Late Paleozoic Earth History Chapter 11. Appalachians are built North America is formed Catskill...
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Transcript of Late Paleozoic Earth History Chapter 11. Appalachians are built North America is formed Catskill...
![Page 1: Late Paleozoic Earth History Chapter 11. Appalachians are built North America is formed Catskill Delta in NY is deposited Coal formation is widespread.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d785503460f94a5ac29/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Late Paleozoic Earth History
Chapter 11
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Appalachians are built
North America is formed
Catskill Delta in NY is deposited
Coal formation is widespread
Limited transgression; reