accounting an% re$orting & an

organi)ation are as follo*s? Presentation of a com$lete $icture to t#e societ an% t#e

management to ena&le e,er&o% to form correct o$inions

Assist management in formulating a$$ro$riate $olicies an%

$riorities

A,oi%ance of a%,erse $u&licit(

Im$ro,ement of image lea%ing to greater su$$ort from Go,t(

an% $u&lic(

2el$ in mar'eting an% greater su$$ort

E,i%ence of social commitment(

Im$ro,e% em$loee moti,ation(

Better &usiness *it# all concerne% e(g(" &an's" Insurance an%

Go,ernment etc(

Resolution of social $ro&lems can assist in long-term gro*t# of

t#e organi)ation(



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Attracting an% retaining #ig# /ualit of sta

O&taining fee%&ac' from t#e $u&lic as to t#e c#anges re/uire%

in t#e focus( Im$ro,e% con!%ence of s#are#ol%ers or mem&ers(

0eeting information nee%s of consumer an% societ(Se,eral com$anies are reali)ing t#at &eing a sociall res$onsi&le

organi)ation can &e goo% for $ro%ucti,it" morale" an% loalt

amongst em$loees( In a%%ition to t#e &ene!ts %eri,e% & t#e

in%i,i%ual organi)ation" ,arious ot#er intereste% $arties li'e Go,t(

agencies" consumer councils" S#are#ol%ers associations" Tra%e

associations" Ne*s me%ia" etc(" also &ene!t &ecause of t#e rea%

a,aila&ilit of t#e information(

1.6 A/OR AREAS O+ SOCIAL PER+ORANCET#e Cana%ian National Association of Accountants #as a%,ance%

t#e most useful categori)ation of t#e ,aria&le $resent in social

accounting measurement( Societal concerns are %i,i%e% into t#e

follo*ing four ma@or com$onents(Communit in,ol,ement2uman resource ste*ar%s#i$P#sical resources an% en,ironmental ste*ar%s#i$Pro%uct or ser,ice contri&ution

Co%%unit3 in7ol7"%"nt inclu%es t#ose sociall oriente%

acti,ities" *#ic# ten% $rimaril to t#e general $u&lic" e(g(

$#ilant#ro$ic $rograms" communit in,ol,ement &

em$loees" cor$orate communit ser,ices( 8u%an !"sou!c" st"(a!s'i# co,ers acti,ities %irecte% to

t#e *ell&eing of em$loees" e(g(" #iring $ractices" $ension an%

retirement &ene!ts" *or'ing con%itions" training an% $romotion

$olicies" @o& enric#ment an% satisfaction(



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P'3sical !"sou!c"s an En7i!on%"nt st"(a!s'i#inclu%es

$rotection of t#e en,ironment( P!oucts o! S"!7ic"s Cont!i$utionof a social nature %eal

*it# t#e im$act of t#e com$an+s $ro%ucts an% ser,ices on

societ an% its relations *it# consumers" e(g( $ro%uct /ualit

an% inno,ation" a%,ertisement an% $ac'ing" $ro%uct safet"

guarantees an% *arranties" customer+s satisfaction an%

consumerism(

1.9 C8EC:LIST O+ ITES O+ SOCIAL REPORTINGT#e c#ec'list of un%er eac# of t#ese four ma@or #ea%ings

i%enti!es t$ical e.am$le of social $erformance( T#e list is neit#er

all-inclusi,e nor ran'e% & im$ortance" &ut it ser,es as a

&eginning frame*or' for social re$orting & $ro,i%ing %i,isions"

*#ic# are reasona&l clear an% logical(Cor$orate social $erformance is measure% t#roug# social cost

analsis" as t#ere are no esta&lis#e% stan%ar%s for measuring"

re$orting an% e,aluating social $erformance( T#e ,arious

c#ec'lists of items of Social Re$orting are liste% &elo* in a ta&le



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TABLE;1.1TABLE S8O


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%e,elo$ment

7(A%,ertisement an% $romotion1.= A/OR SOCIO;ECONOIC PROBLEST#e follo*ing #ea%s are i%enti!e% consi%ering t#e ma@or socio

economic $ro&lems for social re$orting $ur$ose(3 (Energ conser,ation9 (In%ustrial safet( Mualit assurance( Consumer $rotectionF( :elfare *or' of *ea'er sections of t#e societ

H( Information regar%ing im$orts an% e.$orts7( Im$ort su&stitutionJ( Im$ro,ement of $ro%ucti,it6( Researc# an% %e,elo$ment38( Em$loment of minorities33( Contri&ution to go,ernment e.c#e/uer39( En,ironmental control3( Social $ro@ects3( foreign e.c#ange transactions3F( Em$loment o$$ortunities3H( National interest %onations37( Em$loees $artici$ants in management an% *elfare measures3J( 1amil $lanning an% *elfare $rogrammes36( De,elo$ment of ancillar an% small scale in%ustries

1.> SOCIAL REPORTING STATEENTST#e &elo* mentione% ta&le s#o*s t#e format an% constituents

of a sim$le Social accounting statement" &ase% on t#e

con,entional $ro!t an% loss or income statement(

TABLE;1.*TABLE S8O


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Pament to su$$liersTa.es an% rates" etc("

Di,i%en% an% interestA%%itional em$loee &ene!tsDonations to t#e communitEn,ironmental im$ro,ementsAncillar &ene!tsTotal social $"n",ts@aSocial costs)Goo%s an% materials ac/uire%

1i.e% asset $urc#aseLa&our an% ser,ice use%Pu&lic ser,ice an% facilities usePa3%"nt &!o% ot'"!"l"%"nts o& soci"t3CustomersIn,estorsLen%ors:or'-relate in@uries or illnessesDiscrimination an% %isa%,antageEn,ironmental %amageOt#er costsTotal social costs@$

???

???

???

Cat"go!i"s o& social $"n",ts Ta'ing t#e ser,ices $ro,i%e% =t#e $resent ,alue of t#e entit+s

out$ut toget#er *it# t#e ,alue of facilities or ser,ices $ro,i%e% to

ot#er elements of t#e societ( Paments to ot#er elements of societ(

Donations to t#e communit=&ot# mone sums" *#et#er & %irect

gifts or s$onsors#i$" an% gifts in 'in%> En,ironmental im$ro,ements =lan%sca$ing gra,el $it" or $ro,i%ing

a com$an &us ser,ices>(

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Ancillar &ene!ts=factor crc#es or $u&lic e%ucation

$rogrammes>Cat"go!i"s o& social cost Goo%s an% material s ac/uire%

1i.e% assets $urc#ases

La&our an% ser,ices use%

Pu&lic ser,ice an% facilities use% =t#e entits s#are of t#e cost of

t#e $olice an% !re ser,ices" of t#e use of roa%s" $ar's" se*ers an%

so on

Pament from ot#er elements of t#esociet=customers"in,estors"len%ers>

:or'-relate% in@uries an% illness=t#e $resent ,alue of lost income>

Discrimination an% %isa%,antages

En,ironmental %amage

Ot#er costs=$ro%uct s#ort coming or un%esira&le attitu%e

formation>

1.1 SOCIAL REPORTING ODELST#e follo*ing social re$orting mo%els are %e,elo$e% & social

researc#ers?A&t+smo%el" *#ic# is *i%el acce$te% s$eciall %iscusse% social

re$orting( T#is a$$roac# #as &een %e,elo$e% an% use% & A&t

associates in t#e unite% states *#ic# em$#asi)es #ere #as &een

on /ualifing t#e ,alue contri&ute% to t#e societ =assets> an%

%etriments cause% to t#e societ=lia&ilities> an% to arrange t#em

in a fas#ion com$ara&le to t#e t$ical !nancial &alance s#eet(

T#is is also 'no*n as cost &ene!t analsis a$$roac#( T#is mo%el

furt#er suggests t#at it is li'e or%inar commercial au%it *#ic#

contain Social o$erating Statement *#ic# in$uts =cost> an%



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out$uts=&ene!ts> *it# %e&it si%e an% cre%it si%e res$ecti,el( T#is

in$ut an% out$ut must &e measure% in monetar terms(

T#e Social Income Statement $ro,i%es monetar /uali!cation of

t#e !rms social &ene!ts as sources generate% & t#e com$ans

o$erations" #a,ing a $ositi,e im$act or increasing a societs

resources( T#e social costs are resource use% in t#e com$an+s

o$erations at a ;cost sacri!ce or %etermine% to t#e societ


19/118


In Social-economic o$erating statement a$$roac#" t#e assum$tion

t#at a !rm gi,es somet#ing to t#e societ an% uses somet#ing of

societ an% t#is interaction &e $resente% in a statement format

*#ic# is calle% t#e socio-economic o$erating statement =SEOS>+(

Accor%ing to t#is a$$roac#" t#e !rm $resents t#e $ositi,e an%

negati,e as$ects of its social acti,ities( T#e $ositi,e as$ects are

terme% as social &ene!ts+ an% negati,e as$ects social costs( T#e

net social contri&ution of a !rm is re$resente% &ut t#e %ierence

&et*een social &ene!ts an% social costs( T#is a$$roac# suggests

t#at a !rm s#oul% $re$are a social statement $erio%icall s#o*ing

t#e e.$en%iture ma%e for im$ro,ement in social areas" oset t#e

cost of $rogrammes *#ic# *ere not un%erta'en nut *#ic# *oul%

#a,e resulte% in im$ro,ements(

1.11 LIITATIONS O+ SOCIAL REPORTING

Social res$onsi&ilit accounting #as &een %e,elo$e% in res$onse

to t#e go,ernment an% $u&lics $ressure on large cor$orations to

&e more trans$arent an% conscious a&out t#e im$act of t#eir

acti,ities on t#e en,ironment an% societ( As t#is is not a

tra%itional accounting sstem" t#e im$lementation $rocess can &e

/uite %icult an% cum&ersome for some organi)ations(

Cost an


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time an% cost to t#e &usiness( T#e management #as to

im$lement long-term" strategic $lanning so t#at t#e

accounting sstem meets t#e organi)ations $ro!ta&ilit

o&@ecti,es *#ile also minimi)ing t#e social im$act of its

acti,ities( Ris' a*areness as a result of t#e im$lementation

#as to &e ta'en into consi%eration an% monitore%(

Busin"ss O$"cti7") In contrast to $u&lic ser,ices *#ic#

o$erate to ser,e t#e $u&lic nee%s" most $ri,ate &usinessesaim to ma.imi)e $ro!t an% s#are#ol%ers *ealt#( T#e nature

of t#eir acti,ities ma ma'e it %icult to im$lement t#e

social res$onsi&ilit accounting sstem( 1or e.am$le"

alt#oug# a com$ans $olic an% $roce%ures on %is$osal of

c#emical *aste is in accor%ance to t#e rules an% regulation"

it ma not &e sucient to ac#ie,e t#e target of

accommo%ating en,ironmental an% social nee%s(

Sta o!al")T#e im$lementation $rocess" *#ic# re/uires

#ea, *or'loa%" ma %eteriorate t#e sta morale( 2a,ing to

*or' e.tra #ours an% a%%itional *or'loa% at t#e same $a

rate can cause em$loees to see' em$loment some*#ere

else( As a result" t#e &usiness *ill incur #ig# la&or turno,eran% more cost & nee%ing to recruit an% $ossi&l train ne*

sta(

R"sou!c"s) Unli'e a tra%itional accounting sstem" *#ic#

concerns !gures" t#e social res$onsi&ilit accounting is

%e,elo$e% to ensure a &usiness acti,ities !t t#e



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en,ironment an% societ surroun%ing it( Resources" suc# as

social cost- &ene!t analsis an% information on $ollution

im$act an% %estruction of animal resources form $art of t#e

im$lementation $rocess( An organi)ation t#at *is#es to

im$lement t#is sstem ma face a s#ortage of resources an%

t#erefore ma &e %iscourage% to $rocee%(

Not %anato!3) Disclosure of information is not man%ator

for $ri,ate sector units( In t#e case of $u&lic sector units alsoor%er for social o,er#ea%s sc#e%ule+ %oes not at all fun%s t#e

re/uirements of social au%it(

No stana! &o!%at? T#ere are no *ell-esta&lis#e%

conce$ts" con,entions" $ostulates an% a.ioms to gui%e t#e

Social Accountant in %rafting #is accounts an% re$orting(

1.1* CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Ernst an% Ernst =367J> i%enti!e% si. areas in *#ic# cor$orate

social o&@ecti,es ma &e foun%?

3( En,ironment9( Energ( 1air &usiness $ractices

( 2uman resourcesF( Communit in,ol,ementH( Pro%uct

3( En,ironment?T#is area in,ol,es t#e en,ironmental as$ects

of $ro%uction" co,ering $ollution control in t#e con%uct of

&usiness o$erations" $re,ention or re$air of %amage to t#e



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en,ironment resulting from $rocessing of natural resources

an% t#e conser,ation of natural resources(Cor$orate social o&@ecti,es are to &e foun% in t#e a&atement

of t#e negati,e e.ternal social eects of in%ustrial $ro%uction"

an% in a%o$ting more ecient tec#nologies to minimi)e t#e

use of irre$lacea&le resources an% t#e $ro%uction of *aste(

9( Energ?T#is area co,ers conser,ation of t#e energ in t#e

con%uct of &usiness o$eration an% increasing t#e energ

ecienc of t#e com$an+s $ro%ucts(( 1air &usiness $ractices?T#is area concerns t#e relations#i$

of t#e com$an to s$ecial interest grou$s( In $articular it %eals

*it#? Em$loment of minorities A%,ancement of minorities Em$loment of *omen A%,ancement of *omen

Em$loment of ot#er s$ecial interest grou$ Su$$ort for minorit &usinesses Sociall res$onsi&le $ractices a&roa%

( 2uman resources? T#is area concerns *it# t#e im$act of

organi)ation acti,ities on t#e $eo$le *#o constitute t#e

#uman resources of t#e organi)ation( T#ese acti,ities inclu%e?a> Recruitment $ractices&> training $rogrammersc> e.$erience &in%ing @o& rotation%> @o& enric#mente> *age an% salar le,elsf> fringe &ene!ts $lansg> congruence of em$loee an% organi)ation#> mutual trust an% con!%encei> o& securit" sta&ilit of *or'force" lao an%

recall $ractices(@> Transfer an% $romotion $olicies



23/118


'> Occu$ational #ealt#

F( Communit in,ol,ement? T#is area in,ol,es communit

acti,ities" #ealt#-relate% acti,ism e%ucation an% arts an% ot#er

communit %isclosures(

H( Pro%ucts?T#is area concerns t#e /uantitati,e as$ects of t#e

$ro%ucts" for e(g( t#eir utilit" life %ura&ilit" safet an%

ser,icea&ilit as *ell as t#eir eect on $ollution( 0oreo,er" it

inclu%es customer satisfaction" trut#fulness in a%,ertising

com$leteness from a mar'eting $oint of ,ie*( It is clear"#o*e,er" t#at t#e social res$onsi&ilit as$ect of t#e $ro%uct

contri&ution e.ten%s &eon% *#at is a%,antageous from a

mar'eting angle(

1.1 APPROAC8ES TO CORPORATE SOCIAL

RESPONSIBILITY

T#e conce$t of social res$onsi&ilit intro%uces ne* %imensionsan% ne* $ro&lems( 1irst" t#ere is as et no generall acce$te%

conce$t of t#e social res$onsi&ilit of &usiness enter$rises(

Almost e,erone agrees t#at t#e s#oul% &e sociall res$onsi&le"

t#oug# it ma &e argue% t#at suc# a ,ie* is merel an e.tension

of t#e uni,ersall acce$te% %octrine t#at in%i,i%uals" eit#er

single or in grou$s" s#oul% *eig# t#e im$act of t#eir actions on

ot#ers( T#ree a$$roac#es to t#e conce$t of cor$orate social

res$onsi&ilit ma &e %istinguis#e%?

@aT#e !rst a$$roac# originates in classical economic t#eor as

e.$resse% in t#e #$ot#esis t#at t#e !rm #as one an% onl one

o&@ecti,e" *#ic# is to ma.imi)e income( B e.tension" t#e



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o&@ecti,e of a cor$oration s#oul% &e to ma.imi)e s#are#ol%ers

*ealt#( It is asserte% t#at in stri,ing to attain t#is o&@ecti,e

*it#in t#e constraint of t#e e.isting legal an% et#ical frame*or'"

&usiness cor$orations are acting in t#e &est interests of societ

at large( T#is classical inter$retation of t#e conce$t of cor$orate

social res$onsi&ilit #as &een a%,ocate% & 0ilton frie%man

=9839> in t#e follo*ing terms?T#ere is one an% onl one social res$onsi&ilit of &usiness-to use

its resources an% engage in acti,ities %esigne% to increase its

$ro!t" as long as it stas *it#in t#e rules of t#e game" *#ic# is to

sa" engages in o$en an% free com$etition" *it#out %ece$tion or

frau%( ( 1e* tren%s coul% so t#oroug#l un%ermine t#e ,er

foun%ations of our free societ as t#e acce$tance & cor$orate

ocials of a social res$onsi&ilit ot#er t#an to ma'e as muc#

mone for t#eir s#are#ol%ers as $ossi&le(

@$ T#e secon% a$$roac# %e,elo$e% in t#e 9888s" an%

recogni)es t#e signi!cance of social o&@ecti,es in relation to t#e

ma.imi)ation of income( In t#is ,ie*" cor$orate managers s#oul%

ma'e %ecisions *#ic# maintain an e/uita&le &alance &et*een

t#e claims of s#are#ol%ers" em$loees" customers" su$$liers an%

t#e general $u&lic( T#e cor$oration re$resents t#erefore" a

coalition of interests" an% t#e $ro$er consi%eration of t#e ,arious

interests of t#is coalition is t#e onl *a to ensure t#at t#e

cor$oration *ill attain its long-term income ma.imi)ation

o&@ecti,e(



25/118


@cT#e t#ir% ,ie* regar%s income as a means to an en% an% not

as an en% in itself( In t#is ,ie*" t#e c#ief e.ecuti,e of a large

cor$oration #as t#e $ro&lem of reconciling t#e %eman%s of

em$loees for more *ages an% im$ro,e% &ene!t $lans"

customers for lo*er $rices an% greater ,alues" s#are#ol%ers for

#ig#er %i,i%en%s an% greater ca$ital a$$reciation-all *it#in a

frame*or' t#at *ill &e constructi,e an% acce$ta&le to societ(

=Committee for Economic De,elo$ment" 9883(> Accor%ingl"

organi)ational %ecisions s#oul% &e concerne% *it# t#e selection

of sociall res$onsi&le alternati,es( Instea% of see'ing to

ma.imi)e income generall" t#e en% result s#oul% &e a

satisfactor le,el of income *#ic# is com$ati&le *it# t#e

attainment of a range of social goals(

T#e c#ange from t#e secon% to t#e t#ir% a$$roac# to socialres$onsi&ilit is c#aracteri)e% as a mo,e from a conce$t of t#e

