Latin America WWI & Its Impact Populism, Marxism, and Ideology.
-
Upload
tracy-harrell -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of Latin America WWI & Its Impact Populism, Marxism, and Ideology.
Latin America
WWI & Its ImpactPopulism, Marxism, and Ideology
Economic ImpactPreviously, economic boom w/ resource specializationImport substitution industrializationLack of capital, low technology, limited internal marketsWar = false economic stimulationPopulation growth
Massive urban migrationAccompanying social problems
Economic ImpactElimination of European sourcesManufacturing spurtBeginning of economic independenceEmergence of US as economic power in Latin America
Political ImpactLand-owning elite opened up to allow middle class in gov’tCritques
Export-import capitalismGrowing industrial & urban gov’t voice
Immigration:UnionizationGrowing nationalismNew ideologies (anarchy on)
Latin American IdeologyGrowth of Socialist & Communist ideologiesEstablish ownRoman Catholic ChurchPopulismCorporatismFascism
Social ReformCame to a fore w/ 1929 world economic crashLand reformPopulism
What’s up in Mexico?Previously, Diaz
False sense of prosperityForeign economic controlHacienda systemRepressed workers
1910-1920 revolutionWorkers united: N=Pancho Villa, S = Zapata
What’s up in Mexico?Revolution
Zapata: “Tierra y Libertad;” peasant-basedUnited & joined by middle classSoldaderasUS intervention1920, end of WW1 & Mex. Rev, Obregon = new pres; consolidated power & strengthen countryNew constitution
What’s up in Mexico? (global context)
Boxer Rebellion1911 Chinese Revolution1905 Russian Revolution1917 Russian Revolution
What was the foreign economic role in these rebellions/revolutions?What was the role of the world banking crisis?What was the role of growing nationalism?
What’s up in Mexico?Nationalism and indigenism (arts & literature)
“indianize” the countryCorridosNew elite attracted to Marxism
Diego Rivera (painter) Jose Clementa Orozco (painter) Frida Kahlo (painter) Mariano Azuela (novelist)
Diego Rivera, The Agitator, 1926, Autonomous University of Chapingo
Diego Rivera, Epic of the Mexican People - Mexico Today and Tomorrow, 1934-35, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City
Diego Rivera, Pan-American Unity, 1940, 2/10 transportable panels
Jose Clemente Orozco, The Trench, 1926, National Preparatory School, Mexico City
Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky (Between the Curtains), 1937
Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939
Corridoshttp://www.corridos.org/Default.asp?Language=EConvey themes of social justiceUnify the culture around cultural issues
American response to Mexican nationalism:
Elite attracted to MarxismFear of new government
Nationalism of petroleum led to decline of economic dependence
CubaFormer Spanish sugar colony1868, achieved independence
North Americans flooded in1896, US purchased 87% of Cuban exports
CubaContinuation of racial segregation & discrimination
White supremacy Interracial marriage illegal Created “2 Cubas”
• Spanish cultural ancestor• African cultural ancestor
African-Cubans began to unite around cultural heritage
1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano
Cuba1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano
Women joined independence movementRebellion widespreadRacial divideUS fear of spread, occupied 1899-1902
Self-governing protectorate Repair destruction & improve infrastructure Absorb Cuba into US economic sphere of influence
CubaRural masses impoverished
Factories & mills run by imported labor
1905, 1st elections, presidents dependent upon the US
“whitening” of CubaWorkers unionizedWidespread critique of US economic involvement
CubaWW1 & Cuba
Sugar boom & bust Labor shortage Brought in other laborers By 1919, ½ of sugar mills under control of US companies (Coca-Cola,
Hershey’s, Hires) 1916, sugar = 4 cents a pound (exporting 3 million tons) May 1920, 22.5 cents a pound December 1920, 3.75 cents a pound Defaulted on bank loans
CubaUniversity students (1/4 = women) entered political arena
1922 began demonstrationsPressed for equal rights, particularly for women
CubaMachado, 1925-1933 (president)
Close links to USNeglected women’s suffrage promise1925, strikes stopped with violence
Communist leader
Continued economic crisis mirrored in political unrest8/12/1933, exiled
CubaRevolution of 1933
Sugar workers joined w/ university students, CommunistFulgencio Batista overthrew gov’t (& others)
Grau InterludeLabor reform:
8 hour day Children from low $$ to university Women’s suffrage Land to peasants
CubaGrau Interlude
Social impact: 7 women congressional representatives 12-week maternity leave Employer provided childcare Illegal to fire women for getting married
Alienated US
Populist Interlude, 1938-1952
CubaPopulist Interlude
Batista ruled through puppet presidents & then himself for 4 years1940 constitution
Protect labor Women equal rights Limited property rights vs.
public property
CubaContinuities:
Economy closely linked to sugar throughoutCycle of corrupt, “good ol’ boy” presidentsIncreasing dissatisfaction
CubaFidel Castro
1953, led rebels against Batista dictatorship“history will absolve me.”Women revolutionaries”Mariana grajales”Fled in 1956
Led guerillas from a distance Batista fled, 1959
Prime minister, 1959, 1st secretary of Communist party1960, purged moderates; established friendly relationships w/ USSR (sugar!)
Further Latin American Case Studies:
PeruTorre, American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (ARPA)Emulate: Mexican Revolution, socialism, nationalism, fascismanti-imperialism, nationalistic, nationalize land & industriesMiddle-class support
POPULISMnationalist, anti-establishment
Further Latin American Case Studies:
BrazilCoffee-export economyCrashed in 1929Vargas
1937, new constitution: Estado Novo• Authoritarian regime• Limiting immigration• Eliminating opposition parties/regimes
Further Latin American Case Studies:
BrazilVargas:
Tried to secure arms & trade agreements State-run economy: corporatist Nationalized petroleum Joined allies in WW2
Further Latin American Case Studies:
Argentina:Dependent on foreign markets & investments1929, economy collapsed, military coup1943, new coup: nationalists
Industrialize & modernize
Peron: Sympathy w/ Axis powers Alliances between workers, industrialists, & military Nationalized RR, telephones, petroleum Radicalized, anti-Catholic church