Lattice Energy LLC-Technical Overview-PAHs and LENRs-Nov 25 2009

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1November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved

Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy

Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs)Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs)Condensed matter nuclear science meets chemistry Condensed matter nuclear science meets chemistry ––

Mizuno experiments with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)Mizuno experiments with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Technical OverviewTechnical Overview

““Out of intense complexities , Out of intense complexities , intense simplicities emerge.intense simplicities emerge.””

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

Lewis Larsen, President and CEO

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Overview: I through IIOverview: I through II…………....…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………. 3 . 3 -- 44

Historical perspective: alchemy, chemistry, and LENRs Historical perspective: alchemy, chemistry, and LENRs -- I through VII I through VII ………… 5 5 -- 1111

Recapping WRecapping W--L in condensed matter metallic hydrides L in condensed matter metallic hydrides ……………………………………..………… 12 12 -- 21 21

Recapping LENR carbonRecapping LENR carbon--seed nucleosynthetic networks seed nucleosynthetic networks …………………………………….... 22 .... 22 -- 2525

2008: Mizuno2008: Mizuno’’s LENR experiments with phenanthrene s LENR experiments with phenanthrene ……………………………………………….. 26 .. 26 -- 4040

WidomWidom--Larsen theory of LENRs and aromatic rings Larsen theory of LENRs and aromatic rings ………………………………………………………… 41 41 -- 4848

Do PAHs and LENRs extend into the astrophysical realm? Do PAHs and LENRs extend into the astrophysical realm? ………………………………………… 49 49 -- 54 54

Further thoughts and possibilities for the future Further thoughts and possibilities for the future …………………………………………………………………… 5555Technical issues that merit further investigation Technical issues that merit further investigation …………………………………………....………… 56 56 Oil industryOil industry’’s new bridge to the future? PAHs as LENR fuel s new bridge to the future? PAHs as LENR fuel ………………..…………. 57. 57Canada/Venezuela: petronuclear Saudi Arabias of the futCanada/Venezuela: petronuclear Saudi Arabias of the future? ure? ……………….. 58 .. 58 Final remarks on alchemy, LENRs, and chemistry Final remarks on alchemy, LENRs, and chemistry ………………………………………………... 59... 59

Ending quotation: Robert Laughlin (2005) Ending quotation: Robert Laughlin (2005) ………………………………..……………………………………………….. 60.. 60

In memoriam: Andrei Lipson (1956 In memoriam: Andrei Lipson (1956 -- 2009) 2009) ……………………....………………………………………………………… 6161

ContentsContents

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Overview I Overview I For more detailed explanation of various concepts and informatioFor more detailed explanation of various concepts and information underlying n underlying this presentation, please see 78this presentation, please see 78--slide Lattice SlideShare Technical Overview slide Lattice SlideShare Technical Overview dated June 25, 2009, a 65dated June 25, 2009, a 65--slide Lattice SlideShare Technical Overview dated slide Lattice SlideShare Technical Overview dated September 3, 2009, as well as a periodically updated Resource GuSeptember 3, 2009, as well as a periodically updated Resource Guide for ide for Readers that was initially published on SlideShare during SeptemReaders that was initially published on SlideShare during September 2009. ber 2009.

RecappingRecapping –– in the September 3 Overview we discussed Win the September 3 Overview we discussed W--L theory in context L theory in context of experiments involving LENR carbonof experiments involving LENR carbon--seed nucleosynthetic networks. On seed nucleosynthetic networks. On Slide #59, we hypothesized that the Slide #59, we hypothesized that the π electrons found on surfaces of planar graphene or curvilinear fullerene carbon structures oscillate collectively, just like SPP electrons on metals; that hydrogen atoms (protons) sticking ‘above’the surfaces of such hydrogenated graphene and/or fullerenes also oscillate collectively, thus forming many-body, potentially nuclear-active ‘patches’analogous to those that can form on surfaces of hydrogen-loaded metals; and that the Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down on such surfaces.

HereinHerein -- using Wusing W--L theory and extending the above hypothesis to PAHs, we L theory and extending the above hypothesis to PAHs, we will analyze Mizunowill analyze Mizuno’’s LENR experiments with phenanthrene to see whether we s LENR experiments with phenanthrene to see whether we can understand his results; whether there are analogues to his dcan understand his results; whether there are analogues to his data; and if our ata; and if our new insights can be applied to explain certain astrophysical isonew insights can be applied to explain certain astrophysical isotopic data. topic data.

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Overview II Overview II -- Nucleosynthetic PathwayNucleosynthetic Pathway

Begin at Carbon (C)Begin at Carbon (C)

Mostly endMostly end--up at Nitrogen (N)up at Nitrogen (N)

Vector of LENR nucleosynthetic Vector of LENR nucleosynthetic pathway in redpathway in red

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Historical perspective: alchemy, chemistry, and LENRs Historical perspective: alchemy, chemistry, and LENRs -- I I

““Grow your tree of falsehood from a single grain of truth.Grow your tree of falsehood from a single grain of truth.””CzeslawCzeslaw MiloszMilosz, poem , poem ““Child of Europe,Child of Europe,”” New York, 1946New York, 1946

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Historical Perspective Historical Perspective -- IIII““The delusion of transmutationThe delusion of transmutation””

““As we peer down the vista of the past we find the delusion of trAs we peer down the vista of the past we find the delusion of transmutation holding ansmutation holding the most prominent place in the minds of thinking men. Frenziedthe most prominent place in the minds of thinking men. Frenzied alchemy held the alchemy held the world in its grip for seventeen centuries and more of recorded hworld in its grip for seventeen centuries and more of recorded history. This istory. This pseudoscience with its alluring goal and fascinating mysticism dpseudoscience with its alluring goal and fascinating mysticism dominated the ominated the thoughts and actions of thousands. In the records of intellectuthoughts and actions of thousands. In the records of intellectual aberrations it holds a al aberrations it holds a unique position. Even Roger Bacon of Oxford, easily the most leunique position. Even Roger Bacon of Oxford, easily the most learned man of his age, arned man of his age, the monk who seven hundred years ago foresaw such modern scientithe monk who seven hundred years ago foresaw such modern scientific inventions as fic inventions as the steamship and the flying machine, believed in the possibilitthe steamship and the flying machine, believed in the possibility of solving this ally of solving this all--consuming problem consuming problem …… Sir Isaac Newton, one of the clearest scientific thinkers of alSir Isaac Newton, one of the clearest scientific thinkers of all l time, bought and consulted books on alchemy as late as the eighttime, bought and consulted books on alchemy as late as the eighteenth century eenth century …… The The power and the influence of many of the alchemists can hardly be power and the influence of many of the alchemists can hardly be exaggerated exaggerated …… While While among the alchemists there were some genuine enthusiasts like Beamong the alchemists there were some genuine enthusiasts like Bernard rnard TrevisanTrevisan, the , the annals of this queer practice are filled with accounts of charlaannals of this queer practice are filled with accounts of charlatans and spurious adepts tans and spurious adepts who, with a deluge of glib words but with only a drop of truth, who, with a deluge of glib words but with only a drop of truth, turned alchemy into one turned alchemy into one of the greatest popular frauds in history.of the greatest popular frauds in history.””

Bernard Jaffe, Bernard Jaffe, ““Crucibles: the story of chemistryCrucibles: the story of chemistry”” 44thth Revised ed., pp. 7Revised ed., pp. 7--8 Dover 1976 8 Dover 1976

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Historical Perspective Historical Perspective -- IIIIII“For Mike’s sake Soddy, don’t call it transmutation.

They’ll have our heads off as alchemists.”Comment made by Ernest Rutherford to Frederic Soddy (1901)

“In 1901, twenty-four year-old chemist Frederick Soddy and Ernest Rutherford were attempting to identify a mysterious gas that wafted from samples of radioactive thorium oxide. They suspected that this gas - they called it an ‘emanation’ - held a key to the recently discovered phenomenon of radioactivity. Soddy had passed the puzzling gas over a series of powerful chemical reagents, heated white-hot. When no reactions took place, he came to a startling realization. As he told his biographer many years later, ´I remember quite well standing there transfixed as though stunned by the colossal import of the thing and blurting out-or so it seemed at the time, ‘Rutherford, this is transmutation: the thorium is disintegrating and transmuting itself into argon gas.’ Rutherford‘s reply was typically aware of more practical implications.”J. Magill, “Decay Engine” at www.nucleonica.net"The Alchemist's Workshop" by Jan

van der Straet (1570)"The Alchymist in Search of the Philosophers'

Stone Discovers Phosphorous" by Joseph Wright of Derby (1771)

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Historical Perspective Historical Perspective -- IVIV““Plus Plus çça change, plus c'est la même chosea change, plus c'est la même chose..””

Epigram by Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr in the January 1849 issue of his journal “Les Guêpes” (The Wasps)

“The idea of producing useful energy from room temperature nuclear reactions is an aberration.”Prof. John Huizenga, chemist and physicist, referring to “cold fusion” in his 1993 book, “Cold fusion – The scientific fiasco of the century”

“The energy produced by the atom is a very poor kind of thing. Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine."Prof. Ernest Rutherford, 1933 [fission discovered by Hahn and Strassmann in 1938; Fermi’s first reactor went critical in 1942; use of nuclear weapons,1945; first commercial reactor, 1957]

Oxford University Press (2007) Wiley – Interscience (2007)

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Historical Perspective Historical Perspective -- VV““God made the neutronGod made the neutron””

““The neutron plays a pivotal role in manmade transmutations. In tThe neutron plays a pivotal role in manmade transmutations. In the words of he words of BronowskiBronowski, , ‘‘At twilight on the sixth day of Creation, so say the Hebrew commAt twilight on the sixth day of Creation, so say the Hebrew commentators entators to the Old Testament, God made for man a number of tools that gato the Old Testament, God made for man a number of tools that gave him also the gift of ve him also the gift of creation. If the commentators were alive today, they would writecreation. If the commentators were alive today, they would write, , ‘‘God made the God made the neutron.neutron.’’ Is it farIs it far--fetched to consider the neutron to be the Stone of the Philosophfetched to consider the neutron to be the Stone of the Philosophers ers (and atom (and atom smasherssmashers to be athanors to be athanors –– the furnaces of the Philosophic Egg)? Frankly, the furnaces of the Philosophic Egg)? Frankly, yes. But, in 1941, fast neutrons were used to transmute mercuryyes. But, in 1941, fast neutrons were used to transmute mercury into a tiny quantity of into a tiny quantity of goldgold11. Was the age old dream realized? Would a modern day version of . Was the age old dream realized? Would a modern day version of the Roman the Roman Emperor Diocletian have to burn all the notebooks and journal arEmperor Diocletian have to burn all the notebooks and journal articles and destroy the ticles and destroy the atom atom smasherssmashers in order to protect the worldin order to protect the world’’s currency? Well, probably not. It is likely s currency? Well, probably not. It is likely that an ounce of such gold would cost more than the net worth ofthat an ounce of such gold would cost more than the net worth of the planet. Also, the the planet. Also, the gold so obtained is radioactive and lives for only a few days atgold so obtained is radioactive and lives for only a few days at most. But, we are not most. But, we are not always logical when it comes to gold. In the words of Black Elk,always logical when it comes to gold. In the words of Black Elk, a holy man of the a holy man of the OglalaOglala LakotaLakota--Sioux on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, Sioux on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, ‘‘ …… Our people Our people knew there was yellow metal in little chunks up there, but they knew there was yellow metal in little chunks up there, but they did not bother with it, did not bother with it, because it was not good for anythingbecause it was not good for anything’’..”” 11[Sherr et al., The Physical Review 60:473[Sherr et al., The Physical Review 60:473--479 1941]479 1941]

Arthur Greenberg, Arthur Greenberg, ““From Alchemy to Chemistry in Picture and StoryFrom Alchemy to Chemistry in Picture and Story”” pp. 571 2007 pp. 571 2007

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Historical Perspective Historical Perspective -- VIVIChemistry and nuclear science come fullChemistry and nuclear science come full--circlecircle

The field of chemistry has spent nearly 300 years distancing itsThe field of chemistry has spent nearly 300 years distancing itself from the elf from the ‘‘fallen angelfallen angel’’ of alchemy. This of alchemy. This ‘‘safe distancesafe distance’’ has been maintained until the has been maintained until the present era, mainly because of wide disparities in energy scalespresent era, mainly because of wide disparities in energy scales between between chemical and nuclear processes. Today, chemistry primarily involchemical and nuclear processes. Today, chemistry primarily involves the ves the dynamics of outer valence electrons and bonding reactions betweedynamics of outer valence electrons and bonding reactions between atoms of n atoms of various elements on electron Volt (eV) energy scales. By contrasvarious elements on electron Volt (eV) energy scales. By contrast, nuclear t, nuclear physics mostly involves strong and weak interaction dynamics of physics mostly involves strong and weak interaction dynamics of nucleons nucleons and innerand inner--shell electrons, as well as other types of energetic particles, shell electrons, as well as other types of energetic particles, with with binding energies on scales ranging from kilo electron Volts (binding energies on scales ranging from kilo electron Volts (keVskeVs) up to mega ) up to mega electron Volts (electron Volts (MeVsMeVs) and higher. ) and higher. ““Never the twain shall meet.Never the twain shall meet.”” ------ until now. until now.

““There is first the groping after causes, and then the struggle tThere is first the groping after causes, and then the struggle to o frame laws. There are intellectual revolutions, bitter controverframe laws. There are intellectual revolutions, bitter controversial sial

conflicts, and the crash and wreck of fallen philosophies.conflicts, and the crash and wreck of fallen philosophies.””Francis Venable Francis Venable ““A Short History of Chemistry,A Short History of Chemistry,”” pp. 1 D. C. Heath 1894pp. 1 D. C. Heath 1894

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Historical Perspective Historical Perspective –– VIIVII“Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet.”

Rudyard Kipling, “The Battle of East and West” (1889)

Since the inception of nuclear science, it has been widely belieSince the inception of nuclear science, it has been widely believed that the only nuclear ved that the only nuclear processes suitable for commercial power generation were strong iprocesses suitable for commercial power generation were strong interaction fission or nteraction fission or fusion; it was also widely held that nuclear transmutation reactfusion; it was also widely held that nuclear transmutation reactions could only take ions could only take place within certain environments, e.g., in fission reactors, weplace within certain environments, e.g., in fission reactors, weapons, or stars. Pons & apons, or stars. Pons & FleischmannFleischmann’’s 1989 discovery of what appeared to be nuclear processes operats 1989 discovery of what appeared to be nuclear processes operating ing inside what would otherwise be ordinary Dinside what would otherwise be ordinary D22O electrolytic chemical cells challenged O electrolytic chemical cells challenged longlong--established conceptual paradigms about nuclear science. Sadly, established conceptual paradigms about nuclear science. Sadly, P&F rashly P&F rashly speculated that their observed radiationspeculated that their observed radiation--free free ““excess heatexcess heat”” resulted from a Dresulted from a D--D D ““cold cold fusionfusion”” process. That claim, coupled with irreproducible experimental rprocess. That claim, coupled with irreproducible experimental results, resulted esults, resulted in sustained attacks on such work by mainstream science that havin sustained attacks on such work by mainstream science that have continued to the e continued to the present. Starting with the release of our first arXiv preprint present. Starting with the release of our first arXiv preprint in 2005, the Widomin 2005, the Widom--Larsen Larsen theory of LENRs has shown, using known physics, how energetic nutheory of LENRs has shown, using known physics, how energetic nuclear reactions can clear reactions can take place in ordinary chemical cells. According to Wtake place in ordinary chemical cells. According to W--L, key aspects of LENRs involve L, key aspects of LENRs involve weak interactions that can occur in a variety of different envirweak interactions that can occur in a variety of different environments under relatively onments under relatively ‘‘mildmild’’ physical conditions. Our theory posits that in condensed matterphysical conditions. Our theory posits that in condensed matter systems, manysystems, many--body collective effects allow the otherwise disparate chemical abody collective effects allow the otherwise disparate chemical and nuclear energy nd nuclear energy realms to interconnect in special, micronrealms to interconnect in special, micron--scale regions on surfaces. scale regions on surfaces.

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Recapping WRecapping W--L in condensed matter metallic hydridesL in condensed matter metallic hydridesManyMany--body collective effects are very important in LENRsbody collective effects are very important in LENRs

““I am increasingly persuaded that all physical law we know about I am increasingly persuaded that all physical law we know about has collective origins, not just some of it.has collective origins, not just some of it.””

Robert Laughlin, Robert Laughlin, ““A Different Universe A Different Universe –– Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down,Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down,”” 20052005

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Creation of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces - I

Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole

Hydride forming elements, e.g., Palladium (Pd), Nickel (Ni), Hydride forming elements, e.g., Palladium (Pd), Nickel (Ni), Titanium (Ti), etc. can be viewed as akin to metallic Titanium (Ti), etc. can be viewed as akin to metallic ‘‘spongessponges’’ that can absorb significant amounts of hydrogen that can absorb significant amounts of hydrogen isotopes in atom % via isotopes in atom % via ‘‘loadingloading’’ mechanismsmechanisms

Analogous to loading a boneAnalogous to loading a bone--dry sponge with Hdry sponge with H22O by O by gradually spilling droplets of water onto it, hydrogen gradually spilling droplets of water onto it, hydrogen isotopes can actually be isotopes can actually be ‘‘loadedloaded’’ into hydrideinto hydride--forming forming metals using different techniques, e.g., various levels of metals using different techniques, e.g., various levels of DC electric currents, pressure gradients, etc. DC electric currents, pressure gradients, etc.