&usiness cor$oration &ase% on s#are#ol%ers interests to one

*#ic# e.ten%s t#e %e!nition of sta'e#ol%er( T#e former conce$t

,ie*s t#e &usiness enter$rise as &eing concerne% *it# ma'ing

$ro!ts for its s#are#ol%ers" an% treats t#e claims of ot#er

intereste% grou$s" suc# as customers" em$loees an% t#e

communit" as constraints on t#is o&@ecti,e( T#e latter conce$t

ac'no*le%ges t#at t#e &usiness enter$rise #as a res$onsi&ilit to

all sta'e#ol%ers" t#at is" t#ose *#o stan% to gain or lose as a

result of t#e !rms acti,ities(

1.10 EN-IRONENTAL ACCOUNTING

0LA ACADE0Y O1 2IG2ER LEARNING Page 9F


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En7i!on%"nt is ",n" as T#e sumtotalof allsurroun%ings of

a li,ing organism" inclu%ing natural forcesan% ot#er li,ing t#ings"

*#ic# $ro,i%econ%itionsfor %e,elo$mentan% gro*t#as *ell as of

%angeran% %amage an% su$$ort t#e communication of its results(

+o!%s o& En7i!on%"ntal Accounting

a. En7i!on%"ntal anag"%"nt Accounting @EA

In E0A t#ere is a $articular focus on material an% energ &alance

as$ects an% en,ironmental cost information( T#is t$e of

accounting is furt#er classi!e% into?

Segment En,ironmental Accounting? T#is is an internal

en,ironmental accounting tool to select an in,estment acti,it"

or a $ro@ect" relate% to en,ironmental conser,ation from among

all $rocesses of o$erations" an% to e,aluate en,ironmental

eects for a s$eci!e% $erio%(

0LA ACADE0Y O1 2IG2ER LEARNING Page 9H
http://www.investorguide.com/definition/sum.htmlhttp://www.investorguide.com/definition/total.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/6221/all.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/natural-forces.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/provide.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/condition.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/development.htmlhttp://www.investorguide.com/definition/growth.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/danger.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/damage.htmlhttp://www.investorguide.com/definition/total.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/6221/all.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/natural-forces.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/provide.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/condition.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/development.htmlhttp://www.investorguide.com/definition/growth.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/danger.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/damage.htmlhttp://www.investorguide.com/definition/sum.html


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Eco Balance En,ironmental Accounting? T#is is an internal

en,ironmental accounting tool to su$$ort PDCA for sustaina&leen,ironmental management acti,ities(

Cor$orate En,ironmental Accounting? T#is is a tool to inform

t#e $u&lic of rele,ant information com$ile% in accor%ance *it#

t#e En,ironmental Accounting( T#is coul% &e referre% to as

Cor$orate En,ironmental Re$orting( 1or t#is $ur$ose t#e cost

an% eect =in /uantit an% monetar ,alue> of its

en,ironmental conser,ation acti,ities are use%(

$. En7i!on%"ntal +inancial Accounting @E+A)

En,ironmental 1inancial accounting concentrates on re$orting

en,ironmental lia&ilit costs an% ot#er signi!cant en,ironmental

costs(

c. En7i!on%"ntal National Accounting @ENA)

In national le,el accounting t#e $articular focus is on natural

resources stoc's K 4o*s" en,ironmental costs K e.ternalit costs"

etc(

ISSUES IN EN-IRONENTAL ACCOUNTING

In $articular t#e accounting literature #as recentl %e,ote% more

s$ace to t*o issues?

En,ironmental re$orting

En,ironmental au%it



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En7i!on%"ntal !"#o!ting

En,ironmental re$orting can &e %e!ne% as Pu&lic %isclosure& a!rm of its en,ironmental $erformance information" similar to t#e

$u&licationof its !nancial $erformanceinformation(

An en,ironment re$ort *oul% s#o*?

T#e resources use% & t#e com$an

T#e $ollution an% ot#er eects" of t#e com$an on t#e

en,ironment

T#e en,ironment resources use% & a &usiness can &e

categori)e% as *ater" energ" ra* materials an% #a)ar%ous

c#emicals( T#e /uantities of t#e resources use% s#oul% &e

%isclose%( T#e secon% $art of t#e re$ort *oul% measure a

com$an+s $ollution of t#e en,ironment in t#e form of t#e eect

on *ater" in%ustrial an% #a)ar%ous *aste" noise an% lan%( T#e

eects of t#e out$uts are rarel measure% an% are ne,er

e.$resse% in monetar terms( 1urt#ermore" %isclosures & entities

refer onl to t#e im$act of t#eir acti,ities on t#e en,ironment( It is

argue% t#at re/uiring com$anies to re$ort $u&licl &ot# t#e

$ositi,e an% negati,e im$act of t#eir o$erations of t#e

en,ironment an% *i%er communit *ill argue t#em to im$ro,e

t#eir social res$onsi&ilities(

En7i!on%"ntal auitAs green consciousness gro*s an% %e,elo$s" more com$anies

are &eginning to e,aluate &ot# its commercial im$lications an%

0LA ACADE0Y O1 2IG2ER LEARNING Page 9J
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t#e im$act of t#eir o$erations( T#e en,ironment au%it is

essentiall a management tool( It im$lies t#at com$anies s#oul%

not *ait for restricti,e legislation to &eing out c#ange(T#e en,ironmental au%it com$rises t#e follo*ing stages

E.isting legislati,e re/uirements" #ealt# an% safet $ractices an%

fort#coming regulator %e,elo$ments are anal)e% Internal $roce%ures an% e.ternal re/uirements are e.amine%"

com$are% an% contraste%( T#e im$lications of e.ternal

re/uirements on $ro%uction $rocesses an% e/ui$ment are

assesse% an% t#e im$act in terms of *aste an% emission are

e,aluate%( T#e organi)ational structure" a%ministrati,e an% communication

$rocess of t#e com$an are anal)e% to %etermine t#e e.tent u$

to to$ management is informe% of en,ironmental im$act of t#e

com$an+s acti,ities( Ga$s are i%enti!e% an% reme%ies suggeste%(

1.15 +OUNDATION STANDARD)ccount)bility*s ))+ series are principles-based

standards to help organi"ations become more

accountable, responsible and sustainable. hey address

issues aecting governance, business models and

organi"ational strategy, as well as providing operational

guidance on sustainability assurance and staeholder

engagement. he ))+ standards are designed for the

integrated thining required by the low carbon and green

economy, and support integrated reporting and

assurance.Organi)ational learning an% im$ro,ement is seen as central to t#e

a$$roac# as is t#e lin' &et*een organi)ational accounta&ilit an%



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%e,elo$ing trust *it# sta'e#ol%ers( As a $rocess stan%ar%" rat#er

t#an $erformance stan%ar%" AA3888 s$eci!es t#e $rocesses t#at

an organi)ation s#oul% follo* to account for its $erformance" not

t#e le,els of $erformance t#e organi)ation s#oul% ac#ie,e(

OUTLINE SUARY O+ ACCOUNTABILITY 1

@AA1T#e $rinci$les of AA3888 are summe%-u$ in C#art-3 &elo*( T#ese

i%entif t#e c#aracteristics of a /ualit $rocess( T#e go,erning

$rinci$le of accounta&ilit is a%%resse% & inclusi,el *it#in t#e

$rocess" re4ecting all organi)ational sta'e#ol%er grou$s( T#e

$rinci$les t#at su$$ort accounta&ilit an% inclusi,el *it#in t#e

$rocess is %i,i%e% into t#e t#ree grou$s of t#e sco$e an% nature of

t#e $rocess t#e meaningfulness of information an% t#e

management of t#e $rocess on an ongoing &asis(

C8ART;1.1

C8ART S8O


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T#e $rocess mo%el of AA3888 aims at continuous im$ro,ement

t#roug# iterations o,er time( It can &e summari)e% as !gure 9"

&elo*( T#e $lanning $#ase in,ol,es %e!ning an% re,ie*ing

organi)ational ,alues" o&@ecti,es an% targets as *ell as

recogni)ing t#e %ierent sta'e#ol%er grou$s of t#e organi)ation(

2a,ing t#en %e!ne% t#e sco$e of t#e $rocess" t#e accounting

targets( T#is is accom$anie% & t#e %e,elo$ment of $lans for

im$ro,ement an% t#e re,ision of rele,ant targets(A re$ort of t#e information gat#ere% is $re$are% an%

e.ternall au%ite%" &efore &eing %isseminate% to sta'e#ol%ers(

Central to all $#ases is an ongoing engagement *it# sta'e#ol%ers


Inclusi,el

Sco$e an%

nature of

$rocess

0eaningfulness

of information

0anagement of

ongoing

$rocess

Accessi&ili

t

Mualit

assurance

Informatio

n /ualit

Regularit

Timeliness

0aterialit em&e%%e%

ness

Continuou

sim$ro,em

ent

Com$lete

ness

Accounta&ilit


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aroun% *#at is to &e measure% an% t#e ca$turing of sta'e#ol%er

;,oice< to &e inclu%e% in t#e re$ort(O,er time" su$$ort structures an% sstems are %e,elo$e% in or%er

to em&e% t#e $rocess into t#e organi)ations acti,ate%( :it#in

t#is mo%el" a set of t*el,e ste$s are i%enti!e% t#at s#oul% &e

ta'en in or%er to satisf t#e AA3888 /ualit $rinci$les an% a set of

gui%ance notes assist in t#eir inter$retation(

1.16 +ORAT O+ SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

ACCOUNTING

TABLE;1.

TABLE S8O


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I Social $"n",ts an cost o& staA. ASocial $"n",ts an cost o& sta

3(0e%ical an% 2os$ital facilities9(E%ucation facilities(Canteen facilities(Recreation" entertainment an% cultural

acti,itiesF(2ousing an% to*ns#i$ facilitiesH(:ater su$$l" concessional electricit K

trans$ort7(Training an% career %e,elo$ment

J(Pro,i%ent fun%" gratuit" &onus" insurance&ene!ts6(Ot#er &ene!tsTotal $"n",ts to staB Social costs o& sta3(La o an% in,oluntar termination

9(E.tra #ours $ut in & ocers ,oluntaril

Total cost to sta N"t social Inco%" to StaI@A;B

???

??????

II Social $"n",ts an Costs to co%%unit3A. ASocial $"n",ts to co%%unit3)

3(Local ta.es $ai% to $anc#aatmunici$alit3( 9(En,ironment im$ro,ements9( (Generation of @o& $otential

( (Generation of &usinessTotal social $"n",ts to co%%unit3B( BSocial costs to co%%unit3)

3(Increase in cost of li,ing in t#e ,icinit on t#e

account of an $lants N"t social Inco%" to co%%unit3II@A;B

???

???



34/118


III Social $"n",ts an costs to g"n"!al #u$licASocial B"n",ts to G"n"!al Pu$lic3(Ta.es"Duties"etc( $ai% to t#e StateGo,ernment

9(Ta.es"Duties"etc( $ai% to t#e Central

Go,ernment

Total Social B"n",ts to G"n"!al Pu$licB.S BSocial Costs to G"n"!al Pu$lic3 3(State ser,ices consume%- Electricit ser,ices

9( 9(Central ser,ices consume%- tele$#one"

Telegrams" Postal ser,ices an% Ban'ingTot al Social B"n",ts to G"n"!al Pu$licN"t N"t Social B"n",t to G"n"!al

Pu$lic III@A;B

???

???

???

N"t Social B"n",t to Sta Co%%unit3 anG"n"!al Pu$lic@IFIIFIII ???

INDUSTRY PRO+ILE

2ISTORY O1 SOLAR ENERGY

Anci"nt 8isto!3 o& Sola! En"!g3

Sun *ors#i$ & ancient ci,ili)ations is e,i%ence of t#e recognition

of t#e suns central im$ortance in sustaining life( Nati,e Nort#-

Americans an% Sout#-American $eo$les *ors#i$$e% t#e sun( So

%i% t#e Ba&lonians" ancient 2in%us" Persians an% Eg$tians( T#e



35/118


Easter &on!re an% t#e Yule log at C#ristmas time are remnants of

Euro$ean sun *ors#i$( In ancient Greece" t#e %eities of t#e sun

*ere 2elios an% A$ollo" *it# man tem$les %e,ote% to t#em(

Ancient Gree' interest in t#e sun transcen%e% religious $ur$oses(

T#e *ere t#e !rst to use $assi,e solar %esign in t#eir #ousing( As

earl as 88 BC" entire Gree' cities *ere &uilt in t#is manner(

T#e Romans later im$ro,e% on t#ese %esigns an% t#e *ere

t#e !rst to use glass for *in%o*s" t#ere& tra$$ing solar *armt#(T#e Romans e,en sti$ulate% & la* t#at it *as an oence to

o&scure a neig#&our+s access to sunlig#t( T#e *ere t#e !rst to

use glass#ouses to create t#e rig#t gro*ing con%itions for e.otic

$lants an% see%s t#e &roug#t to Rome from far-4ung corners of

t#eir em$ire

8isto!3 o& Sola! En"!g3 an Sola! (at"! 8"at"!

In t#e ear 37H8" 8o!ac" " Saussu!"" a note% S*iss naturalist"

o&ser,e% t#at" It is a 'no*n fact t#at a room" a carriage is #otter

*#en t#e ras of t#e sun $ass t#roug# glass( To %etermine t#e

eecti,eness of tra$$ing #eat *it# glass co,ers" %e Saussure &uilt

a rectangular &o. out of #alf-inc# $ine" insulate% t#e insi%e" an%

#a% t#e to$ co,ere% *it# glass" an% #a% t*o smaller &o.es $lace%

insi%e( :#en e.$ose% to t#e sun" t#e &ottom &o. #eate% to 99Jo1

=386oC> or 3Ho1 =6oC> a&o,e t#e &oiling $oint of *ater( De

Saussure *as unsure of #o* t#e sun #eate% t#e glass &o.es(

To%a *e can &etter e.$lain *#at #a$$ene%( Suns#ine $enetrate%

t#e glass co,er" t#e &lac' inner lining a&sor&e% t#e sunlig#t an%

0LA ACADE0Y O1 2IG2ER LEARNING Page F


36/118


con,erte% it into #eat( T#oug# clear glass allo*s t#e ras of t#e

sun to easil enter t#roug# it" it $re,ents #eat from %oing t#e

same( As t#e glass tra$$e% t#e solar #eat in t#e &o." it is #eate%

u$( Its in,entor reali)e% t#at some%a t#e #ot &o. mig#t #a,e

im$ortant $ractical a$$lications" as it is /uite small" ine.$ensi,e

an% eas to ma'e( In%ee%" t#e #ot &o. #as &ecome t#e $rotot$e

for t#e solar collectors t#at #a,e $ro,i%e% sun-#eate% *ater to

millions since 36J9(

In t#e 36t# centur" no eas *a e.iste% to #eat *ater( Peo$le

generall use% a coo' sto,e for t#is $ur$ose( :oo% #a% to &e

c#o$$e% or #ea, #o%s of coal lifte%" t#en t#e fuel #a% to &e

'in%le% an% t#e !re $erio%icall stoc'e%( In cities" t#e *ealt#ier

#eate% t#eir *ater *it# gas manufacture% from coal( Still" t#e fuel

%i%nt &urn clean an% t#e #eater #a% to &e lit eac# time someone

*ante% to #eat *ater( If someone forgot to e.tinguis# t#e 4ame"

t#e tan' *oul% &lo* u$( To a%% to t#e $ro&lem of #eating *ater"

in man areas" *oo% or coal or coal-gas cost a lot an% man times

coul% not &e easil o&taine%( To circum,ent t#ese $ro&lems" man

#an% farmers or $ros$ectors or ot#er out%oors men %e,ise% a

muc# safer" easier" an% c#ea$er *a to #eat *ater - $lacing into

t#e sun a metal *ater tan' $ainte% &lac' to a&sor& as muc# solar

energ as $ossi&le( T#ese *ere t#e !rst solar *ater #eaters on

recor%( T#e %o*nsi%e *as t#at e,en on clear" #ot %as it usuall

too' from morning to earl afternoon for t#e *ater to get #ot( An%

as soon as t#e sun *ent %o*n" t#e tan's ra$i%l lost t#eir #eat as

t#e #a% no $rotection from t#e nig#t air(



37/118


A%,ertisementfor t#e Clima.

