LATIN FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS II. · 6. delta shaped 1. slender, thin 30. turns the palm down 8....

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LATIN FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS II.

Takácsné Tóth Em�ke

Debrecen, 2013

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Latin for Pharmacy Students II.

©Takácsné Tóth Em�ke

Front cover designed by: Szabó-Boros Mónika

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Latin for Pharmacy Students II.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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6. MUSCLES.......................................................………………………………………

Comparison of Adjectives ....………....……………………………………………....

Prefixes and Prepositions.....................................................................................

Latin Conjugation.................................................................................................

7. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM……………………………………................................

Routes of Drug Administration....................................…………………………….

Present and Past Participles......……………………………………………………...

Prescriptions Related to the GI Tract…………………………………………………

Declension 4……………………………………………………………...............……..

8. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM……………………………........................................

Medicines of the Respiratory System..……………………………………................

Declension 5......………………………………………………………………………....

Latin Diminutives.........................……………………………………………………...

9. THE SKIN...............................................................................................................

Dermatological Problems and Preparations...……………………………………...

Prescriptions of Topical Preparations...........……………………………………......

10. THE HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM................................................

Blood and Blood Vessels .....……………………………………………………….……

Pharmacology of the Cardiovascular System..………………………………….……

Prescriptions Related to the Nervous System...………………………………………

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES ......................................……………….........................

APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………………….............

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6/A MUSCLES

HEAD AND UPPER LIMB MUSCLES � �

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TRUNK AND LOWER LIMB MUSCLES �

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MUSCLE NAMES

Names of muscles may consist of several parts, each of them denoting some characteristic feature of the

particular muscle. For example the name of extensor carpi radialis longus muscle shows us that this muscle

extends the wrist, it is quite long, and travels along the lateral bone of the forearm. Similarly, latissimus

dorsi is the broadest muscle of the back.

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anterior brevis

levator vastus

minimus major

pronator transversus

#��$��%��%�� a) pollicis, dorsi, oris, nasalis _________________________

b) quadratus, quadriceps, lumbricalis, piriformis _________________________

c) flexor, masseter, risorius, teres _________________________

d) brevis, latissimus, vastus, gracilis _________________________

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smaller cylindrical muscle

two-headed muscle of the thigh

deep muscle that flexes the fingers

muscle raising the shoulder blade

short muscle that extends the thumb

muscle at the cheeckbone

circular muscle of the eye

muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth

slanting inner muscle of the belly

bigger rhombus shaped muscle

muscle lowering the lower lip

'��(�� )�� m. serratus anterior m. flexor digitorum superficialis m. biceps brachii m. flexor carpi ulnaris m. depressor anguli oris m. levator labii superioris m. latissimus dorsi m. abductor pollicis longus m. vastus lateralis m. gluteus maximus m. obliquus internus abdominis m. rhomboideus minor m. quadriceps femoris m. extensor carpi radialis brevis m. levator scapulae m. teres major m. orbicularis oris

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+�� (��6. delta shaped 1. slender, thin 30. turns the palm down

8. smallest 2. slanting 32. trapezium shaped

12. straight 3. moves closer 34. bigger

13. lowers a part 4. helps in chewing

17. saw-tooth shaped 5. four-headed

18. moving away 7. opens an angle

19. closes an angle 9. constricts an opening

20. long and round 10. circular

22. transverse 11. four sided

25. raises a part 14. long

26. biggest 15. three-headed

27. two-headed 16. broadest

28. smaller 21. rhombus shaped

31. turns the palm up 23. flat fish shaped

33. helps in laughing 24. short

34. big 25. wormlike

35. vast, great 29. pear-shaped

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CONDITIONS OF MUSCLES

,��$��)�� surgical removal of a myoma

benign growth of smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus

sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles

severe weakness of muscles

inflammation of the muscles

softening of muscle tissue

inflammation of heart muscle

muscle pain

myasthenia gravis, myoma, myospasm, myomalacia (cordis), myositis,

myocarditis, myalgia, myomectomy

6/B COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Several muscle names contain reference to the relative size of the muscle, which is expressed in terms of

comparative (teres major muscle) or superlative (gluteus maximus muscle) adjectives. Adjectives are

compared in Latin in the same manner as in English. There are three degrees of comparison: positive,

comparative and superlative.