Just prior to entering a metallic lattice, molecules of Just prior to entering a metallic lattice, molecules of hydrogen isotopes dissociate, become monatomic, and hydrogen isotopes dissociate, become monatomic, and then ionize by donating their electrons to the metallic then ionize by donating their electrons to the metallic electron electron ‘‘sea,sea,’’ thus becoming charged interstitial lattice thus becoming charged interstitial lattice protons (pprotons (p++), deuterons (d), deuterons (d++), or tritons (t), or tritons (t++) in the process ) in the process

Once formed, ions of hydrogen isotopes migrate to and Once formed, ions of hydrogen isotopes migrate to and occupy specific interstitial structural sites in metallic occupy specific interstitial structural sites in metallic hydride bulk lattices; this is a materialhydride bulk lattices; this is a material--specific propertyspecific property

November 25, 2009

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Creation of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces - II

When all available interstitial sites in the interior of a bulk When all available interstitial sites in the interior of a bulk lattice are occupied lattice are occupied by hydrogenous ions, a metallic hydride is by hydrogenous ions, a metallic hydride is ‘‘fully loaded,fully loaded,’’ i.e., saturated. At that i.e., saturated. At that point, a dynamic balance between loading and point, a dynamic balance between loading and deloadingdeloading begins (sobegins (so--called called ““breathingbreathing”” mode) during which some of those ions start mode) during which some of those ions start ‘‘leaking back outleaking back out’’ of of the bulk onto the surface. This localized the bulk onto the surface. This localized deloadingdeloading is a dynamic process, is a dynamic process, occurring in discrete, islandoccurring in discrete, island--like, micronlike, micron--scale surface scale surface ‘‘patchespatches’’ or or ‘‘dropletsdroplets’’(scattered randomly across the surface) comprised of many contig(scattered randomly across the surface) comprised of many contiguous p+, uous p+, d+, and/or t+ ions (or admixtures thereof) d+, and/or t+ ions (or admixtures thereof)

Homogeneous (limitedHomogeneous (limited % admixtures; too large % will destroy coherence) % admixtures; too large % will destroy coherence) collections of pcollections of p++, d, d++, or t, or t++ found in manyfound in many--body patches on loaded metallic body patches on loaded metallic hydride surfaces oscillate in unison, collectively and coherentlhydride surfaces oscillate in unison, collectively and coherently; their QM y; their QM wave functions are effectively wave functions are effectively ‘‘entangled.entangled.’’ Such coherence has been Such coherence has been demonstrated in many experiments involving deep inelastic neutrodemonstrated in many experiments involving deep inelastic neutronn-- and and electronelectron--scattering measurements on loaded hydridesscattering measurements on loaded hydrides

Collective oscillations of hydrogenous ions in manyCollective oscillations of hydrogenous ions in many--body surface patches set body surface patches set the stage for local breakdown of the Bornthe stage for local breakdown of the Born--Oppenheimer approximation; this Oppenheimer approximation; this enables loose electromagnetic coupling between penables loose electromagnetic coupling between p++, d, d++, or t, or t++ ions located in ions located in patches and nearby patches and nearby ‘‘coveringcovering’’ surface plasmon polariton (SPP) electrons. Bsurface plasmon polariton (SPP) electrons. B--O O breakdown creates nuclearbreakdown creates nuclear--strength local electric fields (above 10strength local electric fields (above 101111 V/m) in V/m) in and around such patches. Effective masses of SPP electrons (eand around such patches. Effective masses of SPP electrons (e--) exposed to ) exposed to very large local electric fields are thereby increased (every large local electric fields are thereby increased (e--*), enabling neutron *), enabling neutron production via eproduction via e--* + p* + p++, e, e--* + d* + d++, e, e--* + t* + t++ reactions above isotopereactions above isotope--specific specific threshold values for Ethreshold values for E--M field strengthM field strength

SeeSee: : A. A. BushmakerBushmaker et al., et al., ““Direct observation of BornDirect observation of Born--Oppenheimer approximation Oppenheimer approximation breakdown in carbon breakdown in carbon nanotubesnanotubes”” in in NanoNano LettLett. 9 (2) . 9 (2) pp. 607pp. 607--611 Feb. 11, 2009611 Feb. 11, 2009

High electric fields surrounding “nanorice” – Au

coating on hematite coreElectric fields surrounding “nanorice” – Au coating on

hematite core

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Local capture of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces


Unlike energetic neutrons produced in most nuclear Unlike energetic neutrons produced in most nuclear reactions, collectively produced LENR neutrons are reactions, collectively produced LENR neutrons are effectively effectively ‘‘standing stillstanding still’’ at the moment of their creation in at the moment of their creation in condensed matter. Since they are vastly below thermal condensed matter. Since they are vastly below thermal energies (ultra low momentum), ULMNs have huge QM energies (ultra low momentum), ULMNs have huge QM DeBroglieDeBroglie wavelengths (up to wavelengths (up to micronsmicrons) and extraordinarily ) and extraordinarily large capture crosslarge capture cross--sections on nearby nuclei; virtually all sections on nearby nuclei; virtually all will be locally absorbed; not detectable as will be locally absorbed; not detectable as ‘‘freefree’’ neutronsneutrons

For the vast majority of stable and unstable isotopes, ULM For the vast majority of stable and unstable isotopes, ULM neutron capture crossneutron capture cross--sections are directly related to ~1/v, sections are directly related to ~1/v, where v is the neutron velocity in m/sec. Since v is where v is the neutron velocity in m/sec. Since v is extremely smallextremely small for ULM neutrons, their capture crossfor ULM neutrons, their capture cross--sections on atomic nuclei will therefore be correspondingly sections on atomic nuclei will therefore be correspondingly large relative to crosslarge relative to cross--sections measured at thermal sections measured at thermal energies where v = 2,200 m/sec and the neutron energies where v = 2,200 m/sec and the neutron DeBroglieDeBrogliewavelength is ~2 Angstroms. After being collectively wavelength is ~2 Angstroms. After being collectively created, virtually all ULMNs will be locally absorbed created, virtually all ULMNs will be locally absorbed beforebeforeanyany scattering on lattice atoms can elevate them to thermal scattering on lattice atoms can elevate them to thermal kinetic energies; per S. kinetic energies; per S. LamoreauxLamoreaux (Yale) thermalization (Yale) thermalization would require ~0.1 to 0.2 msec, i.e. 10would require ~0.1 to 0.2 msec, i.e. 10--44 sec., a long time sec., a long time on typical 10on typical 10--1919 -- 1010--2222 sec. timesec. time--scale of nuclear reactions scale of nuclear reactions

Ultra low momentum neutrons Ultra low momentum neutrons have enormous absorption have enormous absorption crosscross--sections on 1/v isotopes. sections on 1/v isotopes. For example, Lattice has For example, Lattice has estimated ULMN fission estimated ULMN fission capture crosscapture cross--section on Usection on U--235 235 @ ~1 million barns and on Pu@ ~1 million barns and on Pu--239 @ 49,000 barns (b), vs. 239 @ 49,000 barns (b), vs. ~586 b and ~752 b, ~586 b and ~752 b, respectively, for neutrons @ respectively, for neutrons @ thermal energies. A neutron thermal energies. A neutron capture expert recently capture expert recently estimated ULMN capture on estimated ULMN capture on HeHe--4 @ ~20,000 b vs. value of 4 @ ~20,000 b vs. value of <1 b for thermal neutrons<1 b for thermal neutrons

By comparison, the highest By comparison, the highest known thermal capture cross known thermal capture cross section for any stable isotope section for any stable isotope is Gadoliniumis Gadolinium--157 @ ~49,000 157 @ ~49,000 b. The highest measured crossb. The highest measured cross--section for any unstable isotope section for any unstable isotope is Xenonis Xenon--135 @ ~2.7 million b135 @ ~2.7 million b

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W-L mechanism in condensed matter LENR systems

1.1. EE--M radiation on metallic hydride surface M radiation on metallic hydride surface increases mass of surface plasmon electronsincreases mass of surface plasmon electrons

2.2. HeavyHeavy--mass surface plasmon polariton electrons mass surface plasmon polariton electrons react directly with surface protons (react directly with surface protons (pp++) or ) or deuterons (deuterons (dd++) to produce ultra low momentum ) to produce ultra low momentum (ULM) neutrons ((ULM) neutrons (nnulmulm or or 2n2nulmulm, respectively) and an , respectively) and an electron neutrino (electron neutrino (ννee))

3.3. Ultra low momentum neutrons (Ultra low momentum neutrons (nnulmulm) are captured ) are captured by nearby atomic nuclei (by nearby atomic nuclei (Z, AZ, A) representing some ) representing some element with charge (element with charge (ZZ) and atomic mass () and atomic mass (AA). ). ULM neutron absorption produces a heavierULM neutron absorption produces a heavier--mass isotope (mass isotope (Z, A+1Z, A+1) via transmutation. This ) via transmutation. This new isotope (new isotope (Z, A+1Z, A+1) may itself be a stable or ) may itself be a stable or unstable, which will perforce eventually decay unstable, which will perforce eventually decay

4.4. Many unstable isotopes Many unstable isotopes ββ-- decay, producing: decay, producing: transmuted element with increased charge (transmuted element with increased charge (Z+1Z+1), ), ~ same mass (~ same mass (A+1A+1) as ) as ‘‘parentparent’’ nucleus; nucleus; ββ--

particle (particle (ee-- ); and an antineutrino); and an antineutrino

eeAZAZ

AZAZulmn

eulmnde

eulmnpe

ee

ν

ν

ν

+−+++→+

+→+

+→++−

+→++−

−→−+

)1,1()1,(

)1,(),(

2~

~

~)(radiation

Weak interaction Weak interaction ββ-- decays (shown above), direct decays (shown above), direct gamma conversion to infrared (not shown), and gamma conversion to infrared (not shown), and ααdecays (not shown) produce most of the excess decays (not shown) produce most of the excess heat calorimetrically observed in LENR systemsheat calorimetrically observed in LENR systems

No strong interaction fusion or heavy element No strong interaction fusion or heavy element fission occurring below, only weak interactionsfission occurring below, only weak interactions

Unstable Isotope

1.1.

2.2.

2.2.

3.3.

Unstable or stable new isotope

Weak interaction processes are very important in LENRsWeak interaction processes are very important in LENRs

4.4.

NoteNote: colored shapes associated with diagram on next Slide: colored shapes associated with diagram on next Slide

+(High E-M field)

+

+

+

+

+

+ +

MassMass--renormalized renormalized surface plasmon surface plasmon polariton electronpolariton electron

ν

ν

ν

November 25, 2009

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Conceptual details: W-L mechanism in metallic hydrides

A proton has just reacted with a SPP electron, creating a ‘ghostly’ ULM neutron via e* + p weak interaction; QM wavelength same ‘size’ as patch

Heavily hydrogenHeavily hydrogen--‘‘loadedloaded’’ metallic hydride atomic latticemetallic hydride atomic latticeConduction electrons in substrate lattice not shown Conduction electrons in substrate lattice not shown

Collectively oscillating patch of many protons or deuterons with nearby ‘heavy’ mass-renormalized SPP

electrons ‘bathed’ in high local E-field Local region of very high (>1011 V/m) electric fields ‘above’ micron-scale, many-body

patches of protons or deuterons where Born-Oppenheimer Approximation breaks down

Side view – not to scale – charge balances in diagram only approximate

Surface of metallic hydride substrate

= Proton, deuteron, or triton = Surface ‘target’ atom = Transmuted atom (nuclear product)

= ULM neutron = SPP electron = ‘Heavy’ SPP electron

QM wave function of ultra low momentum (ULM) neutron

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= Unstable isotope

Region of short-range, high strength E-M fields and

‘entangled’ QM wave functions of hydrogenous

ions and SPP electrons

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High level overview: W-L mechanism in condensed matter

LENR Nuclear Realm (MeVs)Occurs within micron-scale ‘patches’

Chemical Energy Realm (eVs)Everywhere else in LENR systems

‘Transducer’ regions: many-body collective effects, ~eV energies are ‘collected’ and ‘summed’ to MeV energies in

micron-scale, many-body surface ‘patches’ by ‘film’ of SPP electrons and p+, d+, t+ ions in patches; all oscillate collectively

Born-Oppenheimer Approximation breaks down in many-body ‘patches’ of p+, d+, or t+ on ‘loaded’ hydride surfaces

Two-way, collective energy transfers occur back-and-forth via E-M fields coupling the chemical and nuclear realms

Many-body, collectively oscillating

surface’ patches’of p+, d+, or t+

ions

Micron-scale surface regions with very high local electromagnetic fields

Mass-renormalized

surface plasmon polariton

(SPP) electrons –also convert

gammas to IR

Normal-mass surface plasmon

polariton (SPP) or πelectrons on

surfaces of certain carbon structures

LENR final products: primarily stable isotopes, energetic β-, α (He-4) particles, other charged particles, IR photons (with small ‘tail’ in soft X-rays), and neutrinos

“Hot spots:”reach 3,000 - 6,000+ oC‘Craters’ visible in post-experiment SEM

images of LENR device surfaces

Infrared (IR) photons

eulmnde

eulmnpe

ν

ν

+→++−

+→++−

2~

~E-M energy E-M energy E-M energy

++

Chemical and nuclear energy realms can interconnect in small regChemical and nuclear energy realms can interconnect in small regionsions

)1,(),( +→+ AZAZulmn

+Either a stable

isotopeOr unstable

isotope in an excited state

- may emit gammas or X-rays Unstable isotope:

Which then subsequently undergoes some type of nuclear decay process

eeAZAZ ν+−++→ ),1(),(

He42)4,2(),( +−−→ AZAZ

Input

Output Output

Gamma photons

HeatHeat

Energy must be inputted to create high surface E-M radiation fields that are needed to produce ULM neutrons. Required input energy can be provided from one or a combination of: electron ‘beams’(electric currents); ion ‘beams’, i.e., fluxes of ions across the surface ‘film’ of SPP electrons (protons, deuterons, tritons, or other ions); and E-M photons, e.g., from lasers if nanoscale surface roughness coupling parameters are satisfied

IR photons excite lattice

phonons

Energetic charged particles

excite lattice phononsNeutrinos (ν) fly

off into space at velocity c

ULM neutron captures on ‘target fuel’ elements and

subsequent nuclear reactions all release nuclear binding energy –neutrons are the

‘match’ that lights the fuel ‘on fire’

In the case of typical beta- decay:

In the case of typical alpha decay:

+ +

+

Extremely neutron-rich product isotopes may also deexcite via beta-delayed decays, which also emit small fluxes of neutrons, protons, deuterons, tritons, etc. End with: ν and IR photons

November 25, 2009

ν

ν

Surface ‘film’ of SPP electrons inherently

oscillates collectively

γ IR

Lattice Energy LLC


Transmutation products correlated with surface structures

Please see Zhang and Dash paper for detailsPlease see Zhang and Dash paper for details

With Palladium (Pd) as a 'target element' present on Pd With Palladium (Pd) as a 'target element' present on Pd cathode surface, Silver (Ag) is experimentally observed; cathode surface, Silver (Ag) is experimentally observed; likely to be direct product of ULM neutron captures on Pd likely to be direct product of ULM neutron captures on Pd with beta decays to Ag isotopeswith beta decays to Ag isotopes

In a SEM image from their paper (copied below) they In a SEM image from their paper (copied below) they directly correlate LENR transmutation products with directly correlate LENR transmutation products with specific sites on postspecific sites on post--experiment surface structures:experiment surface structures:

SeeSee: : W. Zhang and J. Dash, “Excess heat reproducibility and evidence of anomalous elements after electrolysis in Pd/D2O + H2SO4electrolytic cells” in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Sochi, Russia 2007

Free copy of paper available at: Free copy of paper available at: http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ZhangWSexcessheat.pdf

NoteNote: : Their observations of Nickel (Ni) on the Pd Their observations of Nickel (Ni) on the Pd cathode surfaces, if correct, may have resulted cathode surfaces, if correct, may have resulted from LENR ULM neutron captures on Iron (Fe) that from LENR ULM neutron captures on Iron (Fe) that somehow 'leachedsomehow 'leached--outout’’ of the walls of the Pyrex of the walls of the Pyrex glass vessel comprising the cell containing the glass vessel comprising the cell containing the electrolyte. It is well known that metallic elements electrolyte. It is well known that metallic elements that are compositionally present in Pyrex can leach that are compositionally present in Pyrex can leach from glass during from glass during very longvery long exposure to hot exposure to hot electrolytes under such experimental conditions. Fe electrolytes under such experimental conditions. Fe is known to be a minor constituent in many types of is known to be a minor constituent in many types of Pyrex, e.g., Corning #7740 FePyrex, e.g., Corning #7740 Fe22OO33 = 0.04%. Such = 0.04%. Such embedded Fe could potentially leach out of the embedded Fe could potentially leach out of the walls of a Pyrex electrolytic cell into the electrolyte walls of a Pyrex electrolytic cell into the electrolyte and migrate to the cathode surface, where it could and migrate to the cathode surface, where it could provide yet another local 'target element' able to provide yet another local 'target element' able to absorb LENR ULM neutrons and be transmuted absorb LENR ULM neutrons and be transmuted Fig. 8 on p. 14: Fig. 8 on p. 14: ““most common finding is that Ag occurs in cratersmost common finding is that Ag occurs in craters””

Nuclear products associated with intense localized heat productiNuclear products associated with intense localized heat production on

November 25, 2009

Remains of “hot spots”

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ZhangWSexcessheat.pdf

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ZhangWSexcessheat.pdf

Lattice Energy LLC


Can’t boil tea, but LENRs can boil metals on a nanoscale


While LENR devices cannot While LENR devices cannot ““boil a cup of teaboil a cup of tea”” yet, yet, CirilloCirillo and and IorioIorio have reported results wherein posthave reported results wherein post--experiment SEM images show unusual surface experiment SEM images show unusual surface structures that appear to have resulted from flash structures that appear to have resulted from flash boiling of Tungsten cathodes (MP = 3,410 C; BP = boiling of Tungsten cathodes (MP = 3,410 C; BP = 5,666 C) in roughly circular 50 5,666 C) in roughly circular 50 –– 100 micron patches100 micron patches

With WWith W’’s high boiling point, it is unlikely that such s high boiling point, it is unlikely that such features were produced by oxidative chemical features were produced by oxidative chemical processes, since the hottest known chemical processes, since the hottest known chemical ‘‘flamesflames’’are are cyanogencyanogen--oxygen under pressure at 4,367oxygen under pressure at 4,367OO C; C; carbon carbon subnitridesubnitride burning in pure Oburning in pure O22 at 4,987at 4,987OO CC

One might argue that such heating was caused by local One might argue that such heating was caused by local electrical discharges (prosaic arcing). Perhaps, but electrical discharges (prosaic arcing). Perhaps, but micronmicron--scale arcing events result in somewhat different scale arcing events result in somewhat different surface morphologies. More importantly, in the same surface morphologies. More importantly, in the same experiments Rhenium (Re), Osmium (Os), and Gold experiments Rhenium (Re), Osmium (Os), and Gold (Au) were observed as nuclear transmutation products (Au) were observed as nuclear transmutation products on the cathode surfaceon the cathode surface

According to WAccording to W--L theory, ULM neutron production and L theory, ULM neutron production and successive ULM neutron captures interspersed with successive ULM neutron captures interspersed with beta decays would be expected to produce W beta decays would be expected to produce W --> Re > Re --> > Os Os --> Au, which are in fact observed> Au, which are in fact observed

SeeSee: : D. D. CirilloCirillo and V. and V. IorioIorio, , ““Transmutation of metal at Transmutation of metal at low energy in a confined plasma in water" on pp. low energy in a confined plasma in water" on pp. 492492--504 in 504 in ““Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Condensed Matter Nuclear Science ––Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Cold Fusion,Cold Fusion,”” JJ--P. Biberian, ed., World Scientific P. Biberian, ed., World Scientific 2006 2006

Free copy of paper available at: Free copy of paper available at: http://www.lenrhttp://www.lenr--canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdfcanr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdf

NoteNote: : unbeknownst to the experimenters, they may unbeknownst to the experimenters, they may have had either Barium (Ba) have had either Barium (Ba) titanatetitanate and/or and/or Dysprosium (Dysprosium (DyDy) as ) as component(scomponent(s) in the composition ) in the composition of the dielectric ceramic sleeve that was partially of the dielectric ceramic sleeve that was partially covering the cathode immersed in the electrolyte; Ba covering the cathode immersed in the electrolyte; Ba and/or and/or DyDy are often present in such ceramics. Under are often present in such ceramics. Under the stated experimental conditions, Ba and the stated experimental conditions, Ba and DyDy could could easily 'leacheasily 'leach--out' from the surface of the ceramic into out' from the surface of the ceramic into the electrolyte, creating yet another 'target' element the electrolyte, creating yet another 'target' element that could migrate onto the surface of their Tungsten that could migrate onto the surface of their Tungsten cathode. Since none of the potential intermediate cathode. Since none of the potential intermediate transmutation products such as Nd (Neodymium), Sm transmutation products such as Nd (Neodymium), Sm (Samarium), and (Samarium), and GdGd (Gadolinium) were (Gadolinium) were observed/reported, it is possible that there may have observed/reported, it is possible that there may have been LENR ULM neutron captures starting with been LENR ULM neutron captures starting with DyDy --> > ErEr (Erbium) (Erbium) --> Tm (Thulium) > Tm (Thulium) -->>YbYb (Ytterbium) which (Ytterbium) which are transmutation products that were in fact observed are transmutation products that were in fact observed in their experimentsin their experiments

November 25, 2009

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdf

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdf

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SEM images of LENR post-experiment surface features

Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole Artist’s rendering – black hole magnetic fields

Readers encouraged to examine reported SEM images of LENR surfacReaders encouraged to examine reported SEM images of LENR surface featurese features

To find more images, please go to the free website: To find more images, please go to the free website: www.lenrwww.lenr--canr.orgcanr.org as noted as noted before, several hundred downloadable papers are available thereobefore, several hundred downloadable papers are available thereonn

Here are additional examples of SEM images from various LENR resHere are additional examples of SEM images from various LENR researchers:earchers:

Pd surface: image source is Energetics Pd surface: image source is Energetics Technologies, Omer, IsraelTechnologies, Omer, Israel

Pd surface: image source is US Navy SPAWAR Pd surface: image source is US Navy SPAWAR (San Diego, CA)(San Diego, CA)

W surface: image source is D. W surface: image source is D. CirilloCirillo and V. and V. IorioIorio, , LaboratorioLaboratorio M. M. RutaRuta, 81100, , 81100, CasertaCaserta, Italy, Italy

View the evidence and form your own conclusions about such strucView the evidence and form your own conclusions about such structures tures

November 25, 2009

Relic “crater” at former “hot spot”Pd surface B.P. = 2,970 oC

Relic “craters” and melting at former “hot spot” Pd surface B.P. = 2,970 oC

‘Frozen boiling’ features on TungstenW surface B.P. = 5,666 oC

http://www.lenr-canr.org/

Lattice Energy LLC



Recapping LENR carbon-seed nucleosynthetic networks

November 25, 2009

Advance of a new scientific paradigm involves, Advance of a new scientific paradigm involves, “…“… handling the same bundle of data as before, but placing them in a new system of

relations with one another by giving them a different framework..””Herbert Butterfield, Herbert Butterfield, ““The Origins of Modern Science,The Origins of Modern Science,”” London 1949London 1949

Lattice Energy LLC


ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from 6C12 - I

6C-12Stable 98.7%

6C-13Stable 1.3%

6C-14HL=5.7x103 y

7N-14Stable 99.6%

0.20.2

6C-15HL= 2.5 sec

7N-15Stable 0.4%

9.89.8

6C-16HL=747 msec

7N-16HL=7.1 sec

8O-16Stable 99.76%

8.08.0

10.410.4

6C-17HL=193 msec

7N-17HL=4.2 sec

8O-17Stable 0.04%

13.213.2

8.78.7

6C-18HL=92 msec

7N-18HL=622 msec

8O-18Stable 0.20%

11.811.8

13.913.9

6C-19HL=46 msec

7N-19HL=271 msec

8O-19HL=26.5 sec

9F-19~Stable 100%

16.616.6

12.512.5

4.84.8

5.05.0 8.28.2 1.21.2 4.34.3 0.80.8 4.24.2 0.60.6

10.810.8 2.52.5 2.82.85.95.9 5.35.3

4.14.1 8.08.0 4.04.0

2.92.9

2.22.2

6.66.6

7.67.6

ULMN capture on carbon, neutronULMN capture on carbon, neutron--rich isotope production, and related decays rich isotope production, and related decays

Network continues onward to higher ANetwork continues onward to higher A

2He-4 ‘Pool’Stable 99.99%‘Boson sink’

Increasing values of AIncreasing values of A

Increasing values of ZIncreasing values of Z

Legend:Legend:ULM neutron captures ULM neutron captures proceed from left to right; Qproceed from left to right; Q--value of capture reaction in value of capture reaction in MeV is on top of green MeV is on top of green horizontal arrow:horizontal arrow:

Beta decays proceed from top Beta decays proceed from top to bottom; denoted w. blue to bottom; denoted w. blue vertical arrow with Qvertical arrow with Q--value in value in MeV in blue to left:MeV in blue to left:

Totally stable isotopes are Totally stable isotopes are indicated by green boxes; indicated by green boxes; some with extremely long some with extremely long halfhalf--lives are labeled lives are labeled ““~stable~stable””; natural ; natural abundances denoted in %abundances denoted in %

Unstable isotopes are Unstable isotopes are indicated by purplish boxes; indicated by purplish boxes; when measured, halfwhen measured, half--lives are lives are shown as shown as ““HL = xxHL = xx””

7.57.5

7.57.5

A total of nine different A total of nine different ‘‘Carbon cycleCarbon cycle’’ pathways are possible in this region of pathways are possible in this region of the model LENR nucleosynthetic network; four of them are as follthe model LENR nucleosynthetic network; four of them are as follows: ows: (C(C--12 thru C12 thru C--15) 15) --> N> N--15 15 --> N> N--16 16 --> C> C--12 + He12 + He--4 ; total Q4 ; total Qvv = ~30 MeV/He= ~30 MeV/He--4 atom4 atom(C(C--12 thru C12 thru C--16) 16) --> N> N--16 16 --> C> C--12 + He12 + He--4 ; total Q4 ; total Qvv = ~30.0 MeV/He= ~30.0 MeV/He--4 atom 4 atom (C(C--12 thru C12 thru C--17) 17) --> N> N--17 17 --> C> C--13 + He13 + He--4 ; total Qv = ~35.0 MeV/He4 ; total Qv = ~35.0 MeV/He--4 atom4 atom(C(C--12 thru C12 thru C--18) 18) --> N> N--18 18 --> C> C--14 + He14 + He--4 ; total Qv = ~43.2 MeV/He4 ; total Qv = ~43.2 MeV/He--4 atom4 atom

BetaBeta--delayed alpha delayed alpha decays are denoted decays are denoted by orange arrows by orange arrows with decay energy with decay energy in MeV:in MeV:

BetaBeta--delayed delayed neutron emissions neutron emissions are denoted by pink are denoted by pink dotted lines with dotted lines with arrows; decay arrows; decay energy in MeV:energy in MeV:

Gamma emissions Gamma emissions are not shown here; are not shown here; are automatically are automatically converted directly converted directly to infrared by heavy to infrared by heavy SPP electronsSPP electrons

3.33.32.32.3

7.7 7.7

WellWell--accepted reports documenting betaaccepted reports documenting beta--delayed alpha delayed alpha decays in neutrondecays in neutron--rich Nitrogen (N) isotopes were first rich Nitrogen (N) isotopes were first published in major journals ca. 1992 published in major journals ca. 1992 -- 1994 1994

7.57.5

4.54.5 5.95.9

5.55.5

7.57.5

[BR = 12.2 %][BR = 12.2 %]

[BR = 0.0025 %][BR = 0.0025 %]

[BR = 0.001 %][BR = 0.001 %]

8.68.6

7.37.3 9.09.0 11.211.213.613.6

10.410.4

November 25, 2009

Lattice Energy LLC


ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from 6C12 - II

6C-20HL= 14 msec

15.815.8

7N-20HL=100 msec

8O-20HL= 13.5 sec

9F-20HL= 11.0 sec

10Ne-20Stable 90.5%

18.018.0

3.83.8

7.07.0

7N-21HL= 85 msec

8O-21HL= 3.4 sec

9F-21HL= 4.2 sec

10Ne-21Stable 0.25%

17.217.2

8.18.1

5.75.7

7N-22HL= 24 msec

8O-22HL= 2.3 sec

9F-22HL= 4.2 sec

10Ne-22Stable 9.25%

22.822.8

6.56.5

10.810.8

7N-23HL=14.5 msec

8O-23HL= 82 msec

9F-23HL= 2.2 sec

10Ne-23HL= 37.2 sec

11Na-23Stable 100%

23.823.8

11.311.3

8.58.5

4.44.4

8O-24HL= 61 msec

9F-24HL= 0.3 sec

10Ne-24HL= 3.4 min

11Na-24HL= 15 hrs

12Mg-24Stable 79%

11.511.5

13.513.5

2.52.5

5.55.5

9F-25HL= 59 msec

10Ne-25HL= 602 msec

11Na-25HL= 1 min

12Mg-25Stable 10%

13.413.4

7.37.3

3.83.8

4.64.6

3.83.8

8.18.1

6.86.8

1.31.3 1.71.7

6.96.9 2.72.7 3.63.6

5.35.3 7.57.5 3.83.8 4.44.4

5.25.210.410.4 8.98.9

7.07.0

4.24.2

9.09.0

7.37.3

5.55.5

1.11.1

5.65.6

11.111.1

0.02.92.9

2.22.2

7.67.6

6.66.6

0.0

0.0

9F-26HL=10.2 msec

9F-27HL= 4.9 msec

NeutronCapture

Ends on C

NeutronCapture

Ends on N

NeutronCapture

Ends on O

0.0 NeutronCapture

Ends on F

12Mg-26Stable 11%

12Mg-27HL= 9.5 min

8.58.56.46.4

10Ne-26HL= 197 msec

10Ne-27HL= 32 msec

3.93.91.41.4

6.76.7

13Al-27Stable 100%

7.77.7

3.53.511Na-26

HL= 1.1 sec11Na-27

HL= 301 msec

17.817.8

7.37.3

9.49.4

17.917.9

12.612.6

9.19.1

2.62.6

1.41.4

Network can continue further to Network can continue further to even higher values of A if ULM even higher values of A if ULM neutron fluxes are large enough neutron fluxes are large enough and of sufficient duration. This is and of sufficient duration. This is similar to stars, but with key similar to stars, but with key differencesdifferences

Networkcontinues

Networkcontinues

Networkcontinues

Networkcontinues

Please note this region of very high-energy beta- decays of neutron-rich Nitrogen isotopes (N-20 through N-23)

Note the large size of the QNote the large size of the Q--values for betavalues for beta--decays of Ndecays of N--22 (22.8 MeV) and N22 (22.8 MeV) and N--23 (23.8 MeV) 23 (23.8 MeV)

For comparison, here are some representative QFor comparison, here are some representative Q--values of values of ‘‘prosaicprosaic’’hot fusion processes with high Coulomb barriers:hot fusion processes with high Coulomb barriers:

D + D D + D --> He> He--4 + gamma (23.9 MeV) 4 + gamma (23.9 MeV) –– minor Dminor D--D fusion branch ~10D fusion branch ~10--5 5 %%

D + T D + T --> He> He--4 + 14.1 MeV neutron (17.6 MeV)4 + 14.1 MeV neutron (17.6 MeV)

D + D D + D --> Triton + proton (4.03 MeV) > Triton + proton (4.03 MeV) –– BR ~50%BR ~50%

D + D D + D --> He> He--3 + neutron (3.27 MeV) ) 3 + neutron (3.27 MeV) ) –– BR ~50%BR ~50%

This data illustrates how LENRs may have the potential to be a mThis data illustrates how LENRs may have the potential to be a much uch better power generation technology than hot fusion; they releasebetter power generation technology than hot fusion; they release just just as much energy without any energetic neutrons or gamma radiationas much energy without any energetic neutrons or gamma radiation

10.410.4

13.613.6

13.413.4 15.915.9 21.021.0

1.31.3

0.50.5

3.83.8

3.33.3

7.77.7

4.64.6 9.29.2 12.312.3

1.71.7

16.416.4

5.95.9

2.62.6

November 25, 2009

Lattice Energy LLC


Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007

ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from 6C12 - III

Here is how Here is how fusionfusion--basedbased carbon cycles are thought to operate in starscarbon cycles are thought to operate in starsCycle 1: stellar CNO nucleosynthetic cycleCycle 1: stellar CNO nucleosynthetic cycle Cycles 1 Cycles 1 –– 4: CNO + 3 nucleosynthetic cycles thru Ne4: CNO + 3 nucleosynthetic cycles thru Ne--18 and Ne18 and Ne--19 19

CommentsComments: : in the stellar CNO cycle only Cin the stellar CNO cycle only C--12 is recycled; in LENR12 is recycled; in LENR--based carbon cycles, Cbased carbon cycles, C--12, C12, C--13, and C13, and C--14 are 14 are all potentially regenerated. In general, ULMN catalyzed nucleosyall potentially regenerated. In general, ULMN catalyzed nucleosynthetic networks involve production of substantially nthetic networks involve production of substantially more neutronmore neutron--rich isotopes than stellar networks, e.g., rich isotopes than stellar networks, e.g., CC--1414 CC--2020; ; NN--1414 NN--2323; ; OO--1919 OO--2424; ; FF--1919 FF--2727; and ; and NeNe--20 20

NeNe--2727. Alpha decays are far more common events in low. Alpha decays are far more common events in low--A stellar fusion processes A stellar fusion processes

Starts at CStarts at C--1212

Starts at CStarts at C--1212Produces oneProduces oneHeHe--4 per cycle4 per cycle

November 25, 2009

Lattice Energy LLC



2008: Mizuno2008: Mizuno’’s LENR experiments with phenanthrenes LENR experiments with phenanthrene

November 25, 2009

“The central theme of alchemy is the search for the secret of transmutation … Alchemists believed that the transmutation of metals was physically possible and they strived to bring this about in their laboratories. As historians of science grudgingly admit, many useful chemical processes came to light through these

experiments.” The centerpiece apparatus of a well-equipped medieval alchemist’s laboratory was an “athanor,” a large tower-shaped clay or brick oven which functioned as “a self-feeding furnace, designed

to maintain a uniform temperature and provide heat for alchemical digestion.”Quoted from multiple modern sourcesQuoted from multiple modern sources

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Details of these experiments are described in the two Details of these experiments are described in the two different, nondifferent, non--refereed papers cited to the right refereed papers cited to the right

Primary goals of the experiments were to measure: (a.) Primary goals of the experiments were to measure: (a.) excess heat with crude calorimetry based on temperature excess heat with crude calorimetry based on temperature differentials observed between 4 calibrated Rdifferentials observed between 4 calibrated R--type type thermocouples (87% Pt; 13% thermocouples (87% Pt; 13% RhRh); (b.) nuclear transmutation ); (b.) nuclear transmutation products using an ULVAC REGA201 mass spectrometer; products using an ULVAC REGA201 mass spectrometer; and (c.) high energy photon (Xand (c.) high energy photon (X--ray or gamma) emissions, if ray or gamma) emissions, if any, using an any, using an AlokaAloka TCSTCS--161 161 NaINaI scintillation detectorscintillation detector

CommentsComments

Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - I

:: Mizuno has successfully measured heat and Mizuno has successfully measured heat and transmutation products many times in the past; those transmutation products many times in the past; those results in this new phenanthrene work can potentially be results in this new phenanthrene work can potentially be useful measurements. By contrast, his reported useful measurements. By contrast, his reported ““gammagamma””emissions in these two papers are rather unclear and emissions in these two papers are rather unclear and questionable. Beyond a nonstandard presentation format, questionable. Beyond a nonstandard presentation format, a nationally recognized expert on gamma spectroscopy a nationally recognized expert on gamma spectroscopy examined his claimed gamma observations and concluded examined his claimed gamma observations and concluded that they were that they were ““unclear, inconclusive, and indeterminate.unclear, inconclusive, and indeterminate.””

Please seePlease see

Gas phase hydrogenation - measured excess heat and transmutation products

: :

T. Mizuno and S. Sawada., T. Mizuno and S. Sawada., ““Anomalous heat Anomalous heat generation during hydrogenation of carbon generation during hydrogenation of carbon (phenanthrene)(phenanthrene)”” ICCFICCF--14 conference, 14 conference, Washington, DC (2008)Washington, DC (2008)

Free document available online atFree document available online at: :

http://www.lenrhttp://www.lenr--canr.org/acrobat/MizunoTanomaloushb.pdfcanr.org/acrobat/MizunoTanomaloushb.pdf[23 pages][23 pages]

A differently reported version of much of the A differently reported version of much of the same experimental data can be found in: same experimental data can be found in:

H. H. KozimaKozima and T. Mizuno, and T. Mizuno, ““Nuclear Nuclear transmutations in hydrocarbons: polyethylene transmutations in hydrocarbons: polyethylene (XLPE) films and phenanthrene on Pt mesh (XLPE) films and phenanthrene on Pt mesh substrate,substrate,”” Reports of CFRLReports of CFRL (Cold Fusion (Cold Fusion Research Laboratory), 8Research Laboratory), 8--4, pp. 1 4, pp. 1 –– 18, October 18, October 20082008

Free document available online atFree document available online at: :

http://http://www.geocities.jp/hjrfq930/Papers/papwww.geocities.jp/hjrfq930/Papers/paperr/paperr18.pdf [18 pages]err/paperr18.pdf [18 pages]

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MizunoTanomaloushb.pdf

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MizunoTanomaloushb.pdf

Lattice Energy LLC



These are new, innovative, and very different types of LENR These are new, innovative, and very different types of LENR experiments experiments -- have not previously been done in the fieldhave not previously been done in the field

Specifically, hydrogenation of relatively common type of Specifically, hydrogenation of relatively common type of aromatic hydrocarbon, phenanthrene, appears to be associated aromatic hydrocarbon, phenanthrene, appears to be associated with nuclear reactions and transmutations with nuclear reactions and transmutations

Phenanthrene is member of large family of CPhenanthrene is member of large family of C--H organic H organic molecules: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); they are molecules: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); they are distinguished by having from two up to ten 6distinguished by having from two up to ten 6--carbon benzene carbon benzene rings bonded along their rings bonded along their ‘‘edgesedges’’ –– are pollutants produced are pollutants produced during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

UnsaturatedUnsaturated

Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - II

phenanthrene has chemical formula Cphenanthrene has chemical formula C1414HH10 10 --additional hydrogen atoms (effectively protons) can be added to additional hydrogen atoms (effectively protons) can be added to ‘‘loadload’’ or or ‘‘saturatesaturate’’ its three benzene rings via catalytically its three benzene rings via catalytically assisted hydrogenation that consists of heating solid assisted hydrogenation that consists of heating solid phenanthrene under pressure in the presence of hydrogen gas phenanthrene under pressure in the presence of hydrogen gas and a Pt catalyst in a sealed reactor vesseland a Pt catalyst in a sealed reactor vessel

Assisting hydrogenation is one role of Pt in experiments; is Assisting hydrogenation is one role of Pt in experiments; is analogous to loading H/D into Pd in an LENR electrolytic cell analogous to loading H/D into Pd in an LENR electrolytic cell

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenanthrene

Benzene showing π electron ‘clouds’:π electrons, carbon atoms and protons (H) all in very close physical proximity

C CC

CC C

H

HH

H

‘Ghostly’ delocalized π electron ‘clouds’ above 6- carbon ring

‘Ghostly’ delocalized π electron ‘clouds’ below 6- carbon ring

Unsaturated phenanthrene (C14H10)

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Solid phenanthrene (1 gram Solid phenanthrene (1 gram –– 99.5% pure) and Pt 99.5% pure) and Pt ““catalyzercatalyzer”” (5 cm x 10 cm rectangular mesh weighing (5 cm x 10 cm rectangular mesh weighing ~27.8 ~27.8 gmsgms –– 99.99% pure) were placed into a metallic 99.99% pure) were placed into a metallic reactor vessel; its top lid was then bolted shut reactor vessel; its top lid was then bolted shut Reactor vessel was then connected to a vacuum system Reactor vessel was then connected to a vacuum system and pumped down to ~10and pumped down to ~10--33 mm/Hg mm/Hg Hydrogen gas (99.99% pure: impurities in ppm were OHydrogen gas (99.99% pure: impurities in ppm were O2 2 = = 5; N5; N2 2 = 50; CO = 1; CO= 50; CO = 1; CO2 2 = 21; hydrocarbons <1) was then = 21; hydrocarbons <1) was then admitted into the reactor vessel (admitted into the reactor vessel (InconelInconel 625 is 56 mm OD, 625 is 56 mm OD, 26 mm ID, 160 mm in length, 0.1 L volume, rated for 500 26 mm ID, 160 mm in length, 0.1 L volume, rated for 500 atm; SUS 316L vessel is 15 mm OD, 9 mm ID, 300 mm in atm; SUS 316L vessel is 15 mm OD, 9 mm ID, 300 mm in length, 0.02 L volume, rated for < 200 atm) length, 0.02 L volume, rated for < 200 atm) –– experimental experimental pressures ranged from 37 pressures ranged from 37 -- 60 atm 60 atm After filling with pure hydrogen, an After filling with pure hydrogen, an InconelInconel 625 or SUS 625 or SUS 316L reactor vessel was heated with a 2 kW electric 316L reactor vessel was heated with a 2 kW electric furnace; maximum temperatures reached was ~700furnace; maximum temperatures reached was ~700oo C C Reactor vessel was then allowed to Reactor vessel was then allowed to ‘‘cookcook’’ at various at various temperatures for varying periods that ranged up to ~10 temperatures for varying periods that ranged up to ~10 days. During that time, heat production and radiation were days. During that time, heat production and radiation were monitored. At the end of a given experiment, gas and monitored. At the end of a given experiment, gas and residues remaining in the metallic reactor vessel were residues remaining in the metallic reactor vessel were analyzed with sensitive mass spectroscopyanalyzed with sensitive mass spectroscopy