Solar-:ater

2eater" t#e

*orl%s !rst

commercial solar

*ater #eater"

$atente% in

3J63(

T#e !rst solar*ater #eaters

*ere &are metal

tan's $ainte%

&lac' containing

*ater an% tilte%

to face t#e sun(

T#e s#ortcomings of t#e &are tan' solar *ater #eaters came to

t#e attention of Clarence 5em$" *#o sol%" in Baltimore" 0arlan%

=US>" t#e latest #ome #eating e/ui$ment( In 3J63" 5em$ $atente%

a *a to com&ine t#e ol% $ractice of e.$osing metal tan's to t#e

sun *it# t#e scienti!c $rinci$le of t#e #ot &o." t#ere& increasing

t#e tan's ca$a&ilit to collect an% retain solar #eat( 2e calle% #is

ne* solar *ater #eater t#e Clima. - t#e *orl%s !rst commercial

solar *ater #eater( 5em$ originall mar'ete% #is in,ention to

eastern gentlemen *#ose *i,es #a% gone o *it# t#eir mai%s to



38/118


summer at some resort" lea,ing t#eir #us&an%s to fen% for

t#emsel,es( T#e solar *ater #eater" 5em$ a%,ertise%" *oul%

sim$lif #ouse'ee$ing %uties for t#is class of men alrea%

&ur%ene% & t#e a&sence of t#eir *i,es an% %omestic stas" an%

unaccustome% to suc# *or' as lig#ting t#e gas furnace or sto,e

to #eat *ater(

1rom t#e turn of t#e centur to 3633" more t#an a %o)en

in,entors !le% $atents t#at im$ro,e% u$on t#e Clima.( But nonec#ange% t#e fact t#at t#e #eating unit an% t#e storage unit *ere

one an% t#e same an% &ot# lai% e.$ose% to t#e *eat#er an% t#e

col% nig#t air( 2ence" *ater #eate% & t#e sun t#e $re,ious nig#t

ne,er stae% #ot enoug# to %o t#e *as#ing ne.t morning or to

#eat t#e &at#( In 3686" :illiam ( Baile $atente% a solar *ater

#eater t#at re,olutioni)e% t#e &usiness( 2e se$arate% t#e solar

*ater #eater into t*o $arts? a #eating element e.$ose% to t#e

sun an% an insulate% storage unit tuc'e% a*a in t#e #ouse so

families coul% #a,e sun #eate% *ater %a an% nig#t an% earl t#e

ne.t morning( T#e #eating element consiste% of $i$es attac#e% to

a &lac'-$ainte% metal s#eet $lace% in a glass-co,ere% &o.(

Because t#e *ater to &e #eate% *as $asse% t#roug# narro* $i$es

rat#er t#an &eing in a large tan'" Baile re%uce% t#e ,olume of

*ater e.$ose% to t#e sun at an single moment an% t#erefore"

t#e *ater #eate% u$ faster( Pro,i%ing #ot *ater for longer $erio%s

$ut Bailes solar #ot *ater #eater" calle% t#e Da an% Nig#t" at a

great a%,antage o,er t#e com$etition( Soon t#e Clima. *ent out

of &usiness( 1rom 3686" *#en Baile starte% u$ #is &usiness"



39/118


t#roug# 363J" #is com$an #a% sol% more t#an "888 Da an%

Nig#t Solar 2ot :ater 2eaters(


40/118


aggressi,e cam$aign & 1lori%a Po*er an% Lig#t to increase

electrical consum$tion & oering electric *ater #eaters at

&argain $rices" &roug#t 1lori%as once 4ouris#ing solar *ater

#eater in%ustr to a #alt(

C3lin!icall3 s'a#" %"tal (at"! tan4s

#lac" in glass;co7"!" $o"s co7"!" t'"

!oo&s o& al%ost &ou! %illion /a#an"s" 'o%"s $3 1>6>.

Unli'e America %uring t#e $ost :orl% :ar II ears" t#e a$anese

lac'e% c#ea$ an% a&un%ant energ to su$$l #ot *ater on

%eman%( Rice farmers in $articular earne% for a #ot &at# after

*or'ing long #ours in t#e #ot #umi% $atties( But to #eat *ater"

t#e #a% to &urn rice stra*" *#ic# t#e coul% #a,e ot#er*ise

use% to fee% t#eir cattle or fertili)e t#e eart#( So *#en a a$anese

com$an &egan mar'eting sim$le solar *ater #eater consisting of

a &asin *it# its to$ co,ere% & glass" more t#an 388"888 *as in

use & t#e 36H8s( Peo$le li,ing in t#e to*ns an% cities &oug#t



41/118


eit#er a $lastic solar *ater #eater t#at resem&le% an in4ate% air

mattress *it# a clear $lastic cano$ or a more e.$ensi,e &ut

longer lasting mo%el t#at resem&le% t#e ol% Clima. Solar :ater

2eaters - clin%ricall s#a$e% metal *ater tan's $lace% in a glass-

co,ere% &o.( Close to "888"888 of t#ese solar *ater #eaters *ere

on roof to$s & 36H6(

T#e a%,ent of #uge oil tan'ers in t#e 36H8s allo*e% t#e a$anese

access to ne* oil !el%s in t#e 0i%%le East" su$$ling t#em *it#c#ea$" a&un%ant fuel( Similar to *#at #a% #a$$ene% in California

an% 1lori%a" t#e solar *ater #eater in%ustr colla$se%( But not for

long" t#e Oil Em&argo of 367 an% t#e su&se/uent %ramatic

increase in t#e $rice of $etroleum re,i,e% t#e local solar *ater

#eater in%ustr( Annual sales of greater t#an 388"888 units

continue% to #ol% stea% from 367 until t#e secon% oil s#oc' of

3676( Sales t#en @um$e% to almost #alf a million t#at ear an%

lea$e% to nearl a million t#e follo*ing ear( B t#is time" t#e

a$anese fa,oure% solar *ater #eaters closel resem&ling t#e

t$e intro%uce% to California in 3686 & :illiam ( Baile *it# t#e

#eating an% storage units se$arate%( As t#e $rice of oil &egan to

sta&ili)e in 36JF an% t#en %ro$ s#ar$l in su&se/uent ears" so

%i% t#e sales of solar *ater #eaters still t#e a$anese $urc#ase

aroun% 9F8"888 units eac# ear( To%a" more t#an 38"888"888

a$anese #ouse#ol%s #eat t#eir *ater *it# t#e sun(

1rom t#e 36F8s to t#e earl 3678s" a fe* t#ousan% Australians

relie% on t#e sun to #eat t#eir *ater( T#e num&ers gre*

$#enomenall as a conse/uence of t*o #uge s$i'es in oil $rices in



42/118


367 an% 3676( Interestingl" $urc#asing of solar *ater #eaters

%uring t#ese #ea% ears ,arie% from state to state( :#ile 8 to

F8V of t#ose li,ing in Australias Nort#ern Territor #eate% *ater

*it# t#e sun" t#e $ercentage %ro$$e% to aroun% 3FV in :estern

Australia an% sun' to &elo* FV in t#e more $o$ulate% eastern

states( T#e s#ar$ %ierence #a% more to %o *it# t#e cost of

electricit t#an t#e amount of sun a,aila&le( Peo$le in t#e

Nort#ern Territor an% :estern Australia &oug#t electricit

generate% & im$orte% an% increasingl costl $etroleum *#ile

t#ose in t#e eastern states of Ne* Sout# :ales" Mueenslan% an%

ictoria #a% t#eir electricit $ro%uce% & locall mine% an% ,er

c#ea$ coal( In t#e late 36J8s" t#e Australian solar *ater #eater

mar'et &egan to stagnate( Pi$elines &ringing ne*l %isco,ere%

natural gas to $re,iousl fuel-s#ort regions suc# as t#e Nort#ern

Territor an% :estern Australia #as $re,ente% an gro*t# in t#ese

once fertile mar'ets for solar *ater #eaters( E.$orts no* account

for more t#an F8V of t#e sales ma%e & Sol #art" Australias

lea%ing manufacturer of solar *ater #eaters(

Unli'e t#e Unite% States an% muc# of Euro$e" Israel" li'e a$an"

