Launching the New Government
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Transcript of Launching the New Government
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Launching the New Government
Ch. 9 U.S. History
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GEORGE WASHINGTON1789-1797
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George Washington’s Presidency
• April 30, 1789 Washington (Virginia) is inaugurated (sworn in) as President.John Adams (Mass.) becomes the Vice-President.
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InaugurationCeremony in which President take the oath of office
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Washington sets precedents
As 1st U.S. President, Washington establishes many governmental precedents.PRECEDENT: an act or decision that sets an example for others to follow.
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Court System Established
Federal Judiciary Act of 1789: Created an independent federal court system with the Supreme Court and lower level courts.
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• The U.S. Supreme Court is to have a Chief Justice and five associate justices. Currently we have 9 total justices.
• Washington appoints John Jay as Chief Justice.
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Presidential Cabinet Created
• Cabinet: Group of department leaders who serve the President.
• The first Presidential Cabinet had four departments
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First Presidential Cabinet1. Secretary of War Henry Knox
oversaw the nation’s defenses.
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2. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson oversaw the relations between the U.S. and other countries.
First Presidential Cabinet
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3. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton managed the government’s money.
First Presidential Cabinet
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First Presidential Cabinet
4. Attorney General Edmond Randolph advised the government on legal matters.
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National Debt
National Debt: amount of money a government owes to others.
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Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Hamilton’s primary goal as Secretary of the Treasury was to reduce the national debt.
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Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Alexander Hamilton believed that the federal government should be stronger than the state governments.
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Hamilton’s Financial Plan
A. Pay off the war debt to develop the trust of other nations for trade. He wanted to buy up Revolutionary War bonds and reissue new ones.
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Hamilton’s Financial Plan
B. Raise the federal government’s revenues through tariffs and taxes.
TARIFFS – a tax on imported goods.
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Whiskey Rebellion• Hamilton wanted
to tax liquor to raise money.
• Backcountry PA corn farmers protested and refused to pay the tax. Washington sent militia to put down rebellion.
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Whiskey Rebellion• The rebellion
tested the will of the new government.
• Washington showed that the new government would act firmly in crisis and violence would not be tolerated.
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French Revolution• After the American
Revolution, the French also fought for liberty and equality. But the Revolution grew violent.
• Radicals in France executed thousands in the name of reform.
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French Revolution
Thomas Jefferson believed that the violence of the revolution was justified.
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French Revolution
Washington did not want to disrupt the U.S. relations with other countries and wanted to remain neutral.• Neutrality – a
decision not to take sides in a war
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Neutrality ProclamationProclamation declared that the United States would remain independent from disputes between other nations.
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Neutrality Proclamation
Difficult to maintain neutrality because American merchants profited from trade with Britain and France.
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Neutrality Proclamation• U.S. neutrality
was challenged because Britain and France seized cargoes from U.S. ships.
• Frigate: a ship that sails fast and has many guns
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Jay’s Treaty• Chief Justice
John Jay negotiated a treaty with the British
• Treaty called for Britain to pay damages for seized American ships.
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National Unity Threatened• American leaders
formed political parties to organize support for their views.
• Americans saw political parties as a threat to national unity.
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National Unity Threatened• Faction: opposing
groups within parties
• Factions began to grow around Cabinet members Hamilton and Jefferson
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National Unity Threatened• Hamilton and his
supporters wanted a strong federal government.
• These Federalists drew support from the North.
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National Unity Threatened• Jefferson believed a
strong national government threatened the rights of states.
• His supporters were Democratic Republicans and included farmers, artisans and wealthy planters.
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Adams is Elected President
• 1796: John Adams becomes the 2nd President of the U.S.
• A Federalist, he won the office over Thomas Jefferson.
• Jefferson became Vice President.
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War Avoided
• President Adams strengthened the navy to keep the nation out of war.
• Adams resisted war fever and avoided armed conflict.
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Federalist Party Splits• Hamilton
disagreed with Adams over whether the U.S. should go to war.
• The Federalist Party split as a result of continuing diplomatic talks with France.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
• During crisis with France, the Federalist Party pushed laws through Congress.
• President could expel any alien, or foreigner, thought to be dangerous to the country.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
• Law made it harder for immigrants to become citizens.
• Sedition: stirring up rebellion against a government
• Citizens could be fined or jailed for criticism of government
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
• Certain states challenged the Sedition Act in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
• Thomas Jefferson help pass the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
• The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions claimed that states can judge whether a law is constitutional.
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Good Luck on the Test!