LAUNCHING THE NEW SHIP OF STATE - 1789-1800 Chapter 10.
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Transcript of LAUNCHING THE NEW SHIP OF STATE - 1789-1800 Chapter 10.
LAUNCHING THE NEW SHIP OF STATE -1789-1800
Chapter 10
A New Ship On An Uncertain Sea
Population growth. Kentucky, Tennessee, and
Ohio Trans-Appalachian
population was dubiously loyal
Economy in poor shape. Much of rest of world hostile.
Washington’s Pro-Federalist Regime
George Washington elected unanimously in 1789
Washington view of the presidency and presidential power
Cabinet
First Executive Departments
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of War: Henry Knox
The Bill Of Rights
First Congress addressed matters left undone by Constitution
Bill of Rights Drafted by Madison Ratified in 1791 as first
10 Amendments to the Constitution.
Designed to protect rights of the people against actions of the government.
Key Provisions of Bill of Rights
First--Religion, speech, assembly Second – Bear arms Fourth--search and seizure Fifth-- life, liberty and property
(Due Process); freedom against self-incrimination; double jeopardy
Sixth--Speedy trial, trial by jury, assistance of counsel; public trial.
9th—List not exclusive
10th Amendment
Explicitly reserves all rights to the states not specifically delegated to federal government.
Makes clear the national government is one of specific and limited powers.
Judiciary Act of 1789
Created federal courts. Organized the Supreme Court Established the office of
Attorney General 1st Chief Justice = John Jay One of the worst jobs ever
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Alexander Hamilton was a key figure in new govt.
Secretary of Treasury. Fought in revolutionary war. Led key
charge at Yorktown. Aid to Washington. Key figure at Constitutional
convention. Author of many of the federalist
papers. Ally of Madison during the drafting
and ratification process. Strongly federalist.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Hamilton wanted to correct the economic problems that plagued the young nation.
Plan: shape fiscal policies in a way to favor the wealthier groups. Why?
Plan has three parts: Funding and Assumption of the Debt Tariffs and Excise Taxes National Bank
Goals?
Funding and Assumption
National credit terrible because of all the unpaid debt
Plan: Pay national debt “at par” (full value) and assume the state’s debts.
This increases debt of US, but restores credit rating.
Makes a lot of wealthy people wealthier, too. Why?
Hamilton believed that assuming the nation and state debt would strengthen the unity of young nation. Why?
Hamilton's Financial Structure Supported by Revenues
Customs Duties And Excise Taxes
National debt had soared to $75 million because of Funding and Assumption
How to Pay? Tariff Excise Taxes
Tariff depended on a vigorous foreign trade. Britain is main trading partner This is VIP to understanding
Hamilton’s foreign policy toward GB
National Bank
Third leg of Hamilton’s plan Modeled on Bank of England,
Nature and purpose? Benefits:
Increase money in circulation by making US funds available for loans—stimulate business
Provide stable bank notes (paper money) Increases money in circulation Stabilizes the money in circulation
Stabilizes private banks
Debate over Constitutionality of Bank
Jefferson argued that the bank was Unconstitutional. 10th Amendment
Hamilton argued was constitutional Nec. and Proper Clause. Jefferson’s response
Washington sides with Hamilton. Is a Federalist at heart.
Bank of the US chartered in 1791 for 20 years located in Philadelphia with capital of $10
million.
Whiskey Rebellion
1794 in Southwest Pennsylvania
Hamilton’s high excise tax hurt pioneers Why?
Defiant distillers brought collections to a halt. Tarring and feathering. Saw as little different than
taxes imposed by the Brits.This Mountain Tea Kettle as it was referred to in the 1800's is an authentic replica of the whiskey stills the pioneers hand forged out of pure copper to brew their shine
Whiskey Rebellion
G. Washington alarmed.
He and Hamilton lead troops to put down.
Easily defeated Significance?
The Emergence Of Political Parties
Framers attitude toward political parties. Began to arise in Washington
Administration. Reasons? Hamilton—Federalists Jefferson—Democratic Republicans
The Impact Of The French Revolution French Revolution starts a few
weeks after Washington inaugurated.
Dramatically affects US foreign policy for next 26 years.
Reign of terror. Soon France and England at
war. Hamilton and Federalists tend
to be nervous of revolution and favor the Brits. Why?
Jefferson and Dem.-Rep. favor revolution and France. Why?
Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation
The Franco-American alliance of 1778 was to last forever.
What did the treaty require of US? Many Dem-Rep. wanted to honor alliance
and take another shot at GB President Washington felt war should be
avoided at all costs. Why?
Why do Federalists argue the treaty isn’t valid?
Neutrality Proclamation
Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 stated government’s official neutrality sternly warned American citizens to be
impartial Significance: Jeffersonians were mad. Why? Citizen Edmond Genet
Embroilments With Britain
British won’t leave forts. Reasons
British aiding and stirring up Indians Reasons
Battle of Fallen Timbers “Mad” Anthony Wayne Treaty of Grenville Significance
British seize ships and impress sailor. Reasons ConsequencesBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
Jay’s Treaty
Washington sent John Jay to London in 1794 to try to settle difference.
Jay's Treaty, in which the British promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay for damages for the seizures of American ships.
Britain stopped short of pledging anything about future maritime seizures or about supplying arms to Indians.
The treaty also called for the U.S. to continue to pay the debts owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary War accounts
Jay’s Treaty
Terms Britain will evacuate the
chain of forts Agreed to pay damages from
seizures of American ships. But, refuses to stop future
ship seizures or impressments
Refuses to stop supplying arms to Indians.
U.S. must ensure that Americans pay the debts still owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary accounts.
Jay’s Treaty Consequences
Furthers the development of political parties
Leads to Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795. Why?
US gets: 31st parallel established as the border
between the U.S. and West Florida Spain agreed to allow the U.S. free
navigation of Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico and granted the right of deposit in New Orleans for 3 years.
Both nations agreed not to incite Indian attacks against each other.
Washington’s Farewell Address
Washington Extols the benefits of the federal government Warns against the party system Stresses the importance of religion and
morality Warns against permanent foreign alliances.
Washington’s Accomplishments
Election of 1796
Why do Federalists pick John Adams over Hamilton?
Jefferson runs for Dem.-Rep. Nasty and personal campaign John Adams won 71 to 68 in the Electoral
College on the strength of the NE vote. As runner-up Jefferson is vice president (that
isn’t changed until the 12th Amendment in 1804)
John Adams
Adams tactless, prickly, stuffy, intellectual. “His Rotundity.”
In first 36 years of presidency, only president not a Virginian. Only one-term president.
Inherits problems with England
Hamilton fights him for control of party
XYZ Affair
France was upset with Jay's Treaty and it started capturing American merchant ships.
President John Adams sent John Marshall to France to negotiate in 1797. Hoping the meet Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, Adams's envoy was secretly approached by 3 go-betweens, later referred to as X, Y, and Z The French demanded a bribe of $250,000 just to talk to Talleyrand.
Americans refuse
Results of XYZ Affair
War hysteria. “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute.”
War Preparations: Navy Department was created The U.S. Marine Corps was
established New army of 10,000 men was
authorized Leads to 2 ½ years of undeclared
naval warfare with France.
French Back Down
French actions are backfiring on France. How?
French receive new American envoy
Bonaparte takes power and agrees to new treaty with US.
Convention of 1800 Terms
Significance
The Federalist Witch Hunt
Naturalization Act-extended from 5 to 14 years the residency prior to citizenship
Alien Act-Authorized President to expel all aliens considered dangerous
Alien Enemies Act- empowered Arrest in of time of war, or Banishment
Alien & Sedition Acts 1798 Sedition Act- Made it a Misdemeanor for
anyone (Citizen or alien) to conspire in opposition to “any measure or measures of the gov’t or to aid any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination.” Fines & imprisonment for people who “write, print, utter, or publish any false, scandalous and malicious writing bringing the gov’t into disrepute”
p205
The Federalist Witch Hunt
Jeffersonian newspaper editors indicted Ten brought to trial, all convicted Law expired in 1801 Due to anti-French hysteria Federalist
win big in the mid term elections Jeffersonians fight back - carefully
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The Federalist Witch Hunt
Virginia and Kentucky Resolves Argued that the government was formed by a compact
among the states and that the federal powers were limited to those delegated in the Constitution.
The validity of laws passed by the government under supposedly unauthorized powers should be determined by the members of the compact, the states.
Another resolution, passed by the Kentucky legislature in 1799, called for a formal nullification by the states of any law deemed objectionable..
Other states reluctant to follow the two states' resolutions.
The principles stated in the resolutions later were used to support nullification and secession.
FEDERALISTS V. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS
Federalists Founder — Hamilton wanted rule by “best people”
and advocated a strong central government
Government should support private enterprise not interfere — this was liked by merchants, manufacturers, and shippers.
pro-British in foreign affairs a powerful central bank Restrictions of free speech
and press. Concentrated on seacoast Strong navy to protect
shippers.
Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson appealed to middle class and
underprivileged (common man)
Weak central government. States should have the bulk of
power. Strict interpretations of
Constitution. Did not favor the national
debt. No special privileges for
special classes like manufacturers.
Agriculture was favored branch of economy
Followers were from the South and Southwest.
Rule of people Pro-French.