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    A

    SEMINAR REPORT

    ON

    LATEST WARFARE TECHNOLOGIES

    Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

    Requirement for the award of the degree

    Of

    BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

    In

    Mechanical engineering

    By

    MAYANK DUBEY

    (Roll No. 1203340086)

    Seminar Coordinator: HEAD OF DEPTT.

    ABHINAV BHARTI Dr. RAVI SHANKAR PRASAD

    (Asst. Prof.) (Professor)

    DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

    RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

    GHAZIABAD (U.P.)

    U.P. TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

    2014-15

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    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    I am indebted to my supervisor Mr. Abhinav Bharti, of Department of Mechanical Engineering,Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad for his critical suggestions and encouragement

    throughout the course of my seminar. I got benefited by his ability to think clearly on the basis of

    fundamentals; his approach to solving all problems through conceptualization, optimization and his flair of

    managing man and materials.

    I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude towards Dr. Ravi Shankar Prasad, Professor and

    Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad for his

    valuable suggestions and encouragement.

    In the end I would also like to thank my classmates for their sincere help in completion of this report.

    Seminar Co-ordinator Head of Department

    ABHINAV BHARTI Dr. RAVI SHANKAR PRASAD

    ( Asst. Professor ) ( Professor)

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    GHAZIABAD

    2014-15

    Department of Mechanical Engineering

    Certificate

    Certified that the Seminar Report entitled LATEST WARFARE

    TECHNOLOGIES this is being submitted by Mr. MAYANK DUBEY, in partial

    fulfillment for the award of the degree of in MECHANICAL Engineering of U.P. Technical

    University, Lucknow, under my supervision and guidance during the academic session 2014-

    15.

    Seminar Co-ordinator Head Of Department

    ABHINAV BHARTI Dr. RAVISHANKAR PRASAD

    (Asst. Professor) (Professor)

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    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    1. Introduction: warefare technologies......................................................5

    Definition

    Military operations marked by a specific characteristic

    Technology based warefare

    2.

    Shealth7

    Introduction

    Working principle

    3.

    Infrared Homing Missiles11

    Introduction

    Principle

    Seeker Types

    Tracking

    Cooling

    Counter measures

    4. Metal Storm.................................................................17

    Introduction

    Principle

    5.

    Future Technologies18

    ANTI-MATTER BOMBS:

    SOLID STATE LASER:

    HEAT RAY:

    X37-B:

    Cruise Missiles and Prompt Global Strike

    6.

    Conclusion17

    7. References18

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    LATEST WARFARE TECHNOLOGIES

    INTRODUCTION

    DEFINITION

    Warfarerefers to the conduct of conflict between opponents, and usually involvesescalation of aggression

    from the proverbial "war of words" betweenpoliticians anddiplomats to full-scalearmed conflicts,wageduntil one side accepts defeat or peace terms are agreed on.

    Warfare between groups, and military organisations requires a degree of planning and application ofmilitary

    strategy to be conducted effectively in reaching their stated or assumed objectives and goals.

    Warfare by other means

    A commitment of any given society to a conflict invariably involves methods of warfare that stop short of

    those requiring direct armed confrontations, but which nevertheless inflict damage to the opponent society

    by affecting its motivation to resist, or its standard of living. Usually this is exhibited by affecting

    theeconomy of the opponent, one example from the 20th century being the imposition ofeconomic

    sanctions, or the effect on the morale of the opponent by commitment of the society as a whole to the

    conflict.

    Economic warfare

    Total war

    Military operations marked by a specific characteristic

    One way to categorize warfare is by differentiation between conventional versus unconventional,

    whereconventional warfare involves well-identified, armed forces fighting one another in a relatively open

    and straightforward way without weapons of mass destruction."Unconventional" refers to other types of

    war which can involveraiding,guerrilla,insurgency, andterrorist tactics or alternatively can

    includenuclear,chemical,biological warfare or using propaganda with pressure groups to invoke certainfeelings much likeAugust Keim did inWilhelmine Germany.

    All of these categories usually fall into one of two broader categories: High intensity and low intensity

    warfare. High intensity warfare is between two superpowers or large countries. Low intensity warfare

    involves counterinsurgency, guerilla warfare and specialized types of troops fighting revolutionaries.