1. The positive degree of adjectives is the normal dictionary form e.g. longus, longa, longum

2. The comparative degree is formed by adding -ior (male and female) or –ius (neuter) to the base of the

adjective e.g. longior, longius (meaning longer)

3. The superlative adjectives are formed by adding –issimus, -issima or –issimum to the base

e.g. longissimus, longissima, longissimum (meaning longest, very long)

English adjective Positive Comparative Superlative

long longus 3 longior, longius longissimus 3

severe, heavy gravis 2 gravior, gravius gravissimus 3

The most important irregular adjectives used in Anatomy are as follows:

Positive Comparative Superlative

big magnus 3 maior, maius maximus 3

small parvus 3 minor, minus minimus 3

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latissimus gravis

minus fortissimum

forte gravissima

fortior gravior

brevius superior

minima inferior

longior posterior

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6/C PREFIXES AND PREPOSITIONS

Several muscle names contain prefixes that originally were prepositions to show the exact location of

a muscle compared to a bone. Infraspinatus muscle’s origin is in the fossa below the spine of the shoulder

blade, while subscapularis muscle fills the fossa under the shoulder blade. These prefixes attached to the

beginning of the words have the same meaning as the prepositions they come from. Thus the Latin preposition

infra translates as below, and sub translates as under.

Latin prepositions can take different cases, that means nouns following prepositions must be put in

certain grammatical forms. For example in the expressions in vivo or in vitro the nouns are in Ablative case,

while the expressions a.m. (ante meridiem) or p.m. (post meridiem) contain nouns in Accusative case.

In Pharmacy Latin we mostly use prepositions that take either Accusative or Ablative case. There are,

however, some can take both cases with a slight change in meaning.

��-�� "��/��0��+��+� ��+�� pro oculogutta for sine fuchsino without

cum acido salicylico with in vitro in

per os through in vitrum into

ante cibum before intra cutim inside/within

ad capsulas to contra solarem against

take Accusative take Ablative

extra = outer

infra = below

inter = between

supra = above

sub = under (with verbs of motion)

a(b) = from

sub = under

��-�� /�� intramuscularis � into a muscle peroralis�

intercostalis � extracellularis �

sublingualis � intradermalis�

intracranialis � intraabdominalis�

subcutaneus � transdermalis �

intraarterialis � intravenosus�

!�"�� /��)�� post (cibum) � post cibum after meals

contra (reuma) � contra reum……

ad (nodus) �ad nod….

ad (sacculus) (ceratus 3) �ad saccul… cerat…

ad (saliva) � ad saliv…….

ad (scatula) � ad scatul…..

contra (nodus) � contra nod……..

pro (dosis) � pro dos…

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cum (belladonna) � cum belladonn……

cum (mentholum) �cum menthol…

cum (aqua) � cum aqu…

cum (resorcinum) � cum resorcin….

cum (sal) � cum sal…….

cum (vitaminum) � cum vitamin…

intra (vena) � intra ven….

per (rectum) � per rect…

pro (oculoguttae) �pro oculogutt…

pro (parvulus) � pro parvul…

sine (resorcinum) �sine resorcin…

in (vivus) � in viv….

sub (signum) �sub sign…… veneni

contra (nodus) �contra nod…

in (vitrum) (fuscus 3) � in vitr… fusc…

pro (injectio) � pro injecti……..

in (tubus) � in tub….

pro (infans) � pro infan…..

cum (codeinum) � cum codein…..

pro (infans) �pro infan……..

ad (vitrum) � ad vitr…

ad (vulnus) � ad vulner…......

contra (dolor) � contra dolor…….

sine (morbus) � sine ……

intra (musculus) � intra muscul….

pro (balneum)� pro balne…

pro (adultus) � pro adult….

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Pilula antispastic….. pro parvul……

Pulvis alcalin….. cum belladonn……

Pulvis purgativ……. cum belladonn…….

Sal ad rehydratio………. pro parvul…..

Solutio ophthalmic…… cum benzalkoni………

Solvens pro oculogutt…….. cum benzalkoni…..

Solvens viscosa pro oculogutt…… (pl !)

Suppositorium antipyretic………. pro infan…..

Suppositorium antipyretic………. pro parvul…..

Suppositorium antispastic…. pro parvul……

Unguentum antiphlogistic……. pro infan……

Unguentum boraxat…… cum aqu…. calcis

Unguentum cholesterinat…. pro infan…..

Unguentum cum aetherole….. pro parvul…..

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Latin expression Translation Meaning

to the doctor’s hands

immediately

according to the rules (of pharmacy)

for one dose

by one’s own name

for one day

under a poison label

,�-�� )�� (What case endings can you identify in the Latin names?)

