Latin 3rd Year

8/9/2019 Latin 3rd Year

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A.

(Pliny the Elder) was at Misenum and in command, governing the feet in person. On August 2 th , at almostthe seventh hour, my mother pointed out that a cloud o! unusual si"e and appearance appeared. Pliny theElder ascended toward the place !rom which that strange sight was a#le to #e seen very well. $he cloudwas rising up% uncertain to those watching !rom a distance, !rom which mountain (a!terwards, it was &nownto have #een !rom 'esuvius), % a cloud o! li&eness and !orm which no other tree more than a pine woulde press. $o him, as a very learned man, it seemed a great thing and one that had to #e o#served at closerrange. e orders a light !ast warship to #e prepared* he gives me the chance i! + should wish to cometogether (with him)* + responded that + pre!erred to study and #y luc&, he himsel! had given up that which +was writing. e was going out !rom the house* and when he accepts a short letter !rom ectina, (the wi!e)o! $ascius, so !rightened #y the imminent danger (!or her villa was lying at the !oot o! Mount 'esuvius, andthere was not any fight e cept #y ships)* she was #egging that he would rescue her !rom such a greatdanger.

e changes his plan and that which had started with a scholarly spirit, he accepts with a very great spirit.e leads -uariremes down, clim#s up himsel!, and not only !or ectina, #ut many (!or the pleasant shore

was thic&ly populated) was he going to #ring help. e hurries to that place !rom where others fed, andholds a straight course and straight steering oars, into danger, he is !ree !rom !ear to such an e tent thathe is dictating and noting down all the motions o! that #ad thing and all the !orms as he had caught themwith his eyes.

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/ow the ash was !alling upon the ships, the nearer they came, the hotter and thic&er* now pumice stonesand also #lac&, #urned up and 0re%#ro&en roc&s* now there was a sudden shallow and the shore #loc&ed #ythe ruins o! the mountain. e hesitated a little whether he should turn #ac&, he says, suddenly, to thehelmsman who is warning that this he should do, 1 ortune !avors the #rave3 see& out Pomponianus. e(Pomponianus) was at 4ta#ia, separated #y the middle o! the #ay. Although not yet there, the danger wasapproaching, nevertheless o#vious and it was very close since it was glowing* e had collected his#aggage into ships, #eing certain o! his fight i! only the contrary wind would settle down. $here, at thattime, my uncle having #een carried #y a much !avora#le wind* he em#raced, consoled, and encouraged(the man) in panic* in order to soothe his !ear #y his own lac& o! concern, he orders himsel! to #e #roughtdown to a #ath. aving #een washed, he lies down, he eats* either cheer!ul or similar to cheer!ul (a thingwhich is e-ually great).

5.Meanwhile out o! Mount 'esuvius in many places, very wide fames and tall 0res were gleaming, o! which#rilliance and #rightness were accentuated #y the shadows o! night. Pliny the Elder &ept saying that 0resa#andoned out o! !ear o! the !armers and the villas deserted through the countryside #urned as a cure !ortheir !ear. $hen he gave himsel! rest and indeed he truly rested #y sleep* !or the motion o! his #reathing,which in his case was rather heavily and rather loudly #ecause o! the si"e o! his #ody, was heard #y thosewho were moving a#out in !ront o! the door. Out the area !rom which the living room was usuallyapproached, had risen so much already having #een so stu6ed with ashes and also mi ed up pumicestones that i! the delay in the #edroom was longer e it would #e denied. aving #een awa&ened heproceeds and he gives himsel! #ac& to Pomponianus and others who had stayed awa&e. $ogether, theyconsult, whether or not they should stay within the house or whether they should wander out into theopen. or the house &ept on nodding with numerous and vast tremors and as i! it had #een moved !rom its!oundations now to this place and now to that place, it &ept seeming to go away and #ring #ac& again.7nder the s&y again, i! they were to go #ac& out o! the doors, a !all o! pumice stones, although light andporous was #eing !eared, which thing however* o! all the dangers, comparison and !or Pliny, indeed reasoncon-uered reason, !or the others !ear con-uered !ear. Pillows placed on heads were tied with linen cloths*it was de!ense against the !alling things.

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/ow it was day elsewhere, there (at the villa), night was #lac&er and thic&er than all nights* however it wasa night which many torches and various lights were dissolving. +t was decided to go out towards the shoreand to inspect !rom close up, whether now the sea would allow them (to escape)* that still &ept onremaining huge and un!avora#le. $here on top o! a spread out piece o! linen, lying down once and alsoagain, he demanded cold water and dran& it. $hen the fames and the odor o! sul!ur, a pre%announcer o!


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fames, turned the other to fight, and wo&e him up. 9eading on two little slaves, he rose up andimmediately !ell, as + gather, with his #reath having #een o#structed #y the rather thic& mur&iness, withhis windpipe, which !or him was #y nature wea& and narrow and !re-uently infamed, having #een closedup. :hen day retuned (this was the third !rom that one which he had seen most recently), his #ody was!ound whole, unharmed and covered up as i! he had #een dressed* having #een held the condition o! the#ody more similar to a sleeping person than a dead person.

