Lavc f10 lecture 10 primate ecology
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Transcript of Lavc f10 lecture 10 primate ecology
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Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution
Lecture 10: Primate Ecology
Office Drop-in Hours AHS 308 Tutoring Lab Hours AHS 232T 5:30 - 6:30 M & T 1 - 4Th 11:15 - 12:15, 1:15 - 3:15 Student ID requiredF 12 - 1:30by appointment
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Attendance survey
• List three primate characteristics that differentiate primates from other mammals.
• Write your name on the other side of the card.
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Zoo Project - any questions?
• Friday Oct. 15th & Saturday Oct. 16th @ 9:45• Due Oct. 21st - 3rd Exam Oct. 21st
• Exam 2 Extra Credit - fix your mistakes and show me or Kirsten - Due Oct. 21st
• Optional Fieldtrip - any interest?• Natural History Museum - Age of Mammals• Sun. Nov. 7th or Sat. Nov. 20th or Sun. Nov. 21st• $6.50 admission, free parking, near USC
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Why do primates live in groups?
• Advantages of group life
• Costs of group life
• Why do primates live in so many kinds of groups?
• Balancing costs & benefits
• Socioecology
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Behavioral Ecology• The study of the evolution of behavior
• emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection
• Resources (diet), predators, climate, “conspecifics,” etc.
• How do these factors affect behavior?
• In primates, focus especially on the influence of these on social organization
• Socioecology: the study of how social structure and organization are influenced by organisms' environment
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1. Why do primates live in groups?
• Most mammals are solitary
• Many prosimians solitary
• Why are diurnal primates
social?
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Major benefits of group life• Protection versus
predators• Better access to
resources• Access to potential mates
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Large cats prey on primates
lion
leopard
jaguar
cheetah
tiger
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Large primates can defend themselves against big cats, but many small ones can’t
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Raptors prey on primates
Martial eagle
Harpy eagle
Hawk eagle
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Crocodiles can take primates
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A variety of snakes prey on primates
python
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Primates prey on other primates
Chimps hunt red colobus monkeys
Baboons prey on vervets
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Humans and domestic dogs kill primates
Dog with langur infant
Hunter with gorilla head
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Predation is rarely observed, but can sometimes be inferred
leopard paw print
drag marks
baboon jaw & hair
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Indirect evidence of predation
• Wound observed • Healthy animals disappear
overnight
Oryx, back wound
Juvenile, scalp wound
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For diurnal primates, sociality is an effective anti-predator strategy
1. Detection
2. Dilution
3. Defense
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Detection: In larger groups, there are more eyes to watch out for predators
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Dilution: In groups, any particular individual less likely to be caught by predator
Imagine chance of being caught = 1/n, where n = group size
risk = 1/2
risk = 1/12
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Defense: Many strategies for diurnal primates
• Sleep in trees, cliffs• Defensive weaponry • Large body size • Vigilance• Alarm calls• Mobbing• Interspecific associations
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Two or more species may associate to reduce predator risk: Interspecific Associations - 3D’s
Diana monkey Red colobus
Ground predators Eagles
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Nocturnal primates use different strategies
• Hide during day• Park infants while feeding• Solitary• Quiet• Cryptic
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Sociality also has costs 1. Competition
2. Contagion
3. Cuckoldry
4. Inbreeding
5. Cannibalism
6. Infanticide
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2. Natural selection shapes social organization to balance the costs & benefits of group living
• Socioecology = study of how ecological forces shape the size and structure of social groups
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Solitary (but differentiated social relationships)
OrangutanLoris
• each individual lives alone, occasionally meet up for mating
• may chose to neighbour with kin, meet more often
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Monogamous (territorial pairs + offspring)
Titi monkeys
Gibbons
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Mountain gorillas
Black and white colobus
One-male, Multi-female groups (polygyny)
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Pygmy marmoset
marmoset
Callitrichids
One-female, two-male groups (Polyandry)
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Ring-tailed lemurs
Savanna baboons
Multi-male, multi-female groups
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Spider monkeys
Chimpanzees
Communities (fission-fusion social organization)
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Socioecology: Competition for food is particularly important for females• Nutrition affects:
• Ability to conceive• Viability of pregnancy• Lactation
• Male reproduction is more influenced by access to females than by nutrition
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Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked
Dominance Relationships
Competitive Regime
Distribution of food
Value of Alliances
Female Relationships
DispersalPatterns
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The distribution of food affects they type of competition
Clumped, valuable patches Dispersed, low value patches
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The distribution of food affects the nature of competition
• Dispersed --> scramble competition • Food is distributed evenly• Food items not worth fighting over• Scramble to get enough food• no direct competition
• Clumped --> contest competition• Resources are scarce & valuable• Resources are worth fighting over• Contest access to particular resources
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Contest competition can produce dominance relationships
• A & B want same piece of food FIGHT• Bigger, stronger, more experienced one will win• When one consistently defeats other = dominance
relationship• If A always beats B & C• And B always beats C
= dominance hierarchy
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Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked
DominanceHierarchy
Contest Competition
Distribution of food
Value of Alliances
Female Relationships
DispersalPatterns
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If dominance rank affects access to resources,
• Females will strive for high rank• Females may benefit from help in their fights
• Alliances useful
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If females come to rely on alliances…
• Will develop relationships with allies• associate with certain females• groom certain females
• May prefer kin as allies• Kin share genes = kin selection• Inclusive fitness
• Will remain with allies/kin • Females will be philopatric• Males will disperse to prevent
inbreeding
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Alliances can also affect structure of dominance relationships
• A beats B• A helps A’ beat B• A’ can beat B• A and A’ will outrank B
• Dominance hierarchy will have female relatives next to each other in rank
Monkey B
Monkey A
Monkey A’
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Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked
Dominance Hierarchy
Contest Competition
Distribution of food
AlliancesValuable
Close Bonds
Female Philopatry
Eg: baboons & capuchins
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If dominance does not affect access to resources, then…
Unstablehierarchy
ScrambleDistribution
of food Weak bonds
Male/femaledispersal
No alliances
Eg: gorillas & langur monkeys
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What about males?
• There are differences between sexes in what matters most
for fitness:
• Female fitness depends on access to resources
• Male fitness depends on access to females
• Social organization depends on:
• Distribution of resources (for females)
• Distribution of females (for males)
Social organization is driven by sex differences. Why?
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What about males?
• Male fitness depends mainly on access to females• Males don’t benefit much from alliances - can’t
share mating opportunities very well• So, males go where females are
0
510
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Number of Females
Number of Males