Composition of vessels and Pt mesh Composition of vessels and Pt mesh ““catalyzercatalyzer”” in in

Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - III

contact with hydrogen gas and gasified hydrocarbonscontact with hydrogen gas and gasified hydrocarbons: :

InconelInconel 625625: : family of austenitic nickelfamily of austenitic nickel--chromium (Nichromium (Ni--Cr) based Cr) based superalloyssuperalloys that are typically used in high that are typically used in high temperature applications. Forms passive oxidized temperature applications. Forms passive oxidized layer upon heating that resists corrosion. layer upon heating that resists corrosion. InconelInconel 625 625 contains approximately: 58% Ni; 20 contains approximately: 58% Ni; 20 –– 23% Cr; 5% Fe; 23% Cr; 5% Fe; as well as 8 as well as 8 -- 10% Mo; 3.15 10% Mo; 3.15 –– 4.15% 4.15% NbNb; 1% Co; ; 1% Co; 0.5% 0.5% MnMn; 0.4% Al; 0.4% Ti; 0.5% ; 0.4% Al; 0.4% Ti; 0.5% SiSi; 0.1% C; 0.015% ; 0.1% C; 0.015% S; and 0.015% P S; and 0.015% P

SUS 316LSUS 316L: : family of standard, molybdenumfamily of standard, molybdenum--bearing bearing austenitic stainless steels (Fe). Grade 316L is a lowaustenitic stainless steels (Fe). Grade 316L is a low--carbon version that is immune to grain boundary carbon version that is immune to grain boundary carbide precipitation. This grade of stainless Fe carbide precipitation. This grade of stainless Fe contains a maximum of approximately: 0.03% C; contains a maximum of approximately: 0.03% C; 2.0% 2.0% MnMn; 0.75% ; 0.75% SiSi; 0.045% P; 0.03% S; 18% Cr; 3% ; 0.045% P; 0.03% S; 18% Cr; 3% Mo; 14% Ni; and 0.10%NMo; 14% Ni; and 0.10%N

Pt mesh Pt mesh ““catalyzercatalyzer””: : high purity (99.99%) Platinum high purity (99.99%) Platinum mesh supplied by Tanaka Noble Metal Co., Ltdmesh supplied by Tanaka Noble Metal Co., Ltd

NoteNote: from a compositional standpoint the materials : from a compositional standpoint the materials found inside Mizunofound inside Mizuno’’s reactor vessels are relatively s reactor vessels are relatively wellwell--characterized. This is very important when characterized. This is very important when assessing the results of mass spectroscopy analyses assessing the results of mass spectroscopy analyses undertaken to detect the presence of nuclear undertaken to detect the presence of nuclear transmutation products in LENR experimentstransmutation products in LENR experiments

High-level overview of the experiments

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Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - IV

Schematic diagram of Mizuno’s experimental setup with reactor vessels

H2gas

Vacuum

Power supply

Power meter

Gamma-ray detector

Data-logger Computer

Thermocouples

Mass analyzer

Transducer

Gamma-ray detector

Pressure gauge

Pt catalyzerReactor vessel Sample

Source: T. Mizuno, ICCF-15 Presentation, Frascati, Italy October 2009, at http://iccf15.frascati.enea.it/ICCF15-PRESENTATIONS/S7_O8_Mizuno.pdf

NoteNote: graphic adapted from Mizuno: graphic adapted from Mizuno’’s 2009 ICCFs 2009 ICCF--15 conference presentation15 conference presentation

Photo of both reactor vesselsPhoto of both reactor vessels

InconelInconel 625625 SUS 316LSUS 316L

SourceSource: Mizuno ICCF: Mizuno ICCF--14 presentation14 presentation

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Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - V

Summary of overall experimental conditions

Table 1. Cell conditions for the five runs shown in Fig. 20Reaction Cell Conditions

Cell Status or Contents Symbol Pressure (atm)

Temperature (oC)

Gas Volume (L)

Excess heat made 37 650 0.33

No excess heat 60 605 0.56

No Pt catalyst 54 645 0.48

No phenanthrene 38 660 0.33

No H2 gas 0.33 350 0.004

SourceSource: adapted directly from Mizuno and Sawada, ICCF: adapted directly from Mizuno and Sawada, ICCF--14 presentation, slide #19 14 presentation, slide #19

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Summary of mass spectroscopy results for gaseous reaction products - I

SourceSource

Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - VI

: adapted directly from Mizuno and Sawada, ICCF: adapted directly from Mizuno and Sawada, ICCF--14 presentation, slide #18 14 presentation, slide #18

M/e = 28 = 14N2

M/e = 15M/e = 5M/e = 25

M/e = 14

M/e = 15 = 12C1H3+plotted

on top of each otherM/e = 22

not identified in Table 2.

M/e = 17 = 16O1HRed symbol obscured

M/e = 16

M/e = 13 = 13C+

Red symbol obscured

M/e = 43

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Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - VII

Summary of mass spectrometry results for gaseous reaction products - IITable 2. Percent of each species found for the five runs shown in Fig. 20

Percent of all gasMass/ charge ratio(m/e)

Likely species [Mizuno]

Larsen comments –alternative interpretations/questions All of these singly-ionized species

have same m/e ratio(see note re resolution below)

Excess heat

produced

No excess heat

observed

No Pt catalyst in metallic reaction

cell

No 12C141H10

phenanthrene in reaction cell

No 1H2 gas in metallic reaction

cell

2 1H2+ Same conclusion 21 37 68 96.2 13

12 12C+ Same conclusion 0.7 0.7 0.3 0 3.7

13 13C+ Same conclusion 2.5 2.6 1.0 0 1.8

14 12C1H2+ 13C1H+ [resolution needed = 2916] ? 3.8 1.0 1.6 0.36 1.1

15 12C1H3+ 14C1H+ [1210] ? 27 27 12 0 21

16 12C1H4+ 14C1H2

+ [952], 14N1H2+ [1269], 15N1H+

[684] ?28 34 12 0.1 7.5

17 16O1H+ 14N1H3+ [720] , 13C1H4+ [541], 15N1H2

+

[1328] ?0.3 0 0.1 0 0.8

28 14N2+ 1H13C14N+ [3590], 12C16O+ [2545] ? 12.5 0 0.1 0.25 0

29 12C21H5

+ 1H13C15N+ [1028], 14N15N+ [805],13C16O+

[ 707] ?- - - - 11

43 12C31H7

+ 13C31H4

+ [2986] ? - - - - 25

Symbols in Mizuno’s previous Fig. 20

Source: adapted directly from Mizuno and Sawada, ICCF-14 presentation, slide #19

Special note: in their paper, resolution of the mass spec used in these analyses was listed as, “variable, 300, 3000, or 7500.” However, the actual resolution settings used in the above were not specified. Thus, please be aware that if resolution was set at 300, none of the species listed above with the same m/e ratio can be reliably discriminated from each other. If set at 3000, Mizuno’s 12C1H2

+,14N2+ , and 12C3

1H7+ may be mixtures.

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Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - VIII

Photo of PowerPoint slide presented by Mizuno at ICCF-14 in 2008

Possible Explanation of the Experimental Result

Increase of 13C is explained by such a reaction in the solids by absorption of a neutron followed by gamma emission;

• n + 126C 13

6C* 136C + γ

• Eγ = 4.95 MeV

Note againNote again: : a nationally recognized expert on gamma a nationally recognized expert on gamma spectroscopy concluded that Mizunospectroscopy concluded that Mizuno’’s gamma s gamma measurements in these experiments were measurements in these experiments were ““indeterminateindeterminate””; data as reported does not support claim ; data as reported does not support claim of detecting 4.95 MeV gammas in Mizunoof detecting 4.95 MeV gammas in Mizuno’’s experiments. s experiments. WidomWidom--Larsen theory predicts that gammas from ~0.5 Larsen theory predicts that gammas from ~0.5 ––1.0 to ~101.0 to ~10++ MeV will be heavily attenuated, being mostly MeV will be heavily attenuated, being mostly converted to infrared photons by heavy electrons in converted to infrared photons by heavy electrons in LENRLENR--active sites.active sites.

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Mizuno clearly believed that neutron capture process was Mizuno clearly believed that neutron capture process was responsible for 13responsible for 13--C observed in experiments (Slide #34); C observed in experiments (Slide #34); the Wthe W--L theory of LENRs involves just such processes L theory of LENRs involves just such processes

Relatively large quantities of 14Relatively large quantities of 14--N (Nitrogen, NN (Nitrogen, N22) observed in ) observed in the experiments are very likely the result of a nuclear the experiments are very likely the result of a nuclear transmutation process; Mizunotransmutation process; Mizuno’’s great care in rigorously s great care in rigorously characterizing compositions of materials as well as high characterizing compositions of materials as well as high pressures inside the reaction vessels mitigate strongly pressures inside the reaction vessels mitigate strongly against possibility that anomalous Nitrogen observed against possibility that anomalous Nitrogen observed resulted from some type of external Nresulted from some type of external N22 contamination contamination

Please refer back to Slide #23, Please refer back to Slide #23, ““ULMN catalyzed LENR ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from network starting from 66CC1212”” which begins with ULMN neutron which begins with ULMN neutron capture on stable 12capture on stable 12--C (C (natnat. abundance = 98.7%) and 13. abundance = 98.7%) and 13--C C ((natnat. . abab. = 1.3%) . = 1.3%) –– note the products produced note the products produced

Nitrogen should be a major transmutation product of this Nitrogen should be a major transmutation product of this LENR network, particularly if ULM neutron fluxes were LENR network, particularly if ULM neutron fluxes were generally not high enough to be able to cross the Fluorine generally not high enough to be able to cross the Fluorine ““valley of deathvalley of death”” (see Slide #17 in the September 3, 2009 (see Slide #17 in the September 3, 2009 SlideShare) SlideShare) –– this prediction confirmed in Slide #33this prediction confirmed in Slide #33’’s data s data

Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - IX

Comments about MizunoComments about Mizuno’’s heat s heat measurementsmeasurements: :

Consisting of four calibrated, spatially separated Consisting of four calibrated, spatially separated thermocouples, Mizunothermocouples, Mizuno’’s s ‘‘calorimetrycalorimetry’’ in these in these experiments is rather crude compared to much more experiments is rather crude compared to much more stable, sensitive, and accurate heat measurement stable, sensitive, and accurate heat measurement instruments known as instruments known as SeebeckSeebeck ‘‘envelopeenvelope’’ calorimeters. calorimeters. Completely enclosing an experimental apparatus, a Completely enclosing an experimental apparatus, a SeebeckSeebeck is completely insensitive to the physical is completely insensitive to the physical location of heat production inside a reaction vessel location of heat production inside a reaction vessel because it can measure virtually all of heat that may be because it can measure virtually all of heat that may be produced by energetic chemical and/or nuclear produced by energetic chemical and/or nuclear processes within, regardless of location.processes within, regardless of location.

During previous experimental programs, Lattice funded During previous experimental programs, Lattice funded development of an excellent custom development of an excellent custom SeebeckSeebeckcalorimetry instrument that was designed and built by a calorimetry instrument that was designed and built by a former employee, Dr. Edmund Storms. For an former employee, Dr. Edmund Storms. For an informative description of that system, please go to:informative description of that system, please go to:

http://www.lenrhttp://www.lenr--canr.org/acrobat/StormsEdescriptioa.pdfcanr.org/acrobat/StormsEdescriptioa.pdf

For reasons that will be discussed, it is very likely that For reasons that will be discussed, it is very likely that chemical and/or nuclear heatchemical and/or nuclear heat--producing reactions took producing reactions took place at place at manymany different locations on surfaces different locations on surfaces comprising interiors of Mizunocomprising interiors of Mizuno’’s reaction vessels, not s reaction vessels, not just on and around the Pt mesh catalyst. That being the just on and around the Pt mesh catalyst. That being the case, and given the severe data sampling limitations of case, and given the severe data sampling limitations of having only one interior and 3 exterior thermocouples, having only one interior and 3 exterior thermocouples, MizunoMizuno’’s heat measurements herein have intrinsically s heat measurements herein have intrinsically poor quantitative accuracy; poor quantitative accuracy; they could at best provide they could at best provide only very rough qualitative guidance as to whether only very rough qualitative guidance as to whether excess heat was producedexcess heat was produced. .

Discussion of central results – key points in mass spec measurements - I

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/StormsEdescriptioa.pdf

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Mizuno and Sawada state that, Mizuno and Sawada state that, ““At these temperatures At these temperatures [> 600[> 600oo C within the reaction vessel as measured by a C within the reaction vessel as measured by a single inside thermocouple], hydrogenation reactions are single inside thermocouple], hydrogenation reactions are endothermic,endothermic,”” implying that any implying that any ““excess heatexcess heat”” measured measured by their crude calorimetry setby their crude calorimetry set--up in that region of the P/T up in that region of the P/T parameter space must be nuclear in origin parameter space must be nuclear in origin

They also comment that in one experiment, a measured They also comment that in one experiment, a measured mass of Phenanthrene equating to 5.6 x 10mass of Phenanthrene equating to 5.6 x 10--55 Moles of Moles of CC1414HH1010 reacted exothermically with Hreacted exothermically with H22 (was hydrogenated) (was hydrogenated) releasing at most ~11.2 Joules of energy in the form of releasing at most ~11.2 Joules of energy in the form of heat; they then note that during the same experiment, heat; they then note that during the same experiment, measured total heat production was 10measured total heat production was 1022 kJ. On the basis of kJ. On the basis of that marked disparity between measured total heat and that marked disparity between measured total heat and estimated heat of hydrogenation, they concluded that most estimated heat of hydrogenation, they concluded that most of the observed heat came from nuclear processes of the observed heat came from nuclear processes

Let it be clear that we firmly believe that the Let it be clear that we firmly believe that the ““excess heatexcess heat””they measured at elevated vessel temperatures in their setthey measured at elevated vessel temperatures in their set--up up diddid

Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - X

include heat from nuclear processes, just not include heat from nuclear processes, just not effectively effectively allall of it as they asserted. Given the high degree of it as they asserted. Given the high degree of inaccuracy and low sensitivity of their relatively crude of inaccuracy and low sensitivity of their relatively crude calorimetry, it appears they may have placed too much calorimetry, it appears they may have placed too much reliance on inherently flawed heat measurements reliance on inherently flawed heat measurements -- see see discussion at right about the discussion at right about the HaberHaber--Bosch process Bosch process

Discussion of possibility of Discussion of possibility of HaberHaber--Bosch processBosch process: :

While hydrogenation of Phenanthrene may be endothermic at While hydrogenation of Phenanthrene may be endothermic at such pressures and temperatures, production of Ammonia by such pressures and temperatures, production of Ammonia by the the HaberHaber--Bosch process is very exothermic: Bosch process is very exothermic:

N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g) (ΔH = −92.4 kJ·mol−1)

This reaction uses an Iron catalyst; please note that Fe is This reaction uses an Iron catalyst; please note that Fe is present in the walls of both the present in the walls of both the InconelInconel 625 and SUS 316L 625 and SUS 316L reaction vessels (see Slide #28). The relationship between reaction vessels (see Slide #28). The relationship between ammonia yield, pressure, and temperature is as follows:ammonia yield, pressure, and temperature is as follows:

Discussion of central results – what types of reactions produced the heat? - II

P/T regime found in Mizuno and Sawada’s

LENR experiments

MizunoMizuno’’s experimental conditions fall in a regime where small s experimental conditions fall in a regime where small amounts of Ammonia could have been produced. Potentially amounts of Ammonia could have been produced. Potentially some of the reaction products at mass = 17 some of the reaction products at mass = 17 indentifiedindentified as as 1616OO11HH+ + might have actually been might have actually been 1414NN11HH33

+ + , ammonia, which is , ammonia, which is not fully dissociated at such temperatures/pressures not fully dissociated at such temperatures/pressures

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In certain experiments, substantial amounts of gaseous HIn certain experiments, substantial amounts of gaseous H22, N, N22, and Phenanthrene (C, and Phenanthrene (C1414HH1010) were present ) were present along with many hydrocarbon catalysts (e.g., Pt, Fe, Ni, along with many hydrocarbon catalysts (e.g., Pt, Fe, Ni, RhRh, Mo, Co, etc.) situated on the surfaces of various , Mo, Co, etc.) situated on the surfaces of various materials located throughout the entire interior of the reactionmaterials located throughout the entire interior of the reaction vessels. Such a combination of wellvessels. Such a combination of well--known known catalysts and potential reactants, coupled with high temperaturecatalysts and potential reactants, coupled with high temperatures/pressures and long reaction times, could s/pressures and long reaction times, could readily produce a wide variety of organicreadily produce a wide variety of organic--chemical and LENR reactionschemical and LENR reactions

Thus, complex, timeThus, complex, time--varying arrays of exothermic chemical reactions involving Nitrogvarying arrays of exothermic chemical reactions involving Nitrogen, C, and H probably en, C, and H probably occurred at a variety of different locations on interior surfaceoccurred at a variety of different locations on interior surfaces of the reaction vessels, including on their walls s of the reaction vessels, including on their walls (e.g., (e.g., HaberHaber--Bosch process which produces ammonia, NHBosch process which produces ammonia, NH33, in the presence of an Fe catalyst); , in the presence of an Fe catalyst); InconelInconel 625 625 vessel walls contain 5% Fe and 58% Ni; SUS 316 walls have ~62% Fvessel walls contain 5% Fe and 58% Ni; SUS 316 walls have ~62% Fe and 14% Ni. It is also known that e and 14% Ni. It is also known that similar high temperature gassimilar high temperature gas--phase, light Hydrogen/Nickel (Ni) LENR cells can produce very laphase, light Hydrogen/Nickel (Ni) LENR cells can produce very large fluxes of rge fluxes of excess heat (see excess heat (see FocardiFocardi et al., et al., ““Il Il NuovoNuovo CimentoCimento”” 107, pp. 163, 1994). Lastly, Nickel/light hydrogen LENR 107, pp. 163, 1994). Lastly, Nickel/light hydrogen LENR systems are also wellsystems are also well--known to produce very complex arrays of transmutation products (known to produce very complex arrays of transmutation products (see G. see G. MileyMiley et. al., et. al., ““Journal of New EnergyJournal of New Energy”” 2, No. 3 2, No. 3 –– 4, pp. 6 4, pp. 6 –– 13, 1997)13, 1997)