    Asymmetric warfare

    Conventional warfare

    Chemical warfare

    Guerilla warfare

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(military)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Keimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerilla_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerilla_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Keimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(military)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics
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    Unconventional warfare

    Technology-based warfare factors

    As a result of advances in technologies, armed forces have been able to conduct combat by enhancing basic

    abilities of human participants using technology as a combat multiplier to the basic combat value of an

    individual combatant.[1]All of the types of warfare below are conducted in environments completely, and

    are only possible due to use of technology. All are used to increase the tempo, the speed or pace of combat.

    Mobile warfare

    Naval warfare

    Sub-aquatic warfare

    Air warfare

    Electronic warfare

    Cyber warfare

    Space warfare

    NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND WARFARE

    Recent scientific and technical progress has given rise to unprecedented means and methods of warfare.

    Technologies that only yesterday were in the realm of science fiction have the potential to cause

    catastrophes tomorrow. Other recent developments, however, could not only limit civilian losses, but also

    spare the lives of combatants. Certain features of these new technologies raise unprecedented issues that

    make the legality of an attack more difficult to ascertain, and the attribution of responsibility more complex

    : Although there are many latest technologies but we will focus on mainly these three technologies given

    below

    STEALTH

    INFRARED HOMING MISSILES

    METAL STORM

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfare#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfare#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfare#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-aquatic_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-aquatic_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfare#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_warfare
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    SHEALTH

    INTRODUCTION:

    Stealth technologyalso termed LO technology(low observable technology) is a sub-discipline of military

    tactics and passiveelectronic countermeasures,[1]which cover a range oftechniques used with

    personnel,aircraft,ships,submarines,missiles andsatellites to make them less visible (ideallyinvisible)

    toradar,infrared,[2]sonar and other detection methods. It corresponds tocamouflage for these parts of the

    electromagnetic spectrum.

    Development in theUnited States occurred in 1958,[3][4]where earlier attempts in preventing radar tracking

    of itsU-2 spy planes during theCold Warby theSoviet Union had been unsuccessful.[5]Designers turned to

    develop a particular shape for planes that tended to reduce detection, by redirectingelectromagnetic

    waves from radars.[6]Radar-absorbent material was also tested and made to reduce or block radar signals

    that reflect off from the surface of planes. Such changes to shape and surface composition form stealthtechnology as currently used on the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit "Stealth Bomber".[4]The concept of

    stealth is to operate or hide without giving enemy forces any indications as to the presence of friendly

    forces. This concept was first explored through camouflage by blending into the background visual clutter.

    As the potency of detection and interception technologies (radar,IRST, surface-to-air missiles etc.) have

    increased over time, so too has the extent to which the design and operation of military personnel and

    vehicles have been affected in response. Some military uniforms are treated with chemicals to reduce

    theirinfrared signature. A modern "stealth" vehicle is designed from the outset to have a chosenspectral

    signature.The degree of stealth embodied in a particular design is chosen according to the predicted threat

    capabilities.

    Principles:

    THE DELIMA:-

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-national-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-national-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-national-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-b2-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-b2-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-b2-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-learnt-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-learnt-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-learnt-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRSThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRSThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-learnt-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-b2-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-national-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-national-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures
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    The articleHow Radar Works talks about the basic principles of a radar system. The idea is for the radar

    antenna to send out a burst ofradioenergy, which is then reflected back by any object it happens to

    encounter. The radar antenna measures the time it takes for the reflection to arrive, and with that information

    can tell how far away the object is.

    http://science.howstuffworks.com/radar.htmhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/radar.htm
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    The metal body of anairplane is very good at reflecting radar signals, and this makes it easy to find and track

    airplanes with radar equipment.

    The goal of stealth technology is to make an airplane invisible to radar. There are two different ways to

    create invisibility:

    The airplane can be shaped so that any radar signals it reflects are reflected away from the radar equipment.

    The airplane can be covered in materials that absorb radar signals.

    Most conventional aircraft have a rounded shape. This shape makes them aerodynamic, but it also creates a

    very efficient radar reflector. The round shape means that no matter where the radar signal hits the plane,

    some of the signal gets reflected back:

    SOLUTION:

    A stealth aircraft, on the other hand, is made up of completely flat surfacesand very sharp edges. When a

    radar signal hits a stealth plane, the signal reflects away at an angle, like this:

    http://science.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm
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    In addition, surfaces on a stealth aircraft can be treated so they absorb radar energyas well. The overall

    result is that a stealth aircraft like an F-117A can have the radar signature of a small bird rather than an

    airplane. The only exception is when the plane banks -- there will often be a moment when one of the panels

    of the plane will perfectly reflect a burst of radar energy back to the antenna.