Unguentum infantum=

Unguentum neonatorum=

Unguentum nasale=

Unguentum oleosum=

Unguentum refrigerans=

Unguentum paraffini=

Sparsorium infantum=

Sparsorium antimycoticum=

Unguentum contra dolorem=

Pulvis obstipans=

Simple ointment=

Suppository for piles=

Combined powder=

Expectorant powder=

Rehydration salt for children=

Powder against gastric acid=

Eyedrop for newborns=

Yellow eye ointment=

Cooling cream=

Watery cream=

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suo nomine (s.n.)

sub signo veneni (sub

sign. ven.)

ex tempore (ex temp.)

lege artis (l.a.)

pro dosi (pro dos.)

ad manus medici (ad

man.)

pro die (pro d.)

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immediately

according to the rules (of

pharmacy)

for one dose

by one’s own name

for one day

under a poison label

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1.the maximum amount of strong active

ingredient in one dose

2. the medicine must be dispensed at once and

freshly prepared

3. label that it is poisonous

4. the medicine must be made according to the

basic rules

5. the maximum amount of strong active

ingredient for one day

6. a physician's direction to a pharmacist that the

label on the bottle containing the drug indicates

the chemical name of the medicine.

7. the doctor will administer it

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FoNo VII/22 Pulvis antacidus

(Pulv. antacid.)

Antacidum.

Indication: Hyperacidity.

FoNo VII/ 139 PULVIS ANTACIDUS

(Pulv. antacid.)

Rp.

Natrii hydrogenocarbonatis

…………………………..(g 20.0)

Bismuthi subnitratis ponderosi …………………………. (g 35.0)

Magnesii subcarbonatis levis

………………………….. (g 40.0)

M. f. pulvis.

D. ad scatulam.

I.Natri…. hydrogenocarbon…….

II.Bismuthu… subnitr…. ponderos….

III.Magnesi… subcarbon…. lev…

Preparation: grind sodium hydrogen carbonate and mix

with bismuth subnitrate in a mortar. Finally, mix

magnesium carbonate in portions to the powder mixture.

Packaging: In a waxed paper bag and in carton.

S.: Mix a pinch of powder in 1 dl of water and drink 2

hours after meals. Keep in a dry place.

Label: Mix a pinch of powder in 1 dl of water and drink 2

hours after meals. Keep in a dry place.

Antacidum.

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M. f. sol.

Misce fiat suppositorium.

Mix it to be tea mixture.

M. f. pasta.

Misce fiat suspensio.

D. ad caps. cerat.

Put it into a box.

D.ad vitr. fusc.

Da, signa. /Detur, signetur.

Rp.

Hungarian standardized prescriptions

antacid.

fiant lege artis

sub sign. ven.


ex temp.

sparsorium

for a child

pro d.

pro dos.

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� Medicus curat, natura sanat. = _________________________________

� Mens sana in corpore sano. =__________________________________

� Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in hortis. =

___________________________________________________

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6/D LATIN CONJUGATION

The term conjugation is applied to the inflection of verbs, and may be affected by person, number, tense

(praesens, praeteritum and futurum), aspect (actio imperfecta, perfecta and instans), mood (modus indicativus,

coniunctivus and imperativus), and voice (activum and passivum).

Besides finite/conjugated forms there are also so-called non-finite ones like infinitivus, gerundium, supinum,

and participium, which have noun-like features.

Conjugation is also the traditional name for a group of verbs that share a similar conjugation pattern in a

particular language. Latin has four conjugations of verbs. In the dictionary all verbs appear with four main

parts:

Conj. first person

singular of the

present

indicative active

the present

infinitive

active

the first person

singular of the

perfect indicative

active

supine

(shows an aim)

second person

singular imperative

I. signo

I label

signare

to label

signavi

I have labelled

signatum

to label (aim)

signa

Label!

II. misceo

I mix

miscere

to mix

miscui

I have mixed

mixtum

to mix (aim)

misce

Mix!

III. contundo

I smash

contundere

to smash

contudi

I have smashed

contusum

to smash (aim)

contunde

Smash!

IV. audio

I hear

audire

to hear

audivi

I have heard

auditum

to hear (aim)

audi

Hear!

In Pharmacy Latin we mostly use the imperative form of the verbs to give a command to the pharmacist. To

get the imperative form, we first cut down the –re ending of the infinitive, then we attach the –a, -e or –i

ending of the imperative to the imperfect stem. E.g. the infinitive signare will give us the imperative form

Signa! (meaning Label!)