That being the case, there could easily have been enormous variaThat being the case, there could easily have been enormous variability in magnitudes of heat fluxes that bility in magnitudes of heat fluxes that passed through different parts of the passed through different parts of the InconelInconel 625 and SUS 316L reaction vessel walls at different times. 625 and SUS 316L reaction vessel walls at different times. Unfortunately, this situation would tend to greatly amplify measUnfortunately, this situation would tend to greatly amplify measurement errors that are inherent in the type of urement errors that are inherent in the type of crude, locationcrude, location--sensitive calorimetry (consisting of just one inside and three osensitive calorimetry (consisting of just one inside and three outside Rutside R--type thermocouples) type thermocouples) used in the experiments. Thus used in the experiments. Thus ““no excess heatno excess heat”” seen in a given experiment would not necessarily mean it seen in a given experiment would not necessarily mean it was truly zero, merely that heat produced in that experiment waswas truly zero, merely that heat produced in that experiment was not measurable with their type of not measurable with their type of insensitive, inaccurate calorimetry. Since their mass spectrometinsensitive, inaccurate calorimetry. Since their mass spectrometry appears to have been OK, this could ry appears to have been OK, this could explain why explain why ““no excess heatno excess heat”” was measured when substantial was measured when substantial 1313C was produced C was produced

Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - XI

Discussion of central results – complex mix of chemical/nuclear reactions - III

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To be fair, Mizuno and Sawada do take note and directly To be fair, Mizuno and Sawada do take note and directly acknowledge some of these disquieting issues when they acknowledge some of these disquieting issues when they comment that: comment that:

““In tests without the catalyst [Pt mesh at bottom of reaction In tests without the catalyst [Pt mesh at bottom of reaction vessel], it is possible that the nickel in the cell wall alloy mvessel], it is possible that the nickel in the cell wall alloy may act ay act as a catalyst for the reaction.as a catalyst for the reaction.”” Sec. 4 pp. 20 Sec. 4 pp. 20

““In the test that produced no heat, and the test with no catalystIn the test that produced no heat, and the test with no catalyst, , 1313CC++ was detected. There does not appear to be a correlation was detected. There does not appear to be a correlation between the amount of heat produced and the amount of between the amount of heat produced and the amount of 1313CC++..””Sec. 4 pp. 20 Sec. 4 pp. 20

Neutron capture on Neutron capture on 1212C, which produces C, which produces 1313C, releases ~5 C, releases ~5 MeV per reaction. If substantial amounts of MeV per reaction. If substantial amounts of 1313C were in fact C were in fact produced as indicated by the mass spectrometry data, then it produced as indicated by the mass spectrometry data, then it seems unlikely that zero detectable excess heat would be seems unlikely that zero detectable excess heat would be produced during the course of such transmutations. Either produced during the course of such transmutations. Either their heat measurements were inaccurate and insensitive (for their heat measurements were inaccurate and insensitive (for various reasons), or the mass spec data was erroneous, or various reasons), or the mass spec data was erroneous, or both. For reasons that have been noted, it appears that the both. For reasons that have been noted, it appears that the problems lie in the accuracy/sensitivity of calorimetry, not in problems lie in the accuracy/sensitivity of calorimetry, not in the mass spectroscopy isotopic data, which appears sound the mass spectroscopy isotopic data, which appears sound

Further comments on their experimentsFurther comments on their experiments

Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - XII

Discussion of central results – addressing some problematic issues - IV : :

Even with their inherent inaccuracy, Mizuno and Even with their inherent inaccuracy, Mizuno and SawadaSawada’’s calorimetric measurements may still be s calorimetric measurements may still be able to provide limited qualitative guidance on the able to provide limited qualitative guidance on the relativerelative amounts of total excess heat produced in amounts of total excess heat produced in different experimental runs. That is to say, zero different experimental runs. That is to say, zero measured excess heat in a given experiment may measured excess heat in a given experiment may not truly be zero. Nonetheless, one might be able not truly be zero. Nonetheless, one might be able to reasonably conclude that some of their to reasonably conclude that some of their experiments were likely to have produced more experiments were likely to have produced more excess heat than others. If their heat data is excess heat than others. If their heat data is viewed through such a less ambitious lens, only viewed through such a less ambitious lens, only one apparent LENR transmutation product stands one apparent LENR transmutation product stands out: Nitrogen (Nout: Nitrogen (N22

++) )

In the adapted version of Mizuno and SawadaIn the adapted version of Mizuno and Sawada’’s s Table 20 on Slide #33, Nitrogen (Table 20 on Slide #33, Nitrogen (1414NN22

++, , m/em/e = 28) = 28) is the only mass/charge number identified by their is the only mass/charge number identified by their spectroscopy that clearly seems to be associated spectroscopy that clearly seems to be associated with production of excess heat. Unlike species at with production of excess heat. Unlike species at other other m/em/e numbers, it appears to be present in numbers, it appears to be present in substantial amounts only when excess heat was substantial amounts only when excess heat was detected. Interestingly, while definitely not at all detected. Interestingly, while definitely not at all conclusive, this result would consistent with the conclusive, this result would consistent with the hypothesized Widomhypothesized Widom--Larsen carbonLarsen carbon--seed, ULM seed, ULM neutronneutron--catalyzed LENR network in which catalyzed LENR network in which nucleosynthetic pathways beyond nucleosynthetic pathways beyond 1313C can be C can be significantly more energetic (exothermic) significantly more energetic (exothermic)

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When one examines Mizuno and SawadaWhen one examines Mizuno and Sawada’’s mass spec data in light of the s mass spec data in light of the hypothesized Whypothesized W--L carbonL carbon--seed nucleosynthetic network outlined on Slides #23 seed nucleosynthetic network outlined on Slides #23 and 24, some additional possibilities and potential complexitiesand 24, some additional possibilities and potential complexities regarding likely regarding likely species become apparent:species become apparent:

Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - XIII

Discussion of central results – further analysis of mass spectrometry data - V

Percent of all gasMass/ charge

ratio(m/e)

Likely Species [Mizuno]

Larsen comments – alternative interpretations and questions -

All of these singly-ionized species have the same m/e ratio

******

Excess heat produced

No excess heat observed

2 1H2+ Same conclusion 21 37

12 12C+ Same conclusion 0.7 0.7

13 13C+ Same conclusion 2.5 2.6

14 12C1H2+ 13C1H+ [2916] ? 3.8 1.0

15 12C1H3+ 14C1H+ [1210] ? 27 27

16 12C1H4+ 14C1H2

+ [952], 14N1H2+ [1269], 15N1H+

[684] ? 28 34

17 16O1H+ 14N1H3+ [720] , 13C1H4+ [541], 15N1H2

+

[1328] ? 0.3 0

28 14N2+ 1H13C14N+ [3590], 12C16O+ [2545] ? 12.5 0

29 12C21H5

+ 1H13C15N+ [1028], 14N15N+ [805],13C16O+ [ 707] ?

- -

43 12C31H7

+ 13C31H4

+ [2986] ? - -

Further comments on mass spec dataFurther comments on mass spec data: :

If WIf W--L LENR carbonL LENR carbon--seed network operated on seed network operated on metallic surfaces inside reaction vessels during the metallic surfaces inside reaction vessels during the experiments, the array of possible transmutation experiments, the array of possible transmutation products is much larger and more complex than what products is much larger and more complex than what Mizuno and Sawada contemplated in their paper Mizuno and Sawada contemplated in their paper

That particular nucleosynthetic network would be able That particular nucleosynthetic network would be able to produce to produce 1313C, C, 1414C, C, 1414N, and N, and 1515N isotopes with only N isotopes with only relatively small fluxes of Wrelatively small fluxes of W--L ULM neutrons produced L ULM neutrons produced in nuclearin nuclear--active, micronactive, micron--scale regions located on scale regions located on interior metallic surfaces and on any metallic interior metallic surfaces and on any metallic nanoparticles that might be present in the gas nanoparticles that might be present in the gas

At somewhat higher local neutron production rates, At somewhat higher local neutron production rates, Oxygen isotopes could be produced, although if they Oxygen isotopes could be produced, although if they were created during these experiments, it was in were created during these experiments, it was in much smaller quantities in comparison to production much smaller quantities in comparison to production of neutronof neutron--rich rich 1313C / C / 1414C and stable C and stable 1414N / N / 1515N isotopesN isotopes

So what may have occurred in their experiments So what may have occurred in their experiments were micronwere micron--scale LENR nucleosynthetic processes scale LENR nucleosynthetic processes producing a variety of isotopes on metallic surfaces; producing a variety of isotopes on metallic surfaces; those isotopes were then incorporated into complex, those isotopes were then incorporated into complex, superimposed arrays of metalsuperimposed arrays of metal--catalyzed catalyzed chemicalchemicalreactions that in turn produced a wide variety of reactions that in turn produced a wide variety of different molecular species seen in mass spec data different molecular species seen in mass spec data

NoteNote: only gaseous species here: only gaseous species here Does not include surface residues Does not include surface residues *** See special note regarding mass spec resolution on Slide #33*** See special note regarding mass spec resolution on Slide #33

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While some details are still unclear, the results of MizunoWhile some details are still unclear, the results of Mizuno’’s s Phenanthrene experiments appear to be broadly consistent with thPhenanthrene experiments appear to be broadly consistent with the e WidomWidom--Larsen theory of LENRs and the related hypothesized WLarsen theory of LENRs and the related hypothesized W--L L ULM neutronULM neutron--catalyzed, carboncatalyzed, carbon--seed nucleosynthetic network seed nucleosynthetic network shown in Slides #23 and 24 shown in Slides #23 and 24

While we may have identified some shortcomings in their While we may have identified some shortcomings in their experiments and do not fully agree with all their conclusions anexperiments and do not fully agree with all their conclusions and/or d/or interpretation of the data, our remarks should not detract from interpretation of the data, our remarks should not detract from the the possible importance and technological significance of what Mizunpossible importance and technological significance of what Mizuno o and Sawada may have first discovered in their new, very innovatiand Sawada may have first discovered in their new, very innovative ve research on LENRsresearch on LENRs

If the overall results of MizunoIf the overall results of Mizuno’’s Phenanthrene experiments can be s Phenanthrene experiments can be moremore--oror--less replicated by other researchers, it would be an less replicated by other researchers, it would be an important step toward confirming their potentially very importanimportant step toward confirming their potentially very important t work, which shows that ordinary aromatic organic molecules, e.g.work, which shows that ordinary aromatic organic molecules, e.g., , PAHs, may support LENRs/transmutations in presence of H and PAHs, may support LENRs/transmutations in presence of H and certain metals inside P/Tcertain metals inside P/T--driven reactors driven reactors

Improved measurements of heat production and radiation Improved measurements of heat production and radiation emissions (full spectra of counts versus photon energies) are muemissions (full spectra of counts versus photon energies) are much ch needed, as well as extensive pre/postneeded, as well as extensive pre/post--experiment SIMS analyses of experiment SIMS analyses of reaction vesselsreaction vessels’’ interior metallic surfaces interior metallic surfaces

Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - IV

ConclusionsFinal comments on their experimentsFinal comments on their experiments: :

When Mizuno and Sawada say that there was When Mizuno and Sawada say that there was ““no no HH22”” [gas] in a particular experiment, it can be slightly [gas] in a particular experiment, it can be slightly misleading in that there may well be a large supply misleading in that there may well be a large supply of Hydrogen (protons) attached to the 6of Hydrogen (protons) attached to the 6--carbon carbon Benzene rings that comprise any Phenanthrene that Benzene rings that comprise any Phenanthrene that may be present in the reaction vessel may be present in the reaction vessel

In Section 4 on pp. 20, Mizuno and Sawada report a In Section 4 on pp. 20, Mizuno and Sawada report a mass spec analysis on mass spec analysis on ““Solids [residues] found in Solids [residues] found in the cell after the reaction.the cell after the reaction.”” Whereas at the start of Whereas at the start of the experiment the carbon [in the Phenanthrene] the experiment the carbon [in the Phenanthrene] was 99% was 99% 1212C, at the end of that experiment more C, at the end of that experiment more than 50% of the carbon in the residue had been than 50% of the carbon in the residue had been transmuted to transmuted to 1313C. This is strong evidence that ULM C. This is strong evidence that ULM neutronneutron--capture reactions are occurring at many capture reactions are occurring at many locations on the interior surfaces of reaction vessels locations on the interior surfaces of reaction vessels

It is unclear why an even larger species production It is unclear why an even larger species production peak did not appear at peak did not appear at m/em/e = 30, which could well = 30, which could well correspond to Ncorrespond to N22 = = 1515NN1515NN++ ; however, irrespective ; however, irrespective of the particular experiment, a small peak does of the particular experiment, a small peak does appear at appear at m/em/e = 29 (perhaps N= 29 (perhaps N22 = = 1414NN1515NN++ ) in the ) in the mass spec datamass spec data

Unidentified small peak at Unidentified small peak at m/em/e 22 could represent 22 could represent tiny production of tiny production of 2222NeNe++, monatomic Neon, monatomic Neon

Please note that no postPlease note that no post--experiment isotopic SIMS experiment isotopic SIMS analyses were conducted on the interior metallic analyses were conducted on the interior metallic surfaces of Mizuno and Sawadasurfaces of Mizuno and Sawada’’s reaction vessels s reaction vessels

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WidomWidom--Larsen theory of LENRs and aromatic rings Larsen theory of LENRs and aromatic rings

November 25, 2009

““The usual prelude to changes of this sort is … the awareness of anomaly, of an occurrence or set of occurrences that does not fit existing ways of

ordering phenomena. The changes that result therefore require 'putting on a different kind of thinking-cap', one that renders the anomalous lawlike …””

Thomas Kuhn, Thomas Kuhn, ““The Essential Tension,The Essential Tension,”” xvii, 1977xvii, 1977

Courtesy: NASA

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Hypothesis Hypothesis ------ that the Wthat the W--L theory of LENRs also applies to L theory of LENRs also applies to

Widom Larsen theory of LENRs applies to aromatic rings

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on metallic surfaces - I

aromatic rings adsorbed on metallic surfaces aromatic rings adsorbed on metallic surfaces ------ is as followsis as follows::Delocalized Delocalized ππ electrons found above and below 6electrons found above and below 6--carbon benzene (aromatic) ring carbon benzene (aromatic) ring structures, that also happen to be in very close physical proximstructures, that also happen to be in very close physical proximity to protons ity to protons (hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring(hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring’’s carbon atoms), all oscillate s carbon atoms), all oscillate collectively; collectively;

Hydrogen atoms (protons) that are also attached to the ring struHydrogen atoms (protons) that are also attached to the ring structurecture’’s carbon atoms s carbon atoms also oscillate collectively with each other; also oscillate collectively with each other;

Quantum mechanical wave functions of aromatic ring Quantum mechanical wave functions of aromatic ring ππ electrons and attached ring electrons and attached ring protons are thus, respectively, effectively entangled; protons are thus, respectively, effectively entangled; There is a local breakdown of the BornThere is a local breakdown of the Born--Oppenheimer approximation in and around Oppenheimer approximation in and around aromatic ring structures that enables electromagnetic (Earomatic ring structures that enables electromagnetic (E--M) coupling and energy M) coupling and energy transfers between collectively oscillating ring structure transfers between collectively oscillating ring structure ππ electrons and nearby electrons and nearby protons, creating very high nanoscale electric fields; protons, creating very high nanoscale electric fields;

When an aromatic structure is adsorbed onto the surface of a metWhen an aromatic structure is adsorbed onto the surface of a metallic catalyst, it allic catalyst, it spontaneously orients itself as it approaches so that the spontaneously orients itself as it approaches so that the ‘‘flat surfaceflat surface’’ of the carbon of the carbon ring itself is parallel to the catalystring itself is parallel to the catalyst’’s s ‘‘flatflat’’ surface. Bornsurface. Born--Oppenheimer also breaks Oppenheimer also breaks down there, enabling further Edown there, enabling further E--M coupling and energy transfers between CM coupling and energy transfers between C--ring ring ππelectrons and a electrons and a ‘‘seasea’’ of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) electrons covering the of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) electrons covering the entire catalyst surface; entire catalyst surface;

This situation is analogous to what happens when LENRs occur witThis situation is analogous to what happens when LENRs occur with SPP electrons h SPP electrons that are found on loaded metallic hydride surfaces. In this casethat are found on loaded metallic hydride surfaces. In this case, the entire carbon , the entire carbon ring structure effectively becomes a manyring structure effectively becomes a many--body, LENR active body, LENR active ‘‘patchpatch’’ in which ULM in which ULM neutrons can be produced collectively via the weak interaction; neutrons can be produced collectively via the weak interaction; ULM neutrons tend to ULM neutrons tend to capture on nearby ring Carbons. capture on nearby ring Carbons.

Benzene showing π electron ‘clouds’:π electrons, carbon atoms and protons (H) all in very close physical proximity

C CC

CC C

H

HH

H

‘Ghostly’ delocalized π electron ‘clouds’ above 6- carbon ring

‘Ghostly’ delocalized π electron ‘clouds’ below 6- carbon ring

Unsaturated phenanthrene (C14H10)

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on metallic surfaces - II

Present evidence for the hypothesis is as followsPresent evidence for the hypothesis is as follows::BornBorn--Oppenheimer approximation is now known to breakOppenheimer approximation is now known to break down down on surfaces of carbon fullerene structures and graphene (directlon surfaces of carbon fullerene structures and graphene (directly y observed by observed by BushmakerBushmaker et al, 2009);et al, 2009);

CarbonCarbon--arc experiments of Bockris & Sundaresan and Singh et arc experiments of Bockris & Sundaresan and Singh et al. provide evidence that that LENRs and the Wal. provide evidence that that LENRs and the W--L ULM carbonL ULM carbon--seed nucleosynthetic network can occur in presence of complex seed nucleosynthetic network can occur in presence of complex mixtures of fullerenes/graphene (Larsen 9/3/09)mixtures of fullerenes/graphene (Larsen 9/3/09)

BornBorn--Oppenheimer is well known to break down on metal Oppenheimer is well known to break down on metal surfaces; quoting Yale Prof. John Tully, surfaces; quoting Yale Prof. John Tully, ““Breakdown of the BornBreakdown of the Born--Oppenheimer assumption is the rule rather than the exception in Oppenheimer assumption is the rule rather than the exception in electron transfer reactions, photochemistry, and reactions at electron transfer reactions, photochemistry, and reactions at metal surfaces.metal surfaces.”” (please see his website at right)(please see his website at right)

BornBorn--Oppenheimer is also known to break down in benzene rings Oppenheimer is also known to break down in benzene rings in conjunction with quantum entanglement of protons on those in conjunction with quantum entanglement of protons on those rings (see rings (see ChatzidimitriouChatzidimitriou-- DreismannDreismann & & MayersMayers, 2002). Quoting , 2002). Quoting from their paper, from their paper, “…“… our NCS results our NCS results ……indicate that the physical indicate that the physical meaning of meaning of …… BornBorn--Oppenheimer [approximation] should be Oppenheimer [approximation] should be critically reconsidered critically reconsidered …… at least for chemical processes in the at least for chemical processes in the ……femtosecondfemtosecond time scale time scale …… [we also] demonstrate that short[we also] demonstrate that short--lived lived protonicprotonic quantum entanglement and quantum entanglement and decoherencedecoherence are of are of much broader significance than realized thus far.much broader significance than realized thus far.””