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    INFRARED HOMING MISSILES

    INTRODUCTION

    Infrared homingrefers to apassive missile guidance system which uses theemission from a targetofelectromagnetic radiation in theinfraredpart of thespectrum to track and follow it. Missiles which use

    infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum

    of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines

    and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infra-red wavelengths of light

    compared to objects in the background.

    The infrared sensor package on the tip or head of a heat-seeking missile is known as the seeker head.

    The NATO brevity codefor anair-to-air infrared-guided missile launch isFox Two.[1]

    90% of allUnited

    States air combat losses over the past 25 years have been due to infrared-homing missiles.[2]

    PRINCIPLE

    They offer armies by being fire-and-forget, thanks to the homing systems that make them accurate and

    eliminate the need for them to be continuously guided.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_guidance#Passive_hominghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_emissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_(code_word)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing#cite_note-brevco-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing#cite_note-brevco-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing#cite_note-brevco-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing#cite_note-brevco-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_(code_word)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_emissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_guidance#Passive_homing
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    While some missiles use an active homing system utilizing radars and continuous calculations to ensure the

    missile stays on track, others use a more passive form of homing. These second types of missiles are referred

    to as heat-seekers, as they look for areas with strong infrared radiation to focus on as targets. While the

    technology might sound simple, it is surprisingly complex.

    As any physics student will know, infrared radiation (IR) is a type of electromagnetic radiation occupying a

    section of the electromagnetic spectrum with larger wavelengths than visible light. Adding heat to bodies

    tends to increase the amount of IR they send out, as the extra energy of the body is turned into IR rays. As a

    result, warmer bodies emit more IR. Heat seekers track this output of IR and follow it to its source.

    Heat-seeking missiles cannot simply turn to the largest IR source in their vicinity and destroy it. The sun is a

    huge producer of IR, and the fighter jets that release heat seekers also tend to be quite hot, which means

    they, too, give out IR.

    To counteract the confusion these different sources can produce, heat seekers come equipped with

    navigation systems in their nose that contain an optical filter. This optical filter is calibrated to allow it to

    separate the unwanted data it receives from the useful information that will guide it to its target.

    The optical filters usually come in two varieties that operate in different ways: An absorption filter removes

    huge chunks of unwanted radiation, like IR coming from the sun, and an interference filter removes smaller,

    more specific parts of the incoming IR radiation. These technologies combine to produce an inner navigation

    system that can reliably focus on the intended target and prevent the missile from flying off into the nearestsource of heat.

    Apart from the optical filters that these missiles use to eliminate noise from the signals they receive, they

    also have a sensor head, made of a special combination of metals, and an aerodynamic shape. A particularly

    popular model made in the 1950s and still in use in a modified form today is called the Sidewinder. When

    this model was first made, it only used IR to seek out its targets, which made it susceptible to jamming.

    According to Wired.com, a method of jamming such missiles is to release decoy flares that have the heatsignature of a jet engine to confuse the missiles guidance system. IR ray fields and lasers can also confuse

    the optical sensors of such missiles.

    Hence, heat-seekers have now been modified to become much more versatile. According to Air Power

    Australia, newer models have lasers that emit a spoke-like pattern; the missile only triggers when the spoke

    pattern is disturbed or broken by an object fitting a pattern. This ensures that the missile only detonates

    when it reaches its target. Also, newer models are two -color models which means they sense different

    ranges of IR to ensure that they reach a target and not a decoy.

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    Seeker types

    The three main materials used in the infrared sensor are lead(II) sulfide (PbS), indium antimonide (InSb)

    andmercury cadmium telluride(HgCdTe). Older sensors tend to use PbS, newer sensors tend to use InSb or

    HgCdTe. All perform better when cooled, as they are both more sensitive and able to detect cooler objects.

    Early infrared seekers were most effective in detecting infrared radiation with shorter wavelengths, such as

    the 4.2 micrometre emissions of thecarbon dioxide efflux of a jet engine. Such seekers, which are most

    sensitive to the 3 to 5 micrometre range, are now calledsingle-colorseekers. Modern infrared seekers also

    operate in the 8 to 13 micrometerwavelength range, which is absorbed least by the atmosphere. Such

    seekers are called two-colorsystems. Two-color seekers are harder to defeat withcountermeasures such

    asflares.