8eclensions

/um#er

5ase

; st 2nd en.8at.Acc.A#l.'oc.

%a %us %um % % % %us %? %@s %@s%ae % % %is %is %is %?s %?s %@ %@ %ae %B %B % % % %u %? %@ %@ %am %um %um %em %em % %um %? %@m %@m

%C %B %B %e %e %e %? %? %@ %@%C %e um (/om

)(/om) (/om) us %? %@s %@s

Plural/om.>en.8at.Acc.A#l.'oc.

%ae % %a %@s %@s %a %?s %ua %@s %@s%Crum %Brum %Brum %um %um %um %uum %uum %@rum %@rum

% s % s % s %i#us %i#us %i#us %i#us %i#us %@#us %@#us%Cs %Bs %a %@s %@s %a %?s %ua %@s %@s% s % s % s %i#us %i#us %i#us %i#us %i#us %@#us %@#usae % %a %@s %@s %a %?s %ua %@s %@s

AdDectives

Positive 5omparative 4uperlative

%us, %a, %um%er, %ra, %rum

%is, %is, %e

%ior, %ius%ior, %ius (re!er to the !eminine)

%ior, %ius

%issimus, %errimus, or illimus

Participles

M. . /.Singular

/om.>en.8at.

Acc.A#l.

%ns %ns %ns%ntis %ntis %ntis%nt %nt %nt

%ntem %ntem %ns%nt Fe %nt Fe %nt Fe

Plural/om.>en.8at.Acc.A#l.

%@s %@s %ia%ium %ium %ium%i#us %i#us %i#us%@s %@s %ia

%i#us %i#us %i#us

Adver#s (regular)


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in0nitive andpersonalendings




Passive th principle partadd su#Dunctive

o! esse

th principle partadd su#Dunctive

o! esse


o! esse


o! esse

4e-uence o! $enses

Main Clause+ndicative

Subordinate Clause $ense o! 4u#Dunctive Time of Action Relative to Main clause

Primary 4e-uence Presentutureuture Per!ect

Present G same time or a!ter

Per!ect G time #e!ore4econdary 4e-uence +mper!ect

Per!ectPluper!ect

+mper!ect G same time or a!ter

Pluper!ect G time #e!ore>erundF 'er#al /oun

Active in meaning (%ing) ormed #y adding nd- to the present stem o! ver# 4ame endings are used as 2 nd neuter singular nouns /o nominative case >erunds o! re are eund, eund, eundu , eund

;. >enitive 7sed with caus! or gr!ti! % !or the sa&e o! 1special adDectivesI E . 5upidus gu#ernand desirous o! governing

2. 8ative +ndirect o#Dect 1special adDectivesI E . +dBneus gu#ernandB 0t !or governing


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+mpersonal gerundive o! o#ligation is !ound with intransitive ver#s 8ative o! Agent and A#lative o! Agent are used with the passive periphrastic

(erund

'er#al noun %ing Present and active in meaning as only neuter singular gen, dat, acc, a#l

cases

(erundi&e

'er#al adDective Agrees with noun or pronoun uture and passive in meaning as all case !orms o! adDective

ear

'er#s etuo , ti eo , or &ereor )t- thatJ not* ne % that

Passive ver#s used impersonally

7sed to emphasi"e the action rather than the person(s) per!orming the action 7sually, the personal su#Dect is a#sent E . 5omplures horas acriter pugna#atur% pugna#atur means

the 0ghting went on or a 0ght was #eing !ought

>enitive with 4pecial ver#s

;. 7sed with3 Memini, meminisse to remem#er Misereor, eri, itus sum to pity, !eel sorry !or O#liviscor, o#livisci, o#litus sum to !orget Potior, potiri, potitus sum to get control o!, get possession o!

8ative with 4pecial 'er#s

;. 'er#s that cannot ta&e a direct o#Dect in 9atin* !ound with dative o! indirect o#Dect. $hese ver#s areused in passive voice

5edere% to yield 5on0dere% to rely on, trust 5redere% to #elieve 8iKdere% not to trust avere% to !avor +gnoscere% to pardon +mperare% to order 9icere% to #e allowed /ocere% to harm /u#ere% to marry Parcere% to spare Parere% to o#ey Persuadere% to persuade Placere% to please Praecipere% to instruct, order

2. +ntransitive ver#s compounded with prepositions Approprin-uare% to approach Occurrere% to meet esistere% to resist 4uccedere% to relieve 4uccurrere% to come to the aid


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Prae0cere% to place L in charge o! . 5ompounds o! esse, including deesse (to #e lac&ing), praeesee (to #e in charge o!), and prodesse

(to #ene0t) 8eesse% the person who lac&s is in the dative 8ative o! possession% 4u#Dect who possesses is in dative

+nde0nite pronouns and adDectives

Pronoun AdDective

m. !. n. m. !. n.Ali-uis Ali-uis Ali-uid Ali-ui Ali-ua Ali-uod(someone, something, anyone, anything) (some, any)

