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![Page 1: Latitudinal Heat Imbalances Current Weather Finish Surface Energy Balance Controls of Air Temperature Tropics vs. Middle and High Latitudes Mechanisms.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f345503460f94c514d6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Latitudinal Heat Imbalances
Current Weather
Finish Surface Energy Balance
Controls of Air Temperature
Tropics vs. Middle and High Latitudes
Mechanisms of Polar Heat Transport
For Next Class: Read Chapter 6
Thin Ice Screening at 7 PM on September 2
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Bowen RatioBowen ratio = (sensible heating)/(latent heating)
High Bowen ratio implies more sensible heating than latent heating (i.e., deserts)
Low Bowen ratio implies more latent heating than sensible heating (i.e., oceans or water bodies)
![Page 3: Latitudinal Heat Imbalances Current Weather Finish Surface Energy Balance Controls of Air Temperature Tropics vs. Middle and High Latitudes Mechanisms.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f345503460f94c514d6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
© AMS 3
Heat Imbalance: Atmosphere vs. Earth’s Surface
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Simplified Surface Energy Balance
NET R =
+SW (insolation)
–SW (reflection)
+LW (infrared)
–LW (infrared)
Figure 4.16
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Global NET Radiation
Figure 4.17
Describe the spatial patterns: which areas have the highest net radiation? Why? The lowest? Why?
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Latitude and Temperature
Figure 5.4
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January Temperatures
Figure 5.14
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July Temperatures
Figure 5.17
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Global Temperature Ranges
Figure 5.19
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Where is the coldest location in the world likely to be in January? Why?
In July? Why?
Which location has the greatest annual temperature range? Why?
Temperature
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General circulation of the atmosphere and ocean is driven by latitudinal heating imbalances (i.e. surplus in tropics and deficit in polar regions)
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12© AMS
Heating Imbalance: Tropics vs. High Latitudes
Poleward heat transport brought about by• Air mass exchange• Storm systems• Ocean circulation
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13© AMS
Heating Imbalance: Tropics vs. High Latitudes
Heat Transport by Air Mass Exchange• Air Mass: huge volume of air covering thousands
of square kilometers that is relatively uniform horizontally in temperature and humidity
Properties depend largely on characteristics of source region
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14© AMS
Source regions of air masses that regularly invade North America
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15© AMS
Heating Imbalance: Tropics vs. High Latitudes
Heat Transport by Storms• Acquisition and subsequent release of latent heat
in migratory storm systems transports heat to the poles
• Tropical storms and hurricanes are greater contributors to poleward heat transport than ordinary middle latitude storms
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Blizzard of 1993
Developed in association with an extremely amplified Rossby Wave. Note the strong cold front in Honduras!
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18© AMS
Heating Imbalance: Tropics vs. High Latitudes
Heat Transport by Ocean Circulation• Contributes to poleward heat transport via wind-
driven surface currents and the deeper thermohaline circulation
Surface water that is warmer than the overlying air is a heat source for the atmosphere
Surface water that is cooler than the overlying air is a heat sink for the atmosphere
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19© AMS
Heating Imbalance: Tropics vs. High Latitudes
Heat Transport by Ocean Circulation• Thermohaline
circulation: density-driven movement of water masses, traversing the lengths of the ocean basins
Also known as the meridional overturning circulation (MOC)
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The Gulf Stream
Figure 5.10
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Sea-Surface Temperatures
Figure 5.11