    Tracking

    Most infrared guided missiles have their seekers mounted on agimbal.This allows the sensor to be pointed

    at the target when the missile is not. This is important for two main reasons. One is that before and during

    launch, the missile cannot always be pointed at the target. Rather, the pilot or operator points the seeker at

    the target usingradar, a helmet-mounted sight, an optical sight or possibly by pointing the nose of the

    aircraft or missile launcher directly at the target. Once the seeker sees and recognises the target, it indicates

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead(II)_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_antimonidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countermeasurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countermeasurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_antimonidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead(II)_sulfide
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    this to the operator who then typically "uncages" the seeker (which is allowed to follow the target). After

    this point the seeker remains locked on the target, even if the aircraft or launching platform moves. When

    the weapon is launched, it may not be able to control the direction it points until the motor fires and it

    reaches a high enough speed for its fins to control its direction of travel. Until then, the gimballed seeker

    needs to be able to track the target independently.

    Finally, even while it is under positive control and on its way to intercept the target, it probably will not be

    pointing directly at it; unless the target is moving directly toward or away from the launching platform, the

    shortest path to intercept the target will not be the path taken while pointing straight at it, since it is moving

    laterally with respect to the missile's view. The original heat-seeking missiles would simply point towards

    the target and chase it; this was inefficient. Newer missiles are smarter and use the gimballed seeker head

    combined with what is known asproportional guidance in order to avoid oscillation and to fly an efficient

    intercept path.

    Cooling

    All-aspect seekers also tend to require cooling to give them the high degree of sensitivity required to lock

    onto the lower level signals coming from the front and sides of an aircraft. Background heat from inside the

    sensor, or the aerodynamically heated sensor window, can overpower the weak signal entering the sensor

    from the target. (CCDs in cameras have similar problems; they have much more "noise" at higher

    temperatures.) Modern all-aspect missiles like theAIM-9M Sidewinder andFIM-92 Stinger usecompressed

    gas likeargonto cool their sensors in order to lock onto the target at longer ranges and all aspects. (Somesuch as the AIM-9J and early-modelR-60 used apeltierthermoelectric cooler).

    COUNTER MEASURES:-

    Infrared missile seeker technology

    Infrared missile seekers of the first generation typically used a spinning reticle with a pattern on it that

    modulates infrared energy before it falls on a detector (A mode of operation called Spin scan). The patterns

    used differ from seeker to seeker, but the principle is the same.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-aspecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-9M_Sidewinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-92_Stingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule-Thomson_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule-Thomson_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya_R-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya_R-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule-Thomson_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule-Thomson_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-92_Stingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-9M_Sidewinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-aspecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_navigation
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    CIRCM (Common Infrared Countermeasures)

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    CIRCM will be a laser based IR countermeasure against current and future IR threat systems for the US

    Armyrotorcraft and fixed wing platforms and US Navy and US Air Force rotorcraft platforms. Currently,

    systems by BAE Systems, ITT Defense and Information Solutions,Northrop Grumman and Raytheon are

    under consideration.[6

    Flares

    Flares create infrared targets with a much stronger signature than the aircraft's engines. The flares provide

    false targets that cause the missile to make incorrect steering decisions. The missile will rapidly break off a

    target lock-on.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorcrafthttp://es.itt.com/circm/http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/circm/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_countermeasure#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_countermeasure#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_countermeasure#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ITT-IRCM.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ITT-IRCM.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_countermeasure#cite_note-6http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/circm/http://es.itt.com/circm/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorcraft
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    METAL STORM

    INTRODUCTION:

    Metal Storm Limited is a defunct research and development company based inBrisbane,Australia that

    specialized in electronically initiatedsuperposed load weapons technology and owned the proprietary rights

    to the electronic ballistics technology invented by J. Mike O'Dwyer.[2]Metal Storm represented both the

    name of the company and the technology.