BushmakerBushmaker et al., et al., ““Direct observation of BornDirect observation of Born--Oppenheimer approximation breakdown in carbon Oppenheimer approximation breakdown in carbon nanotubesnanotubes”” in in NanoNano LettersLetters 9 (2) pp. 607 Feb. 11, 20099 (2) pp. 607 Feb. 11, 2009

See Lattice Energy LLC SlideShare presentation dated See Lattice Energy LLC SlideShare presentation dated September 3, 2009, at: September 3, 2009, at: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/latticehttp://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice--energyenergy--llctechnicalllctechnical--overviewcarbonoverviewcarbon--seedseed--lenrlenr--networksseptnetworkssept--33--20092009

See Prof. Tully's Yale website at:See Prof. Tully's Yale website at:http://http://www.chem.yale.edu/~tully/research.htmlwww.chem.yale.edu/~tully/research.html

ChatzidimitriouChatzidimitriou-- DreismannDreismann & & MayersMayers, , ““SubSub--femtosecondfemtoseconddynamics and dissociation of Cdynamics and dissociation of C--H bonds in solid H bonds in solid polystyrene and liquid benzene,polystyrene and liquid benzene,”” Journal of Chemical Journal of Chemical PhysicsPhysics 116 (4) pp. 1617116 (4) pp. 1617--1623 20021623 2002

Field lines surrounding a benzene ring

http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical-overviewcarbon-seed-lenr-networkssept-3-2009



http://www.chem.yale.edu/~tully/research.html

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on metallic surfaces - IIIKrzystyniakKrzystyniak et al., et al., ““Anomalous neutron Compton scattering Anomalous neutron Compton scattering cross sections in ammonium cross sections in ammonium hexachlorometallateshexachlorometallates,,”” Journal Journal of Chemical Physicsof Chemical Physics 126 pp. 124501 2007126 pp. 124501 2007

AbdulAbdul--RedahRedah & & ChatzidimitriouChatzidimitriou--DreismannDreismann, , ““Irreversible Irreversible hydrogen quantum dynamics and anomalous scattering hydrogen quantum dynamics and anomalous scattering behavior in liquids and solids,behavior in liquids and solids,”” International Journal of International Journal of Hydrogen EnergyHydrogen Energy 31 pp. 269 31 pp. 269 -- 276 2006276 2006

ChatzidimitriouChatzidimitriou--DreismannDreismann, , ““AttosecondAttosecond protonicprotonic quantum quantum entanglement in collision experiments with neutrons and entanglement in collision experiments with neutrons and electronselectrons”” Laser PhysicsLaser Physics 15 (6) (4) pp. 780 15 (6) (4) pp. 780 --788 2005788 2005

Please also see a book chapter by Please also see a book chapter by ChatzidimitriouChatzidimitriou--DreismannDreismannet al., et al., ““AttosecondAttosecond effects in scattering of neutrons and effects in scattering of neutrons and electrons from protonselectrons from protons””, in , in DecoherenceDecoherence, Entanglement, and , Entanglement, and Information Protection in Complex Quantum SystemsInformation Protection in Complex Quantum Systems AkulinAkulinet al. eds., NATO Science Series II Vol. 189 Springer et al. eds., NATO Science Series II Vol. 189 Springer Netherlands 2005Netherlands 2005

With regard to the dynamics and orientation of benzene With regard to the dynamics and orientation of benzene molecules and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as they are molecules and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as they are adsorbed on a metallic catalystadsorbed on a metallic catalyst’’s surface please see:s surface please see:

S. J. Jenkins, S. J. Jenkins, ““Aromatic adsorption on metals via firstAromatic adsorption on metals via first--principles density functional theory,principles density functional theory,”” Proceedings of the Royal Proceedings of the Royal SocietySociety 465 pp. 2949 465 pp. 2949 -- 2976 2009 2976 2009 –– quoting, quoting, ““[Benzene] [Benzene] adopts a flatadopts a flat--lying lying …… geometry, binding to the surface through geometry, binding to the surface through donation of electrons through one or both of its degenerate donation of electrons through one or both of its degenerate HOMOsHOMOs and backand back--donation into one or both of its two donation into one or both of its two degenerate degenerate LUMOsLUMOs..””

Present evidence for the hypothesis (continued)Present evidence for the hypothesis (continued)::

Protons found within a wide variety of manyProtons found within a wide variety of many--body molecular body molecular systems spontaneously oscillate coherently/collectively; their systems spontaneously oscillate coherently/collectively; their quantum mechanical (QM) wave functions are thus effectively quantum mechanical (QM) wave functions are thus effectively entangled with each other and also with nearby collectively entangled with each other and also with nearby collectively oscillating electrons; amazingly, this behavior occurs even in oscillating electrons; amazingly, this behavior occurs even in comparatively comparatively ““smaller,smaller,’’ ‘‘simplersimpler’’ molecular systems such as molecular systems such as (NH(NH44))22PdClPdCl66, ammonium , ammonium hexaclorometallatehexaclorometallate (see (see KrzystyniakKrzystyniaket al., 2007 and Abdulet al., 2007 and Abdul--RedahRedah & & DreismannDreismann, 2006). Quoting , 2006). Quoting from the paper by from the paper by KrzystyniakKrzystyniak et al., et al., “…“… different behaviors of different behaviors of the observed anomaly were found for LaHthe observed anomaly were found for LaH22 and LaHand LaH33 …… As As recognized by recognized by ChatzidimitriouChatzidimitriou--DreismannDreismann et al. et al. CoulombicCoulombicinteraction between electrons and protons may build up interaction between electrons and protons may build up entanglement between electrons and protons. Such many body entanglement between electrons and protons. Such many body entangled states are subject to entangled states are subject to decoherencedecoherence mechanisms due mechanisms due to the interaction of the relevant scattering systems with its to the interaction of the relevant scattering systems with its environment environment …… one can conclude that the one can conclude that the vibrationalvibrational dynamics dynamics of NHof NH44

++ protons as fairly well decoupled from the dynamics of protons as fairly well decoupled from the dynamics of the [attached] heavier nuclei.the [attached] heavier nuclei.””

Elaborating further (from Elaborating further (from ChatzidimitriouChatzidimitriou--DreismannDreismann , 2005), , 2005), ““Further NCS experiments confirmed the existence of this effect Further NCS experiments confirmed the existence of this effect in quite different condensed matter systems, e.g., urea in quite different condensed matter systems, e.g., urea dissolved in Ddissolved in D22O, metallic hydrides, polymers, O, metallic hydrides, polymers, ‘‘softsoft’’ condensed condensed matter, liquid benzene, and even in liquid Hmatter, liquid benzene, and even in liquid H22--DD22 and HD.and HD.””

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Discussion and CommentsC. A. C. A. ChatzidimitriouChatzidimitriou--DreismannDreismann (Technical (Technical University of Berlin) and his collaborators have University of Berlin) and his collaborators have published extensively on collective proton published extensively on collective proton dynamics since 1995. Please also see: dynamics since 1995. Please also see:

““AttosecondAttosecond quantum entanglement in neutron quantum entanglement in neutron Compton scattering from water in the keV rangeCompton scattering from water in the keV range””-- 2007; can be found at2007; can be found at

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/condhttp://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond--mat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdfmat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdf

““Several neutron Compton scattering (NCS) Several neutron Compton scattering (NCS) experiments on liquid and solid samples experiments on liquid and solid samples containing protons or deuterons show a striking containing protons or deuterons show a striking anomaly, i.e. a shortfall in the intensity of anomaly, i.e. a shortfall in the intensity of energetic neutrons scattered by the protons; cf. energetic neutrons scattered by the protons; cf. [1, 2, 3, 4]. E.g., neutrons colliding with water for [1, 2, 3, 4]. E.g., neutrons colliding with water for just 100 just 100 −− 500 500 attosecondsattoseconds (1 as = 10(1 as = 10−−1818 s) will s) will see a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of roughly 1.5 see a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of roughly 1.5 to 1, instead of 2 to 1 corresponding to the to 1, instead of 2 to 1 corresponding to the chemical formula Hchemical formula H22O. O. …… Recently this new Recently this new effect has been independently confirmed by effect has been independently confirmed by electronelectron--proton Compton scattering (ECS) from proton Compton scattering (ECS) from a solid polymer [3, 4, 5]. The similarity of ECS a solid polymer [3, 4, 5]. The similarity of ECS and NCS results is striking because the two and NCS results is striking because the two projectiles interact with protons via projectiles interact with protons via fundamentally different forces, i.e. the fundamentally different forces, i.e. the electromagnetic and strong forces.electromagnetic and strong forces.””

Also, J. D. Also, J. D. JostJost et al., et al., ““Entangled mechanical Entangled mechanical oscillatorsoscillators”” Nature 459 pp. 683 Nature 459 pp. 683 –– 685 4 June 685 4 June 2009, in which 2009, in which ““mechanical vibration of two ion mechanical vibration of two ion pairs separated by a few hundred pairs separated by a few hundred micrometresmicrometres is is entangled in a quantum way.entangled in a quantum way.””

ManyMany--body collective oscillations and quantum entanglement of body collective oscillations and quantum entanglement of protons (as well as deuterons and tritons) and electrons (e.g., protons (as well as deuterons and tritons) and electrons (e.g., SPPs SPPs on metallic surfaces), in conjunction with a breakdown of the Boon metallic surfaces), in conjunction with a breakdown of the Bornrn--Oppenheimer approximation, appear to be relatively common in Oppenheimer approximation, appear to be relatively common in nature, occurring in many different types of systems nature, occurring in many different types of systems

While these manyWhile these many--body collective processes chronicled by body collective processes chronicled by ChatzidimitriouChatzidimitriou--DreismannDreismann et al. operate very rapidly and nanoscale et al. operate very rapidly and nanoscale coherence can only persist for time spans on the order of coherence can only persist for time spans on the order of femtosecondsfemtoseconds (10(10--1515 sec) to sec) to attosecondsattoseconds (10(10--1818 sec), nuclear sec), nuclear processes such as weak interaction ULM neutron production and processes such as weak interaction ULM neutron production and neutron capture operate on even faster timeneutron capture operate on even faster time--scales: 10scales: 10--1919 to 10to 10--2222 sec. sec. Therefore, LENRs as explained by the WidomTherefore, LENRs as explained by the Widom--Larsen theory can Larsen theory can easily take advantage of such manyeasily take advantage of such many--body collective quantum effects body collective quantum effects as an integral part of their amazing dynamical repertoire as an integral part of their amazing dynamical repertoire

It is wellIt is well--known that metallic surface nanostructures and SPP known that metallic surface nanostructures and SPP electrons can have configurations that are able to effectively aelectrons can have configurations that are able to effectively absorb Ebsorb E--M energy over a wide area, transfer and concentrate it, and in M energy over a wide area, transfer and concentrate it, and in conjunction with contiguous surface conjunction with contiguous surface ‘‘patchespatches’’ of collectively oscillating of collectively oscillating protons, create extremely high local electric fields. According protons, create extremely high local electric fields. According to Wto W--L L theory, ULM neutron production may then follow. If Mizuno is prtheory, ULM neutron production may then follow. If Mizuno is proven oven correct and aromatic organic molecules can truly support LENRs, correct and aromatic organic molecules can truly support LENRs, it it further bridges a longfurther bridges a long--assumed energetic gulf between chemical and assumed energetic gulf between chemical and nuclear processes, reuniting chemistry with modern nuclear processes, reuniting chemistry with modern ‘‘alchemyalchemy’’ after after 300 years of rancor and estrangement 300 years of rancor and estrangement

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdf

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdf

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Supporting evidence for Mizuno data and W-L hypothesis - I

NeutronNeutron--rich Nitrogenrich Nitrogen--15 anomalies at a South African steelmaking facility 15 anomalies at a South African steelmaking facility -- I I Circa 2002 field report published under the auspices Circa 2002 field report published under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) headquartered in Vienna, Austria: headquartered in Vienna, Austria:

A.S. A.S. TalmaTalma, and R. Meyer, Division of Water, , and R. Meyer, Division of Water, Environment and Forestry, CSIR, Pretoria, South Environment and Forestry, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa, "Origin and tracing techniques of high 15Africa, "Origin and tracing techniques of high 15--N N nitrogen compounds in industrial environmentsnitrogen compounds in industrial environments””

This 46This 46--page report can be downloaded from: page report can be downloaded from:

http://wwwhttp://www--pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1298_web/pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1298_web/t1298_part3.pdft1298_part3.pdf

IAEA is mainly known for its global investigation and IAEA is mainly known for its global investigation and monitoring of nuclear proliferation. Its teams are monitoring of nuclear proliferation. Its teams are highly skilled in analytical field work which traces the highly skilled in analytical field work which traces the paths of various isotopes as they move in various paths of various isotopes as they move in various molecular forms through the environment; IAEA is molecular forms through the environment; IAEA is thus a recognized authority on such mattersthus a recognized authority on such matters

Quoting from the report, Quoting from the report, ““This factory was This factory was established in the early 1950's and has been in established in the early 1950's and has been in operation since then. It houses three batteries of operation since then. It houses three batteries of coke ovens and gas handling plants, blast furnaces, coke ovens and gas handling plants, blast furnaces, steel mills and associated activities. In the course of steel mills and associated activities. In the course of years the management has had to take increasingly years the management has had to take increasingly stringent steps to limit the effects of present day stringent steps to limit the effects of present day pollution and to correct the influences of past water pollution and to correct the influences of past water management.management.””

BackgroundBackground:: TalmaTalma & Meyer& Meyer’’s report concerns the detection, analysis, s report concerns the detection, analysis, and environmental 'tracing' of anomalous amounts of the stable, and environmental 'tracing' of anomalous amounts of the stable, neutronneutron--rich nitrogen isotope (rich nitrogen isotope (1515N) that were found in and around the N) that were found in and around the IscorIscor Steel Works, an integrated steel making facility located in Steel Works, an integrated steel making facility located in VanderbijlparkVanderbijlpark, South Africa, as well as at a manganese electrolysis , South Africa, as well as at a manganese electrolysis plant at another location in that countryplant at another location in that country

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, such as Mizuno's Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, such as Mizuno's phenanthrene which contains three benzene rings in its molecularphenanthrene which contains three benzene rings in its molecularstructure) are often regarded as pollutants, being byproduct s ostructure) are often regarded as pollutants, being byproduct s of f incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons; i.e., when there is insufincomplete combustion of hydrocarbons; i.e., when there is insufficient ficient oxygen present to totally burnoxygen present to totally burn--up 'fuel.' Please recall that in the process up 'fuel.' Please recall that in the process of producing coke from coal for steelmaking purposes, coal is heof producing coke from coal for steelmaking purposes, coal is heated to ated to very high temperatures in an oxygenvery high temperatures in an oxygen--free oven. At an earlier stage free oven. At an earlier stage before volatiles are completely 'burnedbefore volatiles are completely 'burned--off' in a coking oven, large off' in a coking oven, large quantities of PAHs are present; ultimately they get 'cracked' inquantities of PAHs are present; ultimately they get 'cracked' into chains to chains or otherwise removed. At that point in the coke making process,or otherwise removed. At that point in the coke making process,Ammonia is produced (note that 1 to 2 wt% Nitrogen is initiallyAmmonia is produced (note that 1 to 2 wt% Nitrogen is initially present present in most input coals). This industrial in most input coals). This industrial ‘‘process Ammoniaprocess Ammonia’’ is then removed is then removed by extracting it from a coke oven's gas stream as a "first condeby extracting it from a coke oven's gas stream as a "first condensate." It nsate." It is during this early stage of the coke production process that tis during this early stage of the coke production process that there can here can be an opportunity for the occurrence of LENRs a la Mizuno's be an opportunity for the occurrence of LENRs a la Mizuno's experiments with phenanthrene experiments with phenanthrene

http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1298_web/t1298_part3.pdf



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Supporting evidence for Mizuno data and W-L hypothesis - II

NeutronNeutron--rich Nitrogenrich Nitrogen--15 anomalies at a South African steelmaking facility 15 anomalies at a South African steelmaking facility -- II II

Note: the natural isotopic abundance of stable isotopes the natural isotopic abundance of stable isotopes of Nitrogen (as Nof Nitrogen (as N22) found in the earth) found in the earth’’s air and chemical s air and chemical compounds in the planetary environment is: compounds in the planetary environment is: 1414N = N = 99.634%; 99.634%; 1515N = 0.366% N = 0.366%

According to the hypothesized WAccording to the hypothesized W--L carbonL carbon--seed seed nucleosynthetic network: (1) before Ammonia is nucleosynthetic network: (1) before Ammonia is extracted from the gas stream, anomalous nitrogen extracted from the gas stream, anomalous nitrogen could potentially be produced from capture of ULM could potentially be produced from capture of ULM neutrons on PAH carbon atoms; (2) such anomalous neutrons on PAH carbon atoms; (2) such anomalous produced Nitrogen should contain both 14produced Nitrogen should contain both 14--N and 15N and 15--N N isotopes; and (3) some of the LENRisotopes; and (3) some of the LENR--produced produced anomalous Nitrogen should endanomalous Nitrogen should end--up in the plant's up in the plant's process ammonia molecules that will then contain process ammonia molecules that will then contain observable anomalous 'excesses' of neutronobservable anomalous 'excesses' of neutron--rich 15rich 15--N N versus 14versus 14--N compared to natural earthly isotopic N compared to natural earthly isotopic abundancesabundances

What What TalmaTalma and Meyer in fact observed in the mass and Meyer in fact observed in the mass spectroscopic data of the abundances of Nitrogen spectroscopic data of the abundances of Nitrogen isotopes found in process ammonia and nitrate samples isotopes found in process ammonia and nitrate samples from from VanderbijlparkVanderbijlpark is exactly what the Widomis exactly what the Widom--Larsen Larsen theory would predict. An excess of 15theory would predict. An excess of 15--N versus 14N versus 14--N N (compared to earthly and solar system abundances) (compared to earthly and solar system abundances) can occur in LENR systems because Wcan occur in LENR systems because W--L ULM neutron L ULM neutron capture reactions in condensed matter environments capture reactions in condensed matter environments (e.g., LENR ULM neutron capture on PAH carbon (e.g., LENR ULM neutron capture on PAH carbon atoms) have much higher rates/crossatoms) have much higher rates/cross--sections than the sections than the chargedcharged--particle fusion reactions occurring in superparticle fusion reactions occurring in super--hot hot plasmas that produce Nitrogen from Carbon in the inner plasmas that produce Nitrogen from Carbon in the inner cores of latecores of late--stage red giant starsstage red giant stars

Quoting from the IAEA report, Quoting from the IAEA report, ““Heaton (1987a) found 'condensate' Heaton (1987a) found 'condensate' from a coking plant with an anomalously high 15from a coking plant with an anomalously high 15--N values (delta15N values (delta15--N = N = +21% AIR). In 1995 similar high 15+21% AIR). In 1995 similar high 15--N values (>30% AIR) were found in N values (>30% AIR) were found in ammonia and nitrate in wastewaters of a steel plant in ammonia and nitrate in wastewaters of a steel plant in VanderbijlparkVanderbijlpark, , South Africa. These 15South Africa. These 15--N values are higher than found in natural N values are higher than found in natural compounds. It was deemed useful to investigate the origin and compounds. It was deemed useful to investigate the origin and occurrence of such anomalous nitrogen isotope compositions in occurrence of such anomalous nitrogen isotope compositions in industrial environments in more detail and explore the possible industrial environments in more detail and explore the possible uses uses that could be developed from this phenomenon. IAEA supported thithat could be developed from this phenomenon. IAEA supported this s project from 1998 to 2000. Additional funding was provided by thproject from 1998 to 2000. Additional funding was provided by the e CSIR. The report presents the data generated during this projectCSIR. The report presents the data generated during this project and and includes the data prior to 1998." includes the data prior to 1998."