foun% itself *it#out sucient fuel su$$lies in t#e earl 36F8s( T#e

$o*er situation &ecame so &lea' in t#e earl %as of t#e e*is#

State t#at t#e go,ernment #a% to for&i% #eating *ater &et*een

38 $(m( an% H $(m( Des$ite man%ator %omestic rationing of

electricit" $o*er s#ortages *orsene%" causing $um$ing stations

to fail an% t#reatening factor closures( A s$ecial committee

em$anelle% & t#e go,ernment coul% onl suggest t#e $urc#ase



43/118


of more centrali)e% generators to o,ercome t#e $ro&lem( T#is

conclusion raise% t#e ire of Israeli engineer" Le,i Yissar" *#o

com$laine%" 2o* a&out an alrea% e.isting energ source *#ic#

our countr #as $lent of - t#e sun( Surel *e nee% to c#ange

from electrical energ to solar energ" at least to #eat our *ater(

Yissar $ut #is mone *#ere #is mout# *as" &ecoming Israels !rst

manufacturer of solar *ater #eaters( B 36H7 a&out one in t*ent

#ouse#ol%s #eate% t#eir *ater *it# t#e sun( But c#ea$ oil coming

from Iran in t#e late 36H8s as *ell from oil !el%s ca$ture% %uring

t#e Si. Da :ar %rasticall re%uce% t#e $rice of electricit an% t#e

num&er of $eo$le $urc#asing solar *ater #eaters(

Israeli success in t#e Yom 5i$$ur :ar &roug#t on t#e infamous oil

&ocott of 367( T#e Israelis res$on%e% & mass $urc#asing of

solar *ater #eaters( B 36J" H8V of t#e $o$ulation #eate% *ater

*it# t#e sun( :#en t#e $rice of oil %ro$$e% in t#e mi% 36J8s" t#e

Israeli go,ernment %i% not *ant $eo$le &ac'sli%ing in t#eir energ

#a&its as #as #a$$ene% in t#e rest of t#e *orl%( It t#erefore

re/uire% its $eo$le to #eat t#eir *ater *it# t#e sun( To%a" more

t#an 68V of Israeli #ouse#ol%s o*n solar *ater #eaters(



44/118


C8APTER;*

RESEARC8 DESIGN

T#e !rst an% foremost as$ect in carring researc# $rogramme is

formulation an% %e!ning t#e $ro&lem( I%entifing t#e ,arious

alternati,es of t#e courses an% action is t#e ne.t t#ing( Anal)ing

t#e outcome of eac# an% e,er alternati,e on t#e &asis of cost

&ene!t analsis is t#e signi!cant $art of t#e researc# %esign(

1in%ing solutions to t#e $ro&lem is t#e trum$ car% of an researc#

$rogramme accor%ingl t#e stu% i%enti!e% t#e eecti,eness of



45/118


social accounting an% its measurement at 5REDL( T#e

met#o%olog of *#at" *#ere" *#en" #o* an% & *#om of t#e

$ro&lem %esign are narrate% in t#is c#a$ter( T#e %etails are"

*.1 Titl" o& t'" stu3

A Stu3 on /S0%&)1 '!S(02S&3&1&4 )%%052&267 at

8)'2))8) '!2!9)31! !2!'64 :!;!10(

1&


46/118


1. Pa#"! titl") Cor$orate social an% en,ironmental re$orting? a

re,ie* of t#e literature an% a longitu%inal stu% of U5 %isclosure

Aut'o!s na%") Ro& Gra" Re)a 5ou#" Simon La,ers=366F>(

Its ma@or t#eoretical $reoccu$ations an% em$irical conclusions"

attem$ts to re-e.amine t#e t#eoretical tensions t#at e.ist

&et*een ;classical< $olitical econom inter$retations of social

%isclosure an% t#ose from more ;&ourgeois< $ers$ecti,es( Argues

t#at $olitical econom" legitimac t#eor an% sta'e#ol%er t#eornee% not &e com$etitor t#eories &ut ma" if analse%

a$$ro$riatel" &e seen as alternati,e an% mutuall enric#ing

t#eories from alternati,e le,els of resolution( Oers e,i%ence from

3 ears of social %isclosure & U5 com$anies an% attem$ts to

inter$ret t#is from %ierent le,els of resolution( T#ere is little

%ou&t t#at social %isclosure $ractice #as c#ange% %ramaticall in

t#e $erio%( T#e t#eoretical $ers$ecti,es $ro,e to oer %ierent"

&ut mutuall en#ancing" inter$retations of t#ese $#enomena(

*. Pa#"! titl")Cor$orate Social Res$onsi&ilit an% 1irm 1inancialPerformance

Aut'o!s na%")ean B( 0cGuire" Alison Sun%gren an%T#omasSc#nee*eis

Using Fortune maga)ines ratings of cor$orate re$utations" *e

anal)e% t#e relations#i$s &et*een $erce$tions of !rms+

cor$orate social res$onsi&ilit an% measures of t#eir !nancial

$erformance( Results s#o* t#at a !rms $rior $erformance"

assesse% & &ot# stoc'-mar'et returns an% accounting-&ase%

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?ct=all&st1=Rob+Gray&fd1=aut&PHPSESSID=oj8hqi1rco1k4uuljq3aslnhh3http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?ct=all&st1=Reza+Kouhy&fd1=aut&PHPSESSID=oj8hqi1rco1k4uuljq3aslnhh3http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?ct=all&st1=Simon+Lavers&fd1=aut&PHPSESSID=oj8hqi1rco1k4uuljq3aslnhh3http://amj.aom.org/search?author1=Jean+B.+McGuire&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://amj.aom.org/search?author1=Alison+Sundgren&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://amj.aom.org/search?author1=Thomas+Schneeweis&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://amj.aom.org/search?author1=Thomas+Schneeweis&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?ct=all&st1=Rob+Gray&fd1=aut&PHPSESSID=oj8hqi1rco1k4uuljq3aslnhh3http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?ct=all&st1=Reza+Kouhy&fd1=aut&PHPSESSID=oj8hqi1rco1k4uuljq3aslnhh3http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?ct=all&st1=Simon+Lavers&fd1=aut&PHPSESSID=oj8hqi1rco1k4uuljq3aslnhh3http://amj.aom.org/search?author1=Jean+B.+McGuire&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://amj.aom.org/search?author1=Alison+Sundgren&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://amj.aom.org/search?author1=Thomas+Schneeweis&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://amj.aom.org/search?author1=Thomas+Schneeweis&sortspec=date&submit=Submit


47/118


measures" is more closel relate% to cor$orate social

res$onsi&ilit t#an is su&se/uent $erformance( Results also s#o*

t#at measures of ris' are more closel associate% *it# social

res$onsi&ilit t#an $re,ious stu%ies #a,e suggeste%(

*.0 Sco#" o& t'" stu3

T#is stu% co,ers organi)ations $#iloso$#" $olic" ,ision" an%

mission statements" o&@ecti,es" $articularl t#e social o&@ecti,es

acti,ities $ertaining to social res$onsi&ilit *it#in an% outsi%e t#e

cor$oration" t#e &ene!ts %eri,e% & t#e &ene!ciaries out of social

$rogrammes" t#e ocers in c#arge of t#e Social res$onsi&ilit

acti,it at 5REDL(

*.5 Basic assu%#tion

1in%ings of t#e stu% are &ase% on t#e assum$tion t#at com$an #as

%isclose% correct information(

*.6 O$"cti7"s o& t'" stu3

3( To anal)e cost &ene!t factor of social res$onsi&ilit acti,ities

of t#e organi)ation(9( To i%entif t#e %ierent classes of social res$onsi&ilit acti,ities

un%erta'en & 5REDL(( To consult t#e concerne% aut#orities an% in res$ect of social

res$onsi&ilit acti,ities in t#e cor$oration an% to 'no* a&out

social au%it results(( To anal)e t#e en,ironmental $rotection acti,ities of

cor$oration(F( To ,ali%ate t#e %ata an% to arri,e at constructi,e suggestions(



48/118


*.9 Li%itations o& t'" stu3

T#e stu% is con!ne% to onl 5REDLt% (Since it can+t &e

generali)e% for all t#e com$anies(

Due to t#e limite% time" in-%e$t# stu% coul% not &e ma%e(

*.= "t'oolog3 o& R"s"a!c'

T#e 0et#o%olog consists of t#e follo*ing(

T3#" o& !"s"a!c')T#is is a social researc# for e%ucation$ur$ose an% t$e of researc# t#at is follo*e% in t#is stu% is

%escri$ti,e researc# an% analtical stu%(

"t'o o& !"s"a!c')T#e met#o% of researc#" *#ic# is

un%erta'en in t#is stu%" is scienti!c met#o%(

Sa%#l" "sign) T#e tra%ing accounts" $ro!t an% loss

account" Balance s#eet" Au%itors re$ort cas# 4o* statement

#a,e &een collecte% on a ran%om tec#ni/ue(

Tools &o! gat'"!ing ata)In t#is section" t#e tool use% for

gat#ering %ata is !nancial statement inter,ie* sc#e%ules(

*.> Sou!c"s o& ata

P!i%a!3 ata) In case of $rimar %ata" t#e %ata arecollecte% & inter,ie*ing managers(

S"cona!3 ata) In case of secon%ar %ata" t#e %ata is

collecte% from !nancial recor%s of t#e com$an" Internet an%

maga)ines(



49/118


*.1 Plans o& anal3sis

T#e %ata #as &een ta&ulate%( Eac# %ata #as &een anal)e% an%

e,aluate%( T#e !n%ings are recor%e% an% conclusions are gi,en

&ase% on !n%ings(

*.11 So&t(a!" us"

Soft*are $ac'age i(e(" 0icrosoft e.cel #as &een use% for

ta&ulating an% anal)ing t#e %ata(

*.1* "t'o o& anal3sis

T#e collecte% %ata #a,e &een anal)e% *it# t#e #el$ of statistical

tools an% tec#ni/ues li'e A,erages" $ercentages" Ratio an% t#e

li'e( An% *#ere,er necessar ta&les" c#arts" gra$#s #a,e &een

use% to ma'e t#e %ata in a $resenta&le *a(



50/118


*.1 C'a#t"! Sc'"%"

C'a#t"!;1

Int!ouction)T#e c#a$ter %eals *it# intro%uctor as$ects to t#e

issues i%enti!e%(

C'a#t"!;*

D"sign o& t'" stu3) T#is c#a$ter structures t#e researc#

%esign an% gi,es ,arious ot#er c#a$ters sc#emes(

C'a#t"!;

Co%#an3 #!o,l")T#is c#a$ter %eals *it# $ro!le of 5arnata'a

Rene*a&le Energ De,elo$ment Limite%(

C'a#t"!;0

Anal3sis an int"!#!"tations)T#e c#a$ter %eals *it# cost

&ene!t analsis of social res$onsi&ilit in5arnata'a Rene*a&le

Energ De,elo$ment Limite%(

C'a#t"!;5

Su%%a!3 o& ,nings an !"co%%"nations)T#is c#a$ter

gi,es summar an% !n%ings" conclusion an% recommen%ations(

Ann"u!"