    PRINCIPAL:

    Metal Storm used the concept of superposed load; multiple projectiles loaded nose to tail in a singlegun

    barrel with propellant packed between them. TheRoman candle,a traditionalfirework design, employs the

    same basic concept, however, thepropellant continues to burn in the Roman candle's barrel, igniting the

    charge behind the subsequent projectile. The process is repeated by each charge in turn, ensuring that all

    projectiles in the barrel are discharged sequentially from the single ignition. Various methods of separately

    firing each propellant package behind stacked projectiles have been proposed which would allow a "single

    shot" capability more suitable tofirearms.[3]

    J. Mike O'Dwyer, an Australian inventor, observed that these methods did not eliminate the problem of

    unintended propellantignition caused by hotgases "leaking" back up the barrel.J. Mike O'Dwyer's original

    Metal Stormpatents demonstrated a method whereby projectiles placed in series along the length of a barrel

    could be fired sequentially and selectively without the danger associated with unintended propellant ignition.

    In the original Metal Storm patents, the propellant immediately behind the projectile closest to themuzzle of

    the gun barrel was ignited by an electronically fired primer, the projectile was set in motion, and at the same

    time a reactive force acted on the remaining stacked projectiles in the barrel, pushing them backwards. By

    design, the remaining projectiles woulddistort under this load, expanding radially against the gun barrel

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposed_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Mike_O%27Dwyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note-pop_mechanics_7-12-2004-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note-pop_mechanics_7-12-2004-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note-pop_mechanics_7-12-2004-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposed_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_barrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_barrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_candle_(firework)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Mike_O%27Dwyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Mike_O%27Dwyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_(firearm)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_(firearm)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Mike_O%27Dwyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Mike_O%27Dwyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_candle_(firework)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_barrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_barrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposed_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note-pop_mechanics_7-12-2004-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Mike_O%27Dwyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposed_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development
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    wall. This created a seal, which prevented the hot propellant gases (expanding behind the lead projectile)

    prematurely igniting the remaining propellant charges in the barrel (blow-back). As each of these propellant

    charges was selectively (electronically) ignited, the force "unlocked" the projectile in front and propelled it

    down the gun barrel, and reinforced the radial expansion (and hence the seal) between the projectiles

    remaining in the barrel and the barrel wall.[4]

    Subsequent designs discarded the "distorting shell sealing against the barrel" concept in favor of containing

    the propellant in "skirts" that form the rear part of each projectile. These skirted projectiles differ from

    conventionalshells andcartridge units in that the skirts are part of the projectile, and in that the skirts are

    open-ended (at the rear). The rearward seal to the skirt is provided by the nose of the following projectile in

    the barrel. As in the previous design, the firing of a projectile results in a rearward impulse on the remaining

    projectiles stacked in the barrel. This results in the skirts of the remaining shells in the barrel being

    compressed against the following shell heads, effectively creating a seal that prevents hot gases in the barrel

    triggering unintended propellant ignition ("blow-back") along the length of the barrel. Metal Storm also

    introduced inductive electronic ignition of the propellant, effectively from outside the barrel.

    FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES

    ANTI-MATTER BOMBS:

    SOLID STATE LASER:

    HEAT RAY:

    X37-B:

    Hypersonic Cruise Missiles and Prompt Global Strike

    ANTI-MATTER BOMBS

    An antimatter weaponis a hypothetical device usingantimatter as a power source, apropellant, or an

    explosive for aweapon. Antimatter weapons do not currently exist due to the cost of production and the

    limited technology available to produce and contain antimatter in sufficient quantities for it to be a useful

    weapon. TheUnited States Air Force, however, has been interested in military uses

    includingdestructive applications of antimatter since theCold War, when it began funding antimatter-

    related physics research. The primary theoretical advantage of such a weapon is that antimatter and matter

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note--4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note--4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note--4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(projectile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/destroyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/destroyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(projectile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Storm#cite_note--4
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    collisions convert a greater fraction of the weapon's mass into explosive energy when compared to afusion

    reaction,which is only on the order of 0.4%

    Antimatter production and containment are major obstacles to the creation of antimatter weapons. Quantities

    measured in grams will be required to achieve destructive effect comparable with conventional nuclear

    weapons; one gram of antimatterannihilating with one gram of matter produces 180terajoules, the

    equivalent of 42.96kilotons ofTNT(approximately 3 timesthe bomb dropped on Hiroshima - and as such

    enough to power an average city for an extensive amount of time).[citation needed]

    In reality, however, most known technologies for producing antimatter involve particle accelerators, and

    they are currently still highly inefficient and expensive. The production rate per year is only 1 to 10

    nanograms.[1]In 2008, the annual production of antiprotons at the Antiproton Decelerator facility of CERN

    was several picograms at a cost of $20 million. Thus, at the current level of production, an equivalent of a

    10Mthydrogen bomb,about 250 grams of antimatter will take 2.5 billion years of the energy production of

    the entire Earth to produce. A milligram of antimatter will take 100,000 times the annual production rate to

    produce (or 100,000 years).[2]It will take billions of years for the current production rate to make an

    equivalent of current typical hydrogen bombs.[3]For example, an equivalent of theHiroshima atomic

    bomb will take half a gram of antimatter, but will take CERN 2 million years to produce at the current

    production rate.[3]

    Since the first creation of artificial antiprotons in 1955, production rates increased nearly geometrically until

    the mid-1980s; A significant advancement was made recently as a single anti-hydrogen atom was produced

    suspended in a magnetic field. Physical laws such as the small cross-section of antiproton production in

    high-energy nuclear collisions make it difficult and perhaps impossible to drastically improve the production

    efficiency of antimatter.

    HEAT RAY:

    A Heat-Ray is a type of RF Harassment weapons that causes a painful or unpleasant heating effect in the

    upper layer of the skin. Also see,Active Denial System a well known heat ray weapon developed by the US

    military.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitrotoluenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_acceleratorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-autogenerated1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-autogenerated1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-autogenerated1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-autogenerated1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-autogenerated1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-autogenerated1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Denial_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Denial_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-autogenerated1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-autogenerated1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_acceleratorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitrotoluenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion
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    The heat-ray gun previously discussed on Slashdot back when it was first certified for use by the US

    Military in Iraq against civilians and rebelshas been officially unveiled.The millimeter wavetechnology

    it uses causes the skin and body tissue to react in a way similar to that of being exposed to extreme heat

    without the temperature. Its being released as a highly effective nonlethal crowd -control system;

    whatever that means.

    The heat ray is mounted on a Humvee or other vehicle, and has a range of

    up to 500 meters which is 1,650 feet or one-third of a mile thats

    alongway.

    The only problem is, this non-weapon hasnt been tested by anyone otherthan the military. Needless to say, its not FDA-approved, nor is it likely to

    give its creators the Noble Peace Prize. The military claims its safe, and

    only the military will ever be in a position to find outat least so long as its

    deployed in Iraq and the Middle East, and not back at home.

    X37-B:

    The Boeing X-37, also known as the X-37 Orbital Test Vehicle(OTV), is an American

    reusableunmannedspacecraft. It is boosted into space by a rocket, then re-enters Earth's atmosphere and

    lands as aspaceplane.The X-37 is operated by theUnited States Air Force for orbitalspaceflight missions

    intended to demonstrate reusable space technologies.[3]It is a 120%-scaled derivative of the earlierBoeing

    X-40.[4]As of 2013 it holds the world record for being the smallest robotic, unmanned space plane.[5]

    http://science.slashdot.org/story/06/12/05/1819216/millimeter-wave-weapon-certified-for-use-in-iraqhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6297149.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6297149.stmhttp://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/multimedia/2006/12/72134http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/multimedia/2006/12/72134http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/multimedia/2006/12/72134http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceplanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceflight#Earth-launched_spaceflighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-USAF_factsh-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-USAF_factsh-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-USAF_factsh-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-X-40-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-X-40-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-X-40-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-X-40-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-USAF_factsh-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceflight#Earth-launched_spaceflighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceplanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_spacecrafthttp://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/multimedia/2006/12/72134http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6297149.stmhttp://science.slashdot.org/story/06/12/05/1819216/millimeter-wave-weapon-certified-for-use-in-iraq
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    TheOTV-1 X-37B in April 2010, inside its payload fairing prior to launch

    The X-37 began as aNASAproject in 1999, before being transferred to theU.S. Department of Defense in

    2004. It conducted its first flight as a drop test on 7 April 2006, atEdwards Air Force Base,California.The

    spaceplane's first orbital mission,USA-212, was launched on 22 April 2010 using anAtlas V rocket. Its

    successful return to Earth on 3 December 2010 was the first test of the vehicle'sheat

    shield andhypersonic aerodynamic handling. A second X-37 was launched on 5 March 2011, with the

    mission designationUSA-226; it returned to Earth on 16 June 2012.[1]A third X-37 mission,USA-240,

    launched successfully on 11 December 2012.[6]

    The secrecy surrounding the X-37B and its payloads has spawned rumors that the vehicle could be a space

    weapon of some sort, perhaps tasked with capturing or damaging other nations'satellites.