Inside the Inside the VanderbijlparkVanderbijlpark coking ovens during operation there were coking ovens during operation there were present together: high temperatures (heat), PAHs, hydrogen, nitrpresent together: high temperatures (heat), PAHs, hydrogen, nitrogen, ogen, and metallic nanoparticles comprising various elements that wereand metallic nanoparticles comprising various elements that wereoriginally present in input coal streams or produced during mechoriginally present in input coal streams or produced during mechanical anical contact of the coal particles with material handling systems andcontact of the coal particles with material handling systems and/or hot /or hot turbulent gases within oven interiorsturbulent gases within oven interiors

Al la Mizuno's experiments with phenanthrene, the WidomAl la Mizuno's experiments with phenanthrene, the Widom--Larsen Larsen theory of LENRs would suggest that a ULM neutron capturetheory of LENRs would suggest that a ULM neutron capture--based based LENR carbonLENR carbon--seed nucleosynthetic network (please see Lattice seed nucleosynthetic network (please see Lattice SlideShare presentation dated September 3, 2009) could well be SlideShare presentation dated September 3, 2009) could well be operating somewhere inside the operating somewhere inside the VanderbijlparkVanderbijlpark coking ovens coking ovens

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Supporting evidence for Mizuno data and W-L hypothesis - III

Discussion: Discussion: 1515N anomalies in S. Africa; anomalous Nitrogen production elsewherN anomalies in S. Africa; anomalous Nitrogen production elsewhereeSpecial note: please recall the results reported please recall the results reported by by KrzystyniakKrzystyniak et al. (2007) that were mentioned et al. (2007) that were mentioned on Slide #44. In that paper, they state that: on Slide #44. In that paper, they state that:

““According to existing theoretical models of According to existing theoretical models of quantum entanglement (QE) and quantum entanglement (QE) and decoherencedecoherence, , the relevant quantum system, consisting in this the relevant quantum system, consisting in this case of ammonium protons and their case of ammonium protons and their environment, can be described as quantum environment, can be described as quantum entangled particles with finite entangled particles with finite decoherencedecoherence time time ... The new experimental observation of the onset ... The new experimental observation of the onset of the classical neutron cross section presented of the classical neutron cross section presented above places (NHabove places (NH44))22PdClPdCl66 and NHand NH44))22TeClTeCl66 in the in the same group of substances with metal hydrides same group of substances with metal hydrides LiHLiH and LaHand LaH22 as well as YHas well as YH33 and YHand YH22 and some and some solid polymers formvar, polystyrene, and solid polymers formvar, polystyrene, and polyethylene ... polyethylene ... Thus, one can consider the Thus, one can consider the vibrationalvibrational dynamics of NHdynamics of NH44

++ protons as fairly protons as fairly well decoupled from the dynamics of heavier well decoupled from the dynamics of heavier nuclei.nuclei.””

In other words, protons in NHIn other words, protons in NH44++ ammonium ions ammonium ions

also independently exhibit the also independently exhibit the samesame type of type of anomalous collective oscillations, coherenceanomalous collective oscillations, coherence--decoherencedecoherence, and QM entanglement that is , and QM entanglement that is exhibited by protons found in a variety of other exhibited by protons found in a variety of other very different molecular systems.very different molecular systems.

Lastly, please recall the acidLastly, please recall the acid--base pair:base pair:

In addition to isotopic analyses of samples taken from the In addition to isotopic analyses of samples taken from the VanderbijlparkVanderbijlparksteelmaking complex, steelmaking complex, TalmaTalma & Meyer also reported observations of significant & Meyer also reported observations of significant 1515N anomalies in certain samples of water taken at various points N anomalies in certain samples of water taken at various points in the in the process flow through the MMC process flow through the MMC NelspruitNelspruit , SA, manganese electrolysis plant. , SA, manganese electrolysis plant. Examination of the water process flow diagram shown in their FigExamination of the water process flow diagram shown in their Fig. 7 and the . 7 and the isotopic data in Table 9 reveals that the observed isotopic data in Table 9 reveals that the observed 1515N anomalies appear to N anomalies appear to have originated in the planthave originated in the plant’’s electrolysis cells, since no such anomalies were s electrolysis cells, since no such anomalies were present in either the input municipal water, input NHpresent in either the input municipal water, input NH33 ammonia, or in the input ammonia, or in the input ““electrolysis solution.electrolysis solution.””

Interestingly, the situation at Interestingly, the situation at NelspruitNelspruit has a familiar ring to it: please recall light has a familiar ring to it: please recall light water Ponswater Pons--Fleischmann electrolytic LENR cells, which a la Fleischmann electrolytic LENR cells, which a la MileyMiley (1997) are (1997) are explained by the Wexplained by the W--L theory and are known to produce ULM neutrons and L theory and are known to produce ULM neutrons and complex transmutations. In this case, one can imagine huge P&F ecomplex transmutations. In this case, one can imagine huge P&F electrolytic lectrolytic cells with NHcells with NH44

++ in the electrolyte; Win the electrolyte; W--L would explain L would explain 1515N anomalies as resulting N anomalies as resulting from ULM neutron capture on from ULM neutron capture on 1414N in NHN in NH44

++ ions ions

In 1884, W. Foster reported observing much higher Nitrogen conteIn 1884, W. Foster reported observing much higher Nitrogen content in nt in produced ammonia than could readily be explained by the amount oproduced ammonia than could readily be explained by the amount of N present f N present in input coal (in input coal (““Experiments on the composition and destructive distillation of Experiments on the composition and destructive distillation of coal,coal,”” Proc. Inst. of Civil Engineers, UK). Circa 2000, C. H. Wright oProc. Inst. of Civil Engineers, UK). Circa 2000, C. H. Wright of Argonne f Argonne National Laboratory also noted a similar experimental anomaly (National Laboratory also noted a similar experimental anomaly (““Coal rank Coal rank effects in the SRC II processeffects in the SRC II process””). Nitrogen anomalies have been reported ). Nitrogen anomalies have been reported episodically for 125 years; before, researchers simply assumed tepisodically for 125 years; before, researchers simply assumed that they all hat they all resulted from chemical kinetic resulted from chemical kinetic ““fractionation.fractionation.”” Per WPer W--L theory, LENR L theory, LENR transmutations may better explain some such data transmutations may better explain some such data )()()()( 4

23 aqOHaqNHlOHaqNH −+⎯⎯← +⎯⎯ →⎯+

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Do PAHs and LENRs extend into the astrophysical realm? Do PAHs and LENRs extend into the astrophysical realm?

November 25, 2009

“Led by a new paradigm, scientists adopt new instruments and look in new places … during revolutions scientists see new and different things when looking with

familiar instruments in places they have looked before. It is rather as if [they] had been suddenly transported to another planet where familiar objects are seen in a

different light and are joined by unfamiliar ones as well.”Thomas Kuhn, Thomas Kuhn, ““The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ,The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ,”” 19621962

Courtesy: NASA

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W-L shows how nucleosynthesis can occur outside of stars Mixed Regime of High Energy Particle Reactions and LENRs

• Stars – additional nuclear reactions occur in photospheres and out thru coronas

• Dusty, hydrogen-rich nebular ‘clouds’ typically found in star-forming regions

• Magnetars & active galactic nuclei (W-L-S mechanism creates UHE cosmic rays)

Very dusty, hydrogenVery dusty, hydrogen--rich nebular rich nebular ‘‘cloudsclouds’’ found in starfound in star--forming regions of galaxies provide a forming regions of galaxies provide a comparatively lowcomparatively low--energy, less ionized astrophysical environment in which an arraenergy, less ionized astrophysical environment in which an array of carbony of carbon--based molecules can exist in abundance. Within these based molecules can exist in abundance. Within these comparatively dense, somewhat opaque comparatively dense, somewhat opaque ‘‘clouds,clouds,’’ carboncarbon--based moieties coexist with hydrogen and are intimately associatbased moieties coexist with hydrogen and are intimately associated with dust ed with dust particles (which themselves contain a very wide variety of elemeparticles (which themselves contain a very wide variety of elements including many metals). All of nts including many metals). All of this matter is periodically bathed in varying amounts of stellarthis matter is periodically bathed in varying amounts of stellar photon radiation ranging from photon radiation ranging from infrared to ultraviolet wavelengths; in some cases, it is also dinfrared to ultraviolet wavelengths; in some cases, it is also directly exposed to streams of irectly exposed to streams of charged particles such as protons coming from stellar charged particles such as protons coming from stellar ‘‘winds.winds.’’ Some astrophysicists even believe Some astrophysicists even believe that gigantic lightning bolts can occur inside such cloudsthat gigantic lightning bolts can occur inside such clouds

Astronomers have detected large quantities of PAHs, e.g., PhenanAstronomers have detected large quantities of PAHs, e.g., Phenanthrene, in such starthrene, in such star--forming forming regions; many believe that PAHs are actually synthesized thereinregions; many believe that PAHs are actually synthesized therein through an interaction of through an interaction of energetic photon radiation with simpler carbon structures on duenergetic photon radiation with simpler carbon structures on dust surfaces st surfaces

While hydrogen gas pressures are vastly lower in such stellar nuWhile hydrogen gas pressures are vastly lower in such stellar nurseries, physical conditions rseries, physical conditions inside them otherwise resemble Mizunoinside them otherwise resemble Mizuno’’s Phenanthrene experiments in many key ways. If that s Phenanthrene experiments in many key ways. If that analogy is proper, then Wanalogy is proper, then W--L theory would predict that LENR nucleosynthesis can occur thereL theory would predict that LENR nucleosynthesis can occur there

Eagle Nebula Carina Nebula

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PAHs also thought to be common in the interstellar realm ““The composition, structure, and size distribution of interstellaThe composition, structure, and size distribution of interstellar grains is the result of injection of dust from stellar outflowr grains is the result of injection of dust from stellar outflows s into the interstellar medium (ISM), followed by destruction, grointo the interstellar medium (ISM), followed by destruction, growth, coagulation, and wth, coagulation, and photoprocessingphotoprocessing of interstellar grains. of interstellar grains. The balance among these poorlyThe balance among these poorly--understood processes is responsible for the mix of solid materiaunderstood processes is responsible for the mix of solid material present in the ISM. Most l present in the ISM. Most interstellar grain material present in the diffuse ISM must be ginterstellar grain material present in the diffuse ISM must be grown rown in in the ISM. The amorphous silicate and carbonaceous the ISM. The amorphous silicate and carbonaceous materials that form the bulk of interstellar dust must thereforematerials that form the bulk of interstellar dust must therefore be the result of grain growth in the presence of ultraviolet be the result of grain growth in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Dust in highradiation. Dust in high--z systems such as J1148+5251 is also produced primarily in the Iz systems such as J1148+5251 is also produced primarily in the ISM, with supernovaSM, with supernova--produced dust produced dust contributing only a small fraction of the total dust mass.contributing only a small fraction of the total dust mass.””

““The wavelengthThe wavelength--dependent extinction of starlight dependent extinction of starlight –– the sothe so--called called ““extinction curveextinction curve”” –– remains the principal source of remains the principal source of information about interstellar dust ... The extinction curve coninformation about interstellar dust ... The extinction curve contains spectral features that constrain the composition of the tains spectral features that constrain the composition of the dust. The strongest feature by far is a broad dust. The strongest feature by far is a broad ““bumpbump”” peaking near 2175peaking near 2175°°A. The strength of this feature requires that it be A. The strength of this feature requires that it be produced by a substance composed of highproduced by a substance composed of high--abundance elements, such as C, Mg, abundance elements, such as C, Mg, SiSi, or Fe (, or Fe (DraineDraine 1989). The position of 1989). The position of the feature, and its width, are strongly suggestive of the feature, and its width, are strongly suggestive of ππ --> > ππ* excitations in aromatic carbon, such as graphite or polycyclic* excitations in aromatic carbon, such as graphite or polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons. Some authors (e.g., aromatic hydrocarbons. Some authors (e.g., DraineDraine & Li 2007) think that the feature is produced by the large popu& Li 2007) think that the feature is produced by the large population of lation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that is required to explain a npolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that is required to explain a number of infrared emission features.umber of infrared emission features.””

““Large a > 0.02Large a > 0.02μμm grains in the local starlight background will be heated to a mm grains in the local starlight background will be heated to a moreore--oror--less steady temperature of 15less steady temperature of 15––20K. 20K. However, very small grains (1) absorb photons much less frequentHowever, very small grains (1) absorb photons much less frequently, and (2) have very small heat capacities, so that one ly, and (2) have very small heat capacities, so that one absorbed photon can raise the grain to a high temperature, folloabsorbed photon can raise the grain to a high temperature, followed by very rapid cooling wed by very rapid cooling ……. Perhaps 2/3 of C is in dust . Perhaps 2/3 of C is in dust ……There is a substantial population of PAHs that contains There is a substantial population of PAHs that contains ~~1010––20% of the interstellar C in the Milky Way; 20% of the interstellar C in the Milky Way; ~~44––5% of the total 5% of the total grain mass is contributed by PAHs in the Milky Way and other stagrain mass is contributed by PAHs in the Milky Way and other starr--forming galaxies with forming galaxies with ~~solar solar metallicitymetallicity ((DraineDraine et al. et al. 2007) 2007) …… Most interstellar dust is not stardust Most interstellar dust is not stardust …… StardustStardust accounts for only accounts for only ∼∼ 4% of the total mass of interstellar dust 4% of the total mass of interstellar dust ……Most of the material in interstellar grains was formed in the ISMost of the material in interstellar grains was formed in the ISM M …… .. The resulting grain The resulting grain material(smaterial(s) will undergo heavy UV ) will undergo heavy UV irradiation irradiation …… ΗΗydrogenationydrogenation …… This surface site is being bombarded by H atoms at a rate This surface site is being bombarded by H atoms at a rate ……Observations of quasars and Observations of quasars and luminous galaxies at high luminous galaxies at high redshiftredshift have detected large masses of dust in a number of systems (Wanghave detected large masses of dust in a number of systems (Wang et al. 2008) et al. 2008) ……Grain Grain destruction in the ISM is such that destruction in the ISM is such that ~~<10% of the interstellar dust mass consists of <10% of the interstellar dust mass consists of ““starduststardust”” from stellar sources, including from stellar sources, including supernovae. supernovae. The bulk of interstellar dust has been grown in the ISMThe bulk of interstellar dust has been grown in the ISM..””

B. T. B. T. DraineDraine, , ““Interstellar Dust Models and Evolutionary Implications,Interstellar Dust Models and Evolutionary Implications,”” arXiv:0903.1658v1 [arXiv:0903.1658v1 [astroastro--ph.GAph.GA] 9 Mar 2009] 9 Mar 2009

See: See: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0903/0903.1658v1.pdfhttp://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0903/0903.1658v1.pdf

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0903/0903.1658v1.pdf

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PAH/Nitrogen isotope anomalies in meteoritic materials?

If the WIf the W--L theoryL theory--based hypothesis outlined on Slides #42 and in the last bullet obased hypothesis outlined on Slides #42 and in the last bullet on Slide n Slide #50 were true, and if LENR#50 were true, and if LENR--based nucleosynthesis associated with PAHs occurred on based nucleosynthesis associated with PAHs occurred on surfaces of dust particles in the early solar nebula 4+ billion surfaces of dust particles in the early solar nebula 4+ billion years ago, what sort of years ago, what sort of evidence of such earlier nuclear activity might be found today?evidence of such earlier nuclear activity might be found today?

Just such local anomalies involving neutronJust such local anomalies involving neutron--rich rich 1515N meeting all of these criteria were N meeting all of these criteria were observed and reported in a paper by observed and reported in a paper by BrianiBriani et al. that was published in the et al. that was published in the PNASPNAS in May in May 2009, 2009, ““Pristine extraterrestrial material with unprecedented nitrogen iPristine extraterrestrial material with unprecedented nitrogen isotopic variationsotopic variation””

Criteria 1Criteria 1

Extraordinary Nitrogen isotope anomalies in Isheyevo primordial chondrite - I

:: such isotopic anomalies produced by LENRs should be found in micsuch isotopic anomalies produced by LENRs should be found in micronron--scale scale ‘‘patches,patches,’’ probably no larger than 100 probably no larger than 100 –– 200 microns in diameter, located on the surfaces of 200 microns in diameter, located on the surfaces of soso--called called ‘‘primordial grainsprimordial grains’’ of material (xenoliths) embedded in somewhat younger, thermallyof material (xenoliths) embedded in somewhat younger, thermallyprocessed materials comprising meteoritic bodies such as processed materials comprising meteoritic bodies such as chondriteschondrites (for a (for a ‘‘fresh,fresh,’’unprocessed terrestrial analogue of such LENR surface sites, seeunprocessed terrestrial analogue of such LENR surface sites, see the SEM image of such the SEM image of such transmutation transmutation ‘‘hot spotshot spots’’ in Slide #19) in Slide #19)

Criteria 2Criteria 2: : residues of some sort of organic carbonresidues of some sort of organic carbon--based molecules (especially PAHs) based molecules (especially PAHs) should also be detected in some fashion at such sitesshould also be detected in some fashion at such sites

Criteria 3Criteria 3:: if LENRs took place with ULM neutrons being captured by PAH ringif LENRs took place with ULM neutrons being captured by PAH ring carbon atoms carbon atoms located in PAH located in PAH ‘‘patchespatches’’ on nebular dust grain surfaces, Nitrogen should be produced by on nebular dust grain surfaces, Nitrogen should be produced by the the WW--L CarbonL Carbon--seed nucleosynthetic network (see Slides #23 and 24). Similar toseed nucleosynthetic network (see Slides #23 and 24). Similar to the coke ovens the coke ovens at the South African steelmaking facility, there should also be at the South African steelmaking facility, there should also be significant enrichment of neutronsignificant enrichment of neutron--rich rich 1515N in such locations and accordingly anomalous N in such locations and accordingly anomalous 1414N/N/1515N isotopic ratios at those same N isotopic ratios at those same localized siteslocalized sites

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W-L explains 15N isotope anomalies in Isheyevo materials - I

Extraordinary Nitrogen isotope anomalies in Isheyevo primordial chondrite - II

Please seePlease see: :

G. G. BrianiBriani, , M. , , M. GounelleGounelle, Y. , Y. MarrocchiMarrocchi, S. , S. MostefaouiMostefaoui, H. , H. LerouxLeroux, E. , E. QuiricoQuirico, and A. , and A. MeibomMeibom, , ““Pristine Pristine extraterrestrial material with unprecedented nitrogen extraterrestrial material with unprecedented nitrogen isotopic variation,isotopic variation,”” PNAS 10.1073 PNAS 10.1073 –– pnaspnas 0901545106 0901545106 May 2009 May 2009

The 6The 6--page article can be purchased from PNAS for $10 page article can be purchased from PNAS for $10 and downloaded from the following URL: and downloaded from the following URL:

http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/06/15/09015461http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/06/15/0901546106.abstract06.abstract

A free package of supplementary technical information A free package of supplementary technical information may be downloaded from:may be downloaded from:

http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2009/06/15/0901546http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2009/06/15/0901546106.DCSupplemental/0901546106SI.pdf106.DCSupplemental/0901546106SI.pdf

A free copy of a conference presentation summary may A free copy of a conference presentation summary may be downloaded from:be downloaded from:

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1642.pdfhttp://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1642.pdf[two Figs. from this appear on the next Slide][two Figs. from this appear on the next Slide]

Quoting from the abstractQuoting from the abstract: : ““An extreme continuum of N An extreme continuum of N isotopic variation is present in this isotopic variation is present in this xenolithxenolith: from very : from very light N composition similar to that inferred for the solar light N composition similar to that inferred for the solar nebula to the heaviest ratios measured in any solar nebula to the heaviest ratios measured in any solar system material.system material.””