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recipio, recipere, recepi, receptum = take 3 Recipe!

addo, addere, addidi, additum = add

caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum = avoid

conspergo, conspergere, conspersi, conspersum = sprinkle

divido, dividere, divisi, divisum = divide

do, dare, dedi, datum = give, put

extraho, extrahere, extraxi, extractum = pull, extract

infundo, infundere, infudi, infusum = infuse, pour on

repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitum = repeat

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum = solve, dissolve

suspendo, suspendere, suspendi, suspensum = hang, suspend

verto, vertere, verti, versum = turn

impleo, implere, implevi, impletus = fill

applico, applicare, aplicavi, applicatum = apply, administer

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Abbreviation Full form English meaning

signa, signetur Label! (be labelled)

ne repetatur = ne reiteretur It must not be repeated!

consperge Sprinkle!

dilue Dilute!

da, detur, dentur Give! (be given)

contunde Smash!

solve, solvatur Dissolve!

misce Mix!

coque, coquatur Cook! (be cooked)

fiat, fiant (in order) to be

adde Add!

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corpus somat- nasus rhin-

medulla myel- auris ot-

mamma mast- oculus opt-, ophthalm-

pes pus, pod- auditus acu-

os stomat- visus opt-, -opia, -opsia

cutis derm- sensus aesthe-

aqua hydr- inflammatio -itis

dolor alg- cartilago chondr-

ventriculus gastr- os oste(o)-

articulatio arthr- musculus my-

VOCABULARY

Nomina

masculinum femininum neutrum

homo, -inis m man, person belladonna, -ae f deadly

nightshade balneum, -i n bath

hortus, -i m garden calx, calcis f heel, limestone cibum, -i n meal

masseter, -eris m helps in

chewing

mors, -tis f death fuchsinum, -i n fuchsin(e)

morbus, i m disease natura, -ae f nature nomen, -inis n name

nodus, -i m piles,

hemorroid

praeparatio, -onis f preparation rectum, -i n rectum

parvulus, -i m little child solvens, -ntis f solvent signum, -i n sign

sal, salis m salt vis f power venenum, -i n poison

sphincter, -eris

m

constricting

muscle

vitaminum, -i n vitamin

tumor, -oris m tumor vulnus, -eris n injury, wound

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Adiectiva

abductor takes farther maximus 3 biggest, largest

adductor moves closer minor, minus smaller

acutus 3 acute obliquus 3 oblique, slanting

antiphlogisticus 3 reducing inflammation orbicularis 2 circular

antipyreticus 3 reducing fever piriformis 2 pear shaped

antispasticus 3 relieving spasm/cramp pronator turns the palm down

benignus 3 benign quadratus 3 four sided

biceps two-headed quadriceps four-headed

brevis 2 short rectus 3 straight

deltoideus 3 delta shaped rhomboideus 3 rhombus shaped

depressor lowers a part sanus 3 healthy, sound

extensor opens an angle risorius 3 helps in laughing

flexor closes an angle soleus 3 flat fish shaped

fluidus 3 fluid suus 3 one’s own

fortis 2 strong supinator turns the palm up

gracilis 2 slender, thin teres long and round, cylindrical

magnus 3 big, large transversus 3 transverse

maior, maius bigger, larger trapezius 3 trapezium shaped

levator raises a part latissimus 3 broadest

longus 3 long triceps three-headed

lumbricalis 2 wormlike vastus 3 vast, large

malignus 3 malign vivus 3 living, alive

Praepositiones

a(b) (+Abl.) from inter (+Acc.) between

ad (+Acc.) to, towards intra (+Acc.) into, within, inside

ante (+Acc.) before per (+Acc.) through

contra (+Acc.) against post (+Acc.) after

cum (+Abl.) with pro (+Abl.) for

extra (+Acc.) outside, outer sine (+Abl.) without

in ( +Acc.) in(to) sub (+Acc.) under

in (+Abl.) in sub (+ Abl) under

infra (+Acc.) below supra (+Acc.) above

Verba

caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum avoid

conspergo, conspergere, conspersi, conspersum sprinkle

curo, curare, curavi, curatum cure, treat

divido, dividere, divisi, divisum divide

do, dare, dedi, datum give

extraho, extrahere, extraxi, extractum pull, extract

infundo, infundere, infudi, infusum infuse, pour on

repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitum repeat

sano, sanare, sanavi, sanatum heal

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum solve, dissolve

suspendo, suspendere, suspendi, suspensum hang, suspend

verto, vertere, verti, versum turn

LATIN FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS II. · 6. delta shaped 1. slender, thin 30. turns the palm down 8....

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Transcript of LATIN FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS II. · 6. delta shaped 1. slender, thin 30. turns the palm down 8....