    But the space plane is likely too small and not maneuverable enough for such work, experts say. Instead, its

    chief mission is likely what Air Force officials have claimed all along: to test out new sensors and other

    next-generation satellite technologies, to see how they perform and hold up in the space environment.

    "I absolutely think that's the primary mission," former Air Force orbital analyst Brian Weeden, who now

    works as a technical adviser for the nonprofit Secure World Foundation, told Space.com just before the

    launch of OTV-2.

    Hypersonic Cruise Missiles and Prompt Global Strike:

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-212http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-212http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-226http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-X372012-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-X372012-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-X372012-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-240http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-LaunchTheThird-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-LaunchTheThird-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-LaunchTheThird-6http://www.space.com/24839-satellites.htmlhttp://www.space.com/24839-satellites.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-LaunchTheThird-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-240http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37#cite_note-X372012-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-226http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-212http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-212
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    Had hypersonic cruise missiles existed in the mid-1990s, the U.S. might have rid itself of Al Qaeda leader

    Osama bin Laden much earlier than it did, and would have accomplished the feat in Afghanistan rather than

    in Pakistan.

    With their ability to accurately deliver warheads over long distances, cruise missiles have had an

    extraordinary impact on modern warfare. But in an age where minutes can make a difference between defeat

    and victory, they tend to be too slow. It took eighty minutes for land-attack cruise missiles (LACM)

    launched from U.S. ships in the Arabian Sea to reach Al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan in 1998

    following the terrorist attacks against U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Using hypersonic missiles

    cruising at speeds of Mach 5+, the same targets would have been reached within as little as 12 minutes, short

    enough to act on intelligence which had placed the terrorist mastermind at the location.

    The desire to be able to strike anywhere, and to do so quickly, has led to the creation of a program known as

    prompt global strike, which the U.S. military initiated in 2001. Efforts have centered on the X-51A

    hypersonic cruise vehicle (HCV) under a consortium involving the U.S. Air Force, Boeing, the Defense

    Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the National Aeronautic and Space Administration, Pratt &

    Whitney Rocketdyne, and the USAF Research Laboratorys Propulsion Directorate. Russia, China and India

    have made strides in developing the technology to achieve similar feats using conventional warheads,

    leading some defense analysts to warn of a looming global strike arms race.

    The U.S. Navy is now reportedly exploring the possibility of developing submarine-launched hypersonic

    missiles.

    As the 1998 example shows, global strike can serve multiple purposes, from decapitation attacks against

    heads of state, command-and-control systems and other high-value targets to surgical attacks against mobile

    terrorist groups under short timeframes offered by on-the-ground actionable intelligence. The extraordinary

    speeds achieved by hypersonic cruise missiles and the terrain-hugging nature of cruise missiles, meanwhile,

    will pose additional challenges in efforts to intercept them using existing air-defense systems, thus giving

    them an extra advantage in conventional-warfare scenarios.

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    CONCLUSION

    Recent scientific and technical progress has given rise to unprecedented means and methods of warfare.

    Technologies that only yesterday were in the realm of science fiction have the potential to cause

    catastrophes tomorrow. Other recent developments, however, could not only limit civilian losses, but also

    spare the lives of combatants. Certain features of these new technologies raise unprecedented issues that

    make the legality of an attack more difficult to ascertain, and the attribution of responsibility more complex.

    As a result of advances in technologies, armed forces have been able to conduct combat by enhancing

    basic abilities of human participants using technology as a combat multiplier to the basic combat value of

    an individual combatant.[1]

    All of the types of warfare below are conducted in environments completely,

    and are only possible due to use of technology

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    REFERENCE

    www.slideshare.com

    www.wikipedia.org

    www.howstuffworks.org

    Deadliest weapons ever invented- Metal Storm - YouTube.htm

    7 Technologies That Transformed Warfare.htm

    www.rapidshare.org

    Stealth%20technology%20%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htm

    http://www.slideshare.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.howstuffworks.org/http://www.rapidshare.org/http://www.rapidshare.org/http://www.howstuffworks.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.slideshare.com/