Bi$liog!a#'3

0LA ACADE0Y O1 2IG2ER LEARNING Page F8


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C8APTER;

COPANY PRO+ILE

BAC:GROUND COPANY

5arnata'a is t#e eig#t# largest states in In%ia" ric# in natural

resources( It is &esto*e% *it# #ig# $otential of Rene*a&le Energ

Resources es$eciall :in%" Small 2%ro" Biomass" Cogeneration

an% Solar *#ic# oer great $ossi&ilities of e.$loiting energ

*it#out $olluting t#e en,ironment an% is eecti,el im$lemente%

in all $arts of t#e State" t#ere& im$ro,ing economic con%ition of

t#e farmers an% creating em$loment o$$ortunities( Electricit is

one of t#e most ,ital energ sources for economic %e,elo$ment

acti,ities( T#e economic %e,elo$ment of a countr & an% large

%e$en%s on its ecient su$$l of $o*er *#ic# can #el$ in

transforming t#e man $eo$le an% *or'(



52/118


5arnata'a Rene*a&le Energ De,elo$ment Limite% =5REDL> *as

forme% on =t' a!c'1>>62co.no =H** as a no%al agenc

of t#e go,ernment of 5arnata'a to facilitate t#e %e,elo$ment of

non-con,entional energ sources( It is registere% un%er t#e

S"ction 1=@1 o& co%#ani"s act 1>56 K Registere% Oce"

No.>S'ant'i G!u'a B'a!at' Scouts Gui"s Builing

O##osit" to C'i"& Post ast"! G"n"!al OJc" Palac" Roa

Bangalo!";56>1.

Prior to t#e creation of 5REDL" t#e :a!nata4a Stat" Council

&o! Sci"nc" an T"c'nolog3 @:SCSTt#e erst*#ile :a!nata4a

El"ct!icit3 Boa! @:EB an% :a!nata4a Po("! Co!#o!ation

Li%it" @:PCL*ere loo'ing after t#is sector as a su&si%iar

function to t#eir main acti,it(

But eac# of t#e a&o,e agencies #a% t#eir o*n $riorities an%

limitations( :#ile 5SCST #a% researc# oriente%" t#e 5EB+s $riorit

*as management of $o*er transmission an% %istri&ution( 5PCL

*as in,ol,e% in construction of large $o*er $ro@ects an% coul% not

focus a%e/uatel on small $o*er $ro@ects in t#e non-con,entional

energ sector(

T#erefore $romotion of rene*a&le energ $ro@ects as a

su$$lement to con,entional $o*er generation to energ *#ere in

5arnata'a( T#is $ersua%e% t#e Go,ernment of 5arnata'a to set u$

a se$arate agenc ren%ering #an% #ol%ing $ro@ect of su$$ort to

rene*a&le energ $ro@ect %e,elo$ment(



53/118


T#us" *as &orn t'" :a!nata4a R"n"(a$l" En"!g3

D"7"lo#%"nt Li%it" &o! P!o%otion o& R"n"(a$l" En"!g3

an R"n"(a$l" En"!g3 #!o"cts "7"lo#%"nt in

:a!nata4a(

To%a 5arnata'a #as #uge $otential of rene*a&le energ sources

of more t#an 3F888 mega*att $rimaril in t#e sectors of *in%"

small #%ro" co-generation an% &iomass(

During 33t#!,e ear $lan 3888=0:> *it#in t#ree ears-& an

a%%itional 8880: & 9837 t#oug# t#e man%ator of rene*a&le

energ $o*er #as &een a%%e% to t#e state gri%(

To %e,elo$ energ INISTRY O+ NE< AND RENE $ro@ects to meet t#e c#allenges of t#e raising

energ su$$l an% %eman% in 5arnata'a(

A$art from 5SCST" 5EB" 5PCL AND 0NRE ot#er agencies @oining

#an%s to gi,e more $o*er to 5arnata'a inclu%es IREDA" 5ERC an%

5PTCL" along *it# %e$artments of Go,ernment of 5arnata'a suc#

as Irrigation" 1inance" Re,enue" 1orest an% En,ironment( PSU+s

li'e BESCO0" 0ESCO0" 2ESCO0" GESCO0(Ot#ers in t#is line are 5arnata'a Solar 0anufactures an%

consultants" *in% Biomass an% co-generation %e,elo$ers an%

consultants etc(

*. -ision



54/118


To %e,elo$ RKD Institute to carr out state-of-t#e-art

researc# an% %e,elo$mental acti,ities in t#e area of rene*a&le

energ in general an% &io-energ in $articular(

To %e,elo$ ne* an% rene*a&le energ tec#nologies"

$rocesses" materials" com$onents" su&-sstems" $ro%ucts K

ser,ices at $ar *it# international s$eci!cations" stan%ar%s an%

$erformance $arameters in or%er to ma'e t#e state net earner in

t#e sector an% %e$lo suc# in%igenousl %e,elo$e% an%ormanufacture% $ro%ucts an% ser,ices in furt#erance of t#e national

goal of energ securit(

*.* ission

To create an ena&ling $olice frame *or' for t#e %e,elo$ment

of 98888=0:> of solar $o*er & 2022.

To $romote of o-gri% a$$lications" reac#ing 3888=0:> &

9837 an% 9888=0:> BY 9899(Increase in t#e s#are of clean $o*er? Rene*a&le =&io" *in%"

#%ro" solar" geot#ermal K ti%al> electricit to su$$lement

fossil fuel &ase% electricit generationEnerg A,aila&ilit an% Access? Su$$lement energ nee%s of

coo'ing" #eating" moti,e $o*er an% ca$ti,e generation in

rural" ur&an" in%ustrial an% commercial sectorsEnerg Aor%a&ilit? Cost-com$etiti,e" con,enient" safe" an%

relia&le ne* an% rene*a&le energ su$$l o$tions an%Energ E/uit? Per-ca$ita energ consum$tion at $ar *it#

t#e glo&al a,erage le,el & 98F8" t#roug# a sustaina&le an%

%i,erse fuel- mi.(



55/118


*. Goals 2 o$"cti7"s o& t'" co%#an3);

To sur,e in,estigate" construct" e.ecute an% carr out

sc#emes an% *or' of all 'in%s for e.$loitation of Non-

Con,entional Energ inclu%ing all $o*er ,acation lines for

t#e agricultural" in%ustr an% societ( :or'ing as an interface &et*een t#e go,ernment an% its

,arious agencies an% t#e communit of %e,elo$ers( In,estigation of $otential rene*a&le energ sources(

In,iting a$$lications from $ri,ate sector %e,elo$ers for

%e,elo$ment of $ro,en $otential" a%,ising t#e go,ernment

on $olicies to o&tain s$ee% %e,elo$ment of $ro@ects in t#e

sector( Scrutin of a$$lications an% i%enti!cation of suita&le

%e,elo$ers for allocation of ca$acit" assisting t#e

%e,elo$ers" *#ere,er suc# assistance is soug#t( To $re$are

a %etaile% $ro@ect re$ort( Assisting t#e %e,elo$ers in o&taining statutor clearances(

To carr on &usiness in,estment in securities an% $articularl

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56/118


& $urc#ase of recei,a&le in t#e form of lease rentals

relating to real $ro$ert" securiti)ation of recei,a&les an%

t#e li'e( To con%uct researc# an% arrange or esta&lis# facilities for

researc#" ser,icing or testing of t#e goo%" material an% t#is

is in *#ic# com$an is aut#ori)e% to %eal(

PRODUCT PRO+ILE

1.