Isotopic data reported in Isotopic data reported in BrianiBriani et al.et al.’’s paper is truly fascinating. To obtain s paper is truly fascinating. To obtain it, they utilized a unique, multiit, they utilized a unique, multi--million $ mass spectroscopy instrument, a million $ mass spectroscopy instrument, a CAMECA CAMECA NanoSIMSNanoSIMS 50, that has the ability to perform detailed isotopic 50, that has the ability to perform detailed isotopic analyses on surface analyses on surface ‘‘spotsspots’’ down to 50 nm in sizedown to 50 nm in size

QuotingQuoting:: ““Pristine meteoritic materials carry light element isotopic Pristine meteoritic materials carry light element isotopic fractionations that constrain physiochemical conditions during sfractionations that constrain physiochemical conditions during solar system olar system formation. Here we report the discovery of a unique formation. Here we report the discovery of a unique xenolithxenolith in the metalin the metal--rich chondrite Isheyevo rich chondrite Isheyevo …… PXPX--18 is a dark 18 is a dark xenolithxenolith (380 x 470 microns(380 x 470 microns22), ), dominated by a very finedominated by a very fine--grained matrix, mainly composed of anhydrous grained matrix, mainly composed of anhydrous MgMg--rich silicates with tiny Ferich silicates with tiny Fe--Ni sulfides grains and magnetite Ni sulfides grains and magnetite …… In In addition to the diffuse distribution of addition to the diffuse distribution of 1515NN--enriched material, fortyenriched material, forty--six six 1515N N hotspots with extremely high hotspots with extremely high 1515NNAIRAIR were observed in PXwere observed in PX--18 (Fig. 2B). 18 (Fig. 2B). These hotspots, with areas of approximately 1 micronThese hotspots, with areas of approximately 1 micron22, are distinct from , are distinct from the aforementioned, broad the aforementioned, broad 1515NN--enriched zones enriched zones …… These hotspot These hotspot subregionssubregions are the highest are the highest 1515NNAIRAIR values ever measured in solar system values ever measured in solar system material material …… Together, these observations lead to the conclusion that Together, these observations lead to the conclusion that 1515N N hotspots in PXhotspots in PX--18 are due to the presence of organic matter (OM).18 are due to the presence of organic matter (OM).””

CommentComment:: as predicted, they observed a high localization of as predicted, they observed a high localization of 1515N isotope N isotope anomalies in micronanomalies in micron--scale scale ‘‘hot spotshot spots’’ that were clearly associated with that were clearly associated with organic matter. organic matter. BrianiBriani et al. could not fully explain the anomalies with et al. could not fully explain the anomalies with ““fractionationfractionation”” processes and concluded that, processes and concluded that, ““The results call for a new The results call for a new theoretical and experimental approach.theoretical and experimental approach.””

http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/06/15/0901546106.abstract

http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/06/15/0901546106.abstract

http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2009/06/15/0901546106.DCSupplemental/0901546106SI.pdf

http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2009/06/15/0901546106.DCSupplemental/0901546106SI.pdf

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1642.pdf

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Source: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1642.pdf

Figure 2. δ15NAIR distribution of a 40×40 μm2 region in PX-18, with mean δ15NAIR = 640 ± 11‰. About 90% of this image is characterized by δ15NAIR≥ 250‰. Several hotspots are also visible (white arrows).

Extraordinary Nitrogen isotope anomalies in Isheyevo primordial chondrite - III

Figure 3. δ15NAIR values measured in PX-18, compared with previous measurements in other Solar System materials. Ranges reported inthe figure comprise results from bulk measures as well as from hotspots (data from literature).

Quoting from their conference presentation: “These observations lead to the conclusion that 15N isotopic variation in PX-18 are due to the presence of diffuse organic matter with a range in δ15NAIR that greatly expands the range for a single extraterrestrial object or isolated IOM. Excluding a stellar nucleosynthesis origin (i.e. related to presolar grains) for the observed N isotopic anomalies, values of δ15NAIR as high as those observed in PX-18 can be produced only by low-temperature ion-molecule reactions. In the most recent model for N-containing molecules chemistry under dark molecular cloud conditions [15], values of δ15NAIR > 9000‰ are obtained for external layers of NH3 ice accreted on dust grains. Transfer of fractionated N from NH3 ice to organic matter is possible by UV-induced transformations in poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [16]. However, a fundamental problem is that low temperature ion-molecule reactions are also predicted to produce strong deuterium enrichments in organic matter [17], which are not found in Isheyevo PX-18 or any other xenolith in Isheyevo. These results call for a new theoretical and experimental approach, which must be able to provide an explanation for the decoupling of these light elements isotopic variations as well as for the high values measured in the hotspots.”

PX-18 xenolith’s 15N isotope anomaly is truly extreme

15N ‘hot spots’ are yellow and denoted by white arrows

W-L explains 15N isotope anomalies in Isheyevo materials - II

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1642.pdf

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Further thoughts and possibilities for the future Further thoughts and possibilities for the future

November 25, 2009

““TightTight--lipped, guided by reasons only,lipped, guided by reasons only,Cautiously let us step into the era of the unchained fire.Cautiously let us step into the era of the unchained fire.””

CzeslawCzeslaw MiloszMilosz, poem , poem ““Child of Europe,Child of Europe,”” New York, 1946New York, 1946

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Technical issues that merit further investigation

MizunoMizuno’’s innovative phenanthrene experiments suggest additional work s innovative phenanthrene experiments suggest additional work Given their potential importance, MizunoGiven their potential importance, Mizuno’’s experiments should be repeated by other groups of s experiments should be repeated by other groups of skilled experimentalists in Japan and elsewhere to see whether tskilled experimentalists in Japan and elsewhere to see whether they obtain essentially the same hey obtain essentially the same laboratory results laboratory results

In any future such experiments a la Mizuno with phenanthrene andIn any future such experiments a la Mizuno with phenanthrene and other related aromatic other related aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in metallic reaction vessels, the following hydrocarbons (PAHs) in metallic reaction vessels, the following would be desirable:would be desirable:

Much better radiation measurementsMuch better radiation measurements:: in which photon energies and counts are explicitly enumerated in which photon energies and counts are explicitly enumerated for the entire duration of experimentsfor the entire duration of experiments

Much better heat production measurementsMuch better heat production measurements: : if at all possible, to utilize some sort of if at all possible, to utilize some sort of SeebeckSeebeckenvelope calorimeter. The goal would be to substantially improveenvelope calorimeter. The goal would be to substantially improve sensitivity, accuracy, and stability, as well sensitivity, accuracy, and stability, as well as eliminate present as eliminate present ““heat locationheat location”” issues that can produce large, hard to analyze errors issues that can produce large, hard to analyze errors

Extensive pre/post experiment SIMS analysisExtensive pre/post experiment SIMS analysis: : at many different locations on surfaces of all materials at many different locations on surfaces of all materials located inside the reaction vessels; need to know exactly where located inside the reaction vessels; need to know exactly where LENRs are occurring insideLENRs are occurring inside

Mizuno and Sawada made an intriguing claimMizuno and Sawada made an intriguing claim:: ““The reaction is reliably triggered by raising The reaction is reliably triggered by raising temperatures above temperatures above …… threshold temperature of ~600threshold temperature of ~600oo C and C and …… hydrogen pressures above 70 atm. It can hydrogen pressures above 70 atm. It can be quenched by lowering the temperature be quenched by lowering the temperature …… below ~600below ~600oo C.C.”” If their observation is correct, it suggests that: If their observation is correct, it suggests that: (a) reaction vessels may be acting as blackbody radiation caviti(a) reaction vessels may be acting as blackbody radiation cavities; and (b) nuclear reactions may turn es; and (b) nuclear reactions may turn ‘‘on and on and offoff’’ as LENRas LENR--active metal/PAH surface nanostructures move in and out of resonactive metal/PAH surface nanostructures move in and out of resonance with the spectral peak ance with the spectral peak of emitted cavity radiation which is temperatureof emitted cavity radiation which is temperature--dependent and determined by Planckdependent and determined by Planck’’s, Stefans, Stefan--BoltzmannBoltzmann’’ss, , and and WeinWein’’ss Laws. If this were true, it may open up the technological possiLaws. If this were true, it may open up the technological possibility of controlled positive thermal bility of controlled positive thermal feedback (see feedback (see FocardiFocardi et al., et al., ““Il Il NuovoNuovo CimentoCimento”” 107, pp. 163, 1994)107, pp. 163, 1994)

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Oil industry’s new bridge to the future? PAHs as LENR fuel

If MizunoIf Mizuno’’s results are correct s results are correct –– possible longpossible long--term implications for oil industry term implications for oil industry

If the additional investigations outlined in the previous slide If the additional investigations outlined in the previous slide were to were to have successful outcomes, the potential major commercial payoffhave successful outcomes, the potential major commercial payoffsomewhere down the road would be to be able to somewhere down the road would be to be able to ‘‘burnburn’’ PAHs as PAHs as nuclearnuclear fuels in unremarkable LENR Pressure/Temperature/Metal fuels in unremarkable LENR Pressure/Temperature/Metal catalyst reactors using the Wcatalyst reactors using the W--L carbonL carbon--seed ULMN capture seed ULMN capture nucleosynthetic networknucleosynthetic network

At that point, commercial versions of At that point, commercial versions of ‘‘greengreen’’ LENR power LENR power generation systems would begin to somewhat resemble present generation systems would begin to somewhat resemble present day chemical fuel technologies without having any of their day chemical fuel technologies without having any of their problems, e.g., carbon emissions; unlike existing fission problems, e.g., carbon emissions; unlike existing fission technologies, no hard radiation or radioactive waste issues technologies, no hard radiation or radioactive waste issues

Interestingly, PAHs could be worth a million times more as nucleInterestingly, PAHs could be worth a million times more as nuclear ar fuels as opposed to their being used in making chemical fuels orfuels as opposed to their being used in making chemical fuels orused in applications like industrial solventsused in applications like industrial solvents

If this came to pass, the oil industryIf this came to pass, the oil industry’’s new bridge to the future could s new bridge to the future could be extracting and processing hydrocarbons for use as fossil fuelbe extracting and processing hydrocarbons for use as fossil fuels, s, chemical feedstock, chemical feedstock, andand ‘‘greengreen’’ LENRLENR fuelsfuels

Special note: PAHs are naturally found in significantly higher concentrations in bitumen or “oil sands” of which the largest known deposits are located in Canada and Venezuela. Unlike conventional crude oil, bitumen does not flow freely: it is heavier than water and more viscous than molasses. Today, it has to be heated with steam to liquefy it before it can be pumped out of the ground. Bitumen also contains up to 5% sulfur by weight, and small amounts of oxygen, various heavy metals and other contaminants.

Natural bitumen

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Canada/Venezuela: petronuclear Saudi Arabias of the future?

Commercialization of LENRs/PAHs: redraw geopolitical map of oil Commercialization of LENRs/PAHs: redraw geopolitical map of oil and energy? and energy? Some oil experts believe that the two largestSome oil experts believe that the two largest--known sources of bitumen known sources of bitumen (found in Alberta, Canada, and in Venezuela) each contain more p(found in Alberta, Canada, and in Venezuela) each contain more petroleum etroleum than the entire proven conventional oil reserves of the Persian than the entire proven conventional oil reserves of the Persian Gulf Gulf

Today, synthetic crude oil produced from bitumen accounts for ~2Today, synthetic crude oil produced from bitumen accounts for ~28% of 8% of Canada's total oil production. However, compared to conventionalCanada's total oil production. However, compared to conventional oil oil (obtained from traditional, easily accessible sources such as Sa(obtained from traditional, easily accessible sources such as Saudi Arabia, udi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran), synthetic crude produced from bitumen is now siIraq, and Iran), synthetic crude produced from bitumen is now significantly gnificantly more expensive and complicated to produce using todaymore expensive and complicated to produce using today’’s best available s best available extraction and processing technologies extraction and processing technologies

Whether surfaceWhether surface--mined or extracted through wellmined or extracted through well--holes, in Canada natural holes, in Canada natural gas is presently burned to make steam which is used to heat bitugas is presently burned to make steam which is used to heat bitumenmen--containing sands so liquid oil can flow out of pores between roccontaining sands so liquid oil can flow out of pores between rock particles. k particles. Surface mining of oil sands and related environmental disturbancSurface mining of oil sands and related environmental disturbances may be es may be unnecessary if LENRs can be commercialized. To eliminate burningunnecessary if LENRs can be commercialized. To eliminate burning of of natural gas for heat, high performance, costnatural gas for heat, high performance, cost--effective LENReffective LENR--based 'green' based 'green' nuclear heaters with duty cycles of 5,000 nuclear heaters with duty cycles of 5,000 -- 10,000 hours between scheduled 10,000 hours between scheduled refueling/maintenance breaks could potentially be developed and refueling/maintenance breaks could potentially be developed and mass mass produced. Inproduced. In--situ LENR heat sources would be small enough to be lowered situ LENR heat sources would be small enough to be lowered down existing welldown existing well--holes to reach desired locations in oilholes to reach desired locations in oil--bearing formations bearing formations where longwhere long--lived, controllable production of intense heat is required for lived, controllable production of intense heat is required for recovery. LENRs could thus reduce extraction and production costrecovery. LENRs could thus reduce extraction and production costs, as well s, as well as reduce the total as reduce the total ‘‘carbon footprintcarbon footprint’’ vs. todayvs. today

On top of that, as we have shown herein, it is possible that PAHOn top of that, as we have shown herein, it is possible that PAH aromatic aromatic fractions in bitumen could someday be fractions in bitumen could someday be ‘‘burnedburned’’ directly as directly as ‘‘greengreen’’ LENR LENR nuclear fuels. Thus, PAHs could potentially be worth a million tnuclear fuels. Thus, PAHs could potentially be worth a million times more $ imes more $ as nuclear fuel rather than being burned chemically or used in fas nuclear fuel rather than being burned chemically or used in feedstock eedstock

Legend in graph aboveLegend in graph above::

= conventional oil

= bitumen in oil sands (not shale)

Main Canadian bitumen deposits are located in the province of Alberta. Please see orange-colored areas in the map to the right

As of today, Venezuelan bitumen deposits are not as well-developed as Canada’s

Venezuela

CanadaSaudi Arabia

USA

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Final remarks on alchemy, LENRs, and chemistry

LENR transmutations are not a fevered alchemical delusion. As wLENR transmutations are not a fevered alchemical delusion. As we have shown e have shown herein, they are widespread in Nature, allowing nucleosynthetic herein, they are widespread in Nature, allowing nucleosynthetic processes to take processes to take place in many different types of place in many different types of ‘‘mildermilder’’ environments besides the hot plasma cores of environments besides the hot plasma cores of stars, nuclear weapons, and fission reactors stars, nuclear weapons, and fission reactors

Unlike fission and fusion reactions, naturally occurring LENR prUnlike fission and fusion reactions, naturally occurring LENR processes are innately ocesses are innately benign because they are enabled by and rely on manybenign because they are enabled by and rely on many--body collective effects, body collective effects, quantum phenomena, and the weak interaction. As a result, they quantum phenomena, and the weak interaction. As a result, they typically do not emit typically do not emit dangerous dangerous ‘‘hardhard’’ photon/neutron radiation, nor do they produce large amounts of photon/neutron radiation, nor do they produce large amounts of longlong--lived radioactive isotopes. LENRs are clean, lived radioactive isotopes. LENRs are clean, ‘‘green,green,’’ ubiquitous, and can ubiquitous, and can potentially release just as much energy as fusion potentially release just as much energy as fusion

If LENRs can be successfully commercialized at some point in theIf LENRs can be successfully commercialized at some point in the future, they have future, they have the potential to help solve many of the worldthe potential to help solve many of the world’’s long term energy problems. If PAHs s long term energy problems. If PAHs can someday be used as LENR fuel, it would allow humanity to relcan someday be used as LENR fuel, it would allow humanity to release more than a ease more than a million times more energy from Carbon molecules without injectinmillion times more energy from Carbon molecules without injecting any more Carbon g any more Carbon atoms into the earthatoms into the earth’’s environment s environment

If a medieval alchemist were magically transported from the pastIf a medieval alchemist were magically transported from the past into Mizunointo Mizuno’’s lab, s lab, after a discussion he would readily recognize metal reaction vesafter a discussion he would readily recognize metal reaction vessels as athanors. sels as athanors. That begs a question: were alchemists wrong about everything? WThat begs a question: were alchemists wrong about everything? Were 17 centuries ere 17 centuries of effort, including work by Newton and Bacon, all for naught? Oof effort, including work by Newton and Bacon, all for naught? Or just once in a very r just once in a very great while, did someone, somewhere, see something real? We maygreat while, did someone, somewhere, see something real? We may never know never know

Chemistry and alchemy (nuclear transmutations) have finally comeChemistry and alchemy (nuclear transmutations) have finally come fullfull--circle circle

Modern interpretation of the Ouroboros; did August Kekule dream about it when he hypothesized that benzene was a cyclic

compound?

Ouroboros by Theodoros Pelecanos, in alchemical tract titled, ”Synosius” (1478).

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Collective LENR effects appear to be widespread in Nature

""I am increasingly persuaded that all physical law we know about I am increasingly persuaded that all physical law we know about has collective has collective origins, not just some of it.origins, not just some of it.““

""…… I think a good case can be made that science has now moved fromI think a good case can be made that science has now moved from an Age an Age of Reductionism to an Age of Emergence, a time when the search fof Reductionism to an Age of Emergence, a time when the search for ultimate or ultimate causes of things shifts from the behavior of parts to the behavicauses of things shifts from the behavior of parts to the behavior of the or of the collective collective …….. Over time, careful quantitative study of microscopic parts ha.. Over time, careful quantitative study of microscopic parts has s revealed that at the primitive level at least, collective princirevealed that at the primitive level at least, collective principles of organization ples of organization are not just a quaint sideshow but everything are not just a quaint sideshow but everything -------- the true essence of physical the true essence of physical law, including perhaps the most fundamental laws we know law, including perhaps the most fundamental laws we know …… nature is now nature is now revealed to be an enormous tower of truths, each descending fromrevealed to be an enormous tower of truths, each descending from its parent, its parent, and then transcending that parent, as the scale of measurement iand then transcending that parent, as the scale of measurement increases.ncreases.””

““Like Columbus or Marco Polo, we set out to explore a new countryLike Columbus or Marco Polo, we set out to explore a new country but instead but instead discovered a new world.discovered a new world.""

Robert Laughlin, "Robert Laughlin, "A Different Universe A Different Universe -- Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down,Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down,”” Basic Books, 2005, pp. xv and 208 Basic Books, 2005, pp. xv and 208

November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved

Welcome to the New WorldWelcome to the New World

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In Memoriam

November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved

This presentation is dedicated to the memory and work of Prof. AThis presentation is dedicated to the memory and work of Prof. Andrei Lipson ndrei Lipson

Andrei Andrei GrigorevichGrigorevich Lipson at ICCF15, October 2009Lipson at ICCF15, October 2009(Photo by David Nagel)(Photo by David Nagel)

до свидания мой друг Vechnaya Pamyat

Only 52 years old, Andrei died unexpectedly of cardiac problems Only 52 years old, Andrei died unexpectedly of cardiac problems in Moscow on in Moscow on November 1, 2009. He was a fine scientist, friend, and dedicateNovember 1, 2009. He was a fine scientist, friend, and dedicated family man. Andrei and d family man. Andrei and Alexei Alexei RoussetskiRoussetski did excellent work for Lattice on LENR charged particle measuredid excellent work for Lattice on LENR charged particle measurements ments back in 2001 back in 2001 –– 2002. Everyone who knew Andrei will miss him. May he rest i2002. Everyone who knew Andrei will miss him. May he rest in peace. n peace.

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