Nuidam Nuaedam Nuoddam Nuidam Nuaedam Nuoddam(a certain one) (a certain)

Nuis-ue Nuis-ue Nuid-ue Nuis-ue Nuae-ue Nuod-ue(each one, every one) (each, every)

Nuis-uam Nuis-uam Nuid-uam Nuis-uam Nuis-uam Nuid-uam(someone, something, anyone, anything) (any)

;. Nuidam is commonly !ound with e meaning some o! 2. Nuis is commonly used a!ter si, nisi, num. and ne and is declined li&ed ali-uis wFo the ali


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ussive and ortatory 4u#Dunctives

9etJ. :hen it is used in the a#ove way in the < rd person, it is called the Dussive :hen it is used in the ; st person plural

$o reviewJ

$here are three ways o! e pressing a command or re-uest

;. 7sing imperative i.e. tac@te meaning 1 e -uietI

/Bl F /Bl te is used with an in0nitive (8onQt in0nitive...) to e press a negative command

/@ is used with the 2 nd person o! the present or per!ect su#Dunctive to e press a negative command

Passive imperative (!ound with deponents, with active meaning) ends in re (singular) or min (plural)

2. +ndirectly using an ut clause with su#Dective (negative n@)E . $e rogo ut naves in monument meo acias/ + as& you to a0e some ships on my tom#


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+! the main ver# is Primary (Present, uture, uture Per!ect) and relates to present or !uture time,cu ta0es the 8ndicati&e ood/ $his type o! clause most o!ten descri#es precise time.

Cum doceo vos, felix sum 9hen + am teaching you all, + am happy.Cum studebitis, linguam Latinam discetis. 9hen you will study (i.e. at that precise moment in

time), you will learn 9atin.

2. C)M C8 C)MS 5: 856 C65)SE cum 7 +hen, +hile.

+! the main ver# is 4econdary (+mper!ect, Per!ect, Pluper!ect), relates t past time, and descri#es thecircumstances surrounding a situation, cu ta0es the Subjuncti&e 8 $er ect or Plu$er ect./

$hese can #e diKcult to distinguish #etween 5um $emporal and 5um 5ausal 5lauses.

Cum lia patrem necavisset, deprehensa est. 9hen the daughter had &illed her !ather, she wasarrested.Cum Claudius nuntiatus esset imperatorem, fugit. 9hen 5laudius had #een announced (as) theemperor, he fed.


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Partim% partly, some Paulum%a little Post-uam%a!ter Prope%near#y Propter%#ecause o! Nuam% how, than as Nuam-uam%although Nuamvis%although Nuantus% how #ig, how much Nuare% why Nuasi% as i! Nuidem%indeed Nuin%#ut that, whoJ not Nuoad%until Nuomodo%in what way Nuondam%once, !ormerly Nuoniam%since Nuo-ue%also Nuot% as many, how many 4aepe%o!ten

4ed%#ut 4emper%always 4i%i! 4ic%thus, in this way 4icut%Dust as 4imul%together 4in%#ut i! 4upra%over, a#ove $amen%however $alis%such, o! this -uind $am-uam%Dust as it $um%at that moment $unc%at that moment

7#i%where, when unde% !rom whereR 'el%or

And 0nally, some random terms

Anaphora% repeating se-uence

o! words Asyndeton% conDunctions are

deli#erately omitted Anachronism% a term

inconsistent with its time


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Alliteration repetition o! the same letter o! sound Anaphora repetition o! word or phrase at #eginning o! successive clauses Anastrophe inversion o! normal order o! words Aposiopesis A rea&ing o6 in the middle o! a sentence Asyndeton Omission o! conDunctions Polysyndeton overa#undance o! conDunctions 5hiasmus words in a mirror pattern (A A) Ecphrasis e tended and ela#orate description o! a wor& o! art, #uilding, or natural setting euphemism term or phrase which so!tens the #low o! a harsh statement hendiadys use o! two nouns when really one should #e understood to #e an adDectiveFgenitive hyper#ole over e aggeration litotes understatement o!ten enhanced #y the use o! a negative metonymy su#stitution o! one wordFidea !or another onomatopoeia use o! words which sound li&e what they are prolepsis inclusion in the main story o! re!erences to !uture, untold events (spoiler) similie 0gure o! speech which draws a comparison using Sli&eS or SasS synchesis interloc&ing word order (A A ) trans!erred epithet an adDective grammatically modi!ying one word #ut which must #e understoodto modi!y another ellipsis omission o! one or more words which must #e logically supplied in order to create a

grammatically complete e pression $mesis the separation into two parts o! a word normally written as one u taposition Placing two words ne t to each other !or emphasis $ricolon 5rescens the accumulation o! three parallel phrases or clauses, each o! which is atleast one sylla#le longer than that preceding it EnDam#ment the continuation o! a unit o! thought #eyond the end o! one verse and into the 0rst!ew !eet o! the ne t 4ynecdoche 7sing a part !or the whole

Latin 3rd Year

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