57/118


1rom t#e ages *in% #as &een use% for se,eral a$$lications of

man'in% in t#e *orl%( :in% energ %oes #a,e t#e Potential

Energ an% 5inetic Energ" t#is form of energ can eit#er &e

#arnesse% t#roug# 0ec#anical a$$lication

A *in% energ sstem transforms t#e 'inetic energ of t#e *in%

into mec#anical or electrical energ t#at can &e #arnesse% for

$ractical use( 0ec#anical energ is most commonl use% for

$um$ing *ater in rural or remote locations- t#e farm *in%millstill seen in man rural areas of t#e U(S( is a mec#anical *in%

$um$er - &ut it can also &e use% for man ot#er $ur$oses

=grin%ing grain" sa*ing" $us#ing a sail&oat" etc(>( :in% electric

tur&ines generate electricit for #omes an% &usinesses an% for

sale to utilities(

T#ere are t*o &asic %esigns of *in% electric tur&ines? ,ertical-a.is" or egg-&eater stle" an% #ori)ontal-a.is =$ro$eller-stle>

mac#ines( 2ori)ontal-a.is *in% tur&ines are most common to%a"

constituting nearl all of t#e utilit-scale =388 'ilo*atts" ':"

ca$acit an% larger> tur&ines in t#e glo&al mar'et(



58/118


Tu!$in" su$s3st"%s inclu")

A rotor" or &la%es" *#ic# con,ert t#e *in%s energ intorotational s#aft energ

A nacelle =enclosure> containing a %ri,e train" usuall

inclu%ing a gear&o.W an% a generator

A to*er" to su$$ort t#e rotor an% %ri,e train an%

Electronic e/ui$ment suc# as controls" electrical ca&les"

groun% su$$ort e/ui$ment" an% interconnection e/ui$ment(


59/118


T#e 0inistr of Ne* K Rene*a&le Energ =0NRE> #as

installe% t#e *in% assessment $rogram t#roug# its su&si%iar

centre for energ tec#nolog =C-:ET>(C-:ET #as assesse% t#e

*in% $otential at F80 #eig#t to &e of t#e or%er of a&out 39H

0: consi%ering 9V of geogra$#ical area of t#e state( T#is

continue% $rogram inclu%ing state go,ernment fun%e% $ro@ect"77

*in% monitoring station are esta&lis#e% inclu%e in t#e state(

Currentl t#e *in% measurement stu%ies are in $rogress(

5arnata'a is &est o*e% *it# goo% *in% energ $otential in

t#e countr of t#e energ $otentials on %ate a&out 69F0: of

*in% ca$acit #as &een allotte%( HH3 $ro@ects #a,e &een

commissione% so for *it# a total installe% ca$acit of 3FH0: till

t#e en% of 0arc# 9838( 5REDL an% #as set u$ %emonstration *in%

$ro@ect of 90: ca$acit at 0a,ina#on%a" Belgaum %istrict in

august 988( Anot#er %emonstration $ro@ect 9(F0: ca$acit #as

&een set u$ at sogi" Bellar %istrict in August 988(



60/118


TABLE *.1

SL

NO

1inancial

ear

Ca$acit

allotment in

=0:>s

Ca$acit

commissione%

in =0:>s3 U$ to

9888

376(HJ 7(99F

9 9888-83 9FH(F88 (7F

9883-89 3(988 9J(J

9889-8 73(9J FF(H

F 988-8 6(8F8 J(37

H 988-8F H8(JF8 98(FF

7 988F-8H 3HJ6(F8 37(H

J 988H-87 9F93(F88 9H(F

6 9887-8J 33JJ(H88 369(J

38 988J-86 3H(988 93(F

33 9886-38 387H(F88 378

Total 69(698 3FH(3JF

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*. SALL 8YDRO ENERGY

83!og"n "n"!g3 $as" #o("! g"n"!ating unit

K 83!og"n &u"ll" t'!"";('""l"!

In In%ia t#ere are man ri,ers( In ri,er" *ater 4o*s from #ig#

$oints to lo* $oints &ecause of t#e force of gra,it( In4o*s of

*ater" some of t#e energ is ca$ture% an% con,ert it into electric

$o*er( T#e $o*er a,aila&le in a 4o* of *ater of o,er a gi,eninter,al %e$en%s on t*o factors?

T#e ,ertical %istance t#e *ater ;falls< o,er t#e inter,al measure%

in feet or meters" an% t#e ,olume of t#e 4o* of *ater" measure%

in cu&ic feet or cu&ic meters $er secon%( Small 2%ro 2%ro-

electric $o*er stations ca$ture t#e energ in 4o*ing *ater to



62/118


$ro%uce electricit( Small #%ro-electric generating sstems

$ro,i%e clean" c#ea$ electricit for local a$$lications(

S%all 83!o Di7ision in :REDL);

3( Statistics?-

No of $ro@ects as on %ate 98H(F80:ca$acit

No of $ro@ects commissione% as on %ate =IPP> Fnos(

F8H(970:

E.$ecte% $ro@ects to &e commissione% & 983anot#er

9880:

5REDL #as t#e $ri%e of &agging $ri)e for %e,elo$ment

of small #%ro $ro@ects consecuti,e t# time(

9( Base% on ca$acit?-

Large 2%ro$o*er $lants X9F0:

Small 2%ro$o*er $lants 0: to 9F0:(

0ini 2%ro$o*er $lants 3 0: to 0:

0icro 2%ro 38 5: to 3 0:

( Base% on 2ea%?-

Lo* 2ea% Plant = 3F m>

0e%ium 2ea% Plant=3Fm2F8m>

2ig# #ea% Plant =2XF8m>

Po*er =5:> Z6(J3Wecienc of sstemW 4o* =ms>W#ea% =m>( As

on %ate" H88$ro@ects to t#e e.tent of 98H(F80: are allotte%(



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Out of t#em" 9H $ro@ects to t#e e.tent of FH8(970: are

commissione%( It is e.$ecte% F7 $ro@ects to an e.tent of 3J 0:

to commission for t#e ear( Anot#er 38$ro@ects to an e.tent of

3880: are e.$ecte% to &e commissione% & 0arc# 9838( 2ence"

suc# $ro@ects *ill &e closel monitore% an% nurture% to ac#ie,e

t#e aime% target(

TABLE*.*

SL

NO

1inancial

ear

Ca$acit

allotment in

=0:>s

Ca$acit

commissione% in

=0:>s3 U$ to

9888

98(FF8 38(9

9 9888-83 38F(888 39

9883-89 79(388 H(F

9889-8 96(988 3(9F

F 988-8 9F(F7F (F

H 988-8F 98H(97F (3F

7 988F-8H 9H(HF8 7H(FF

J 988H-87 3(888 3(39

6 9887-8J 38(888 68

38 988J-86 33(F88 38



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33 9886-38 79(F88 3J

Total 98H(F8 FH8(97

. BIO ASS AND CO;GENERATION ENERGY

A. BIO ASS);

Bio mass is a rene*a&le energ resource %eri,e% from

car&onaceous *aste of ,arious #uman an% natural acti,ities( It is

%eri,e% from numerous sources" inclu%ing & t#e $ro%ucts from



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t#e tim&er in%ustr( Agricultural cro$s" ra*-materials from t#e

forest" ma@or $orts of #ouse#ol% *aste an% *oo%(

Biomass fuels use% in In%ia account for a&out one t#ir% =3> of

t#e total fuel use% in t#e countr " &eing t#e most im$ortant fuel

use% in o,er 68V of t#e rural #ouse#ol%ers an% a&out 3FV of t#e

ur&an #ouse#ol%s(

1. BIOASS GASI+ICATION);

T#e gasi!cation is &asicall a c#emical reactor *#ere ,arious

com$le. $#sical an% c#emical $rocesses ta'e $lace( T#e

$rocesses of gasi!cation are namel %ring of fuel" $aralsis"

com&ustion an% re%uction(

Biomass gets con,erte% into gas *it# a calori!c ,alue of 3888-

388 'cal $er Nm" *#ic# *oul% #a,e t#e follo*ing(

Com$osition-co-3F-98V

29-3F-98V"C2-3-F

CO9-J-FV

N9-F-FFV

ENERGY 1RO0 :ASTES?-

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3( Muantit of *astes annum from class 3 cities 97 million

tones" 88 million CU(0 of se*age in a%%ition to

in%ustrial *aste(

9( T#ese estimates translate to a $otential of 3988 0:

from ur&an *aste an% J88 0: from in%ustrial *aste till

9H 0: ac#ie,e% an% F8:0 un%er im$lementation(

As on t#e %ate total $otential 38880: &ut &iomass allotte%7J(980:KCommissine% J70: BiomassBiogas targete% from

9886to983 880:

TABLE *.

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B.COGENERATION


SL

NO

1inancial

ear

Ca$acit

allotment in=0:>s

Ca$acit

commissione% in =0:>s

3 U$ to

9888

(F8 8(88

9 9888-83 8(F8 8(88

9883-89 36(78 (F

9889-8 93F(88 8(88

F 988-8 7(F8 F(F

H 988-8F 93(88 H(88

7 988F-8H 8(88 97

J 988H-87 8(88 J(88

6 9887-8J H(88 8(88

38 988J-86 8(88 8(88

33 9886-38 8(88 H(88

Total 6J(98 J7


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Cogeneration is com&ine% #eat an% $o*er is t#e one of #eat

energ or a $o*er station to simultaneousl generate &ot#

electricit an% useful #eat con,entional $o*er $lants(

Emit t#e #eat create% as &-$ro%ucts of electricit generation into

t#e en,ironment t#roug# cooling to*ers" as fuel gas" or & ot#er

means C2P =com&ine% 2eat an% $o*er> ca$tures t#e &-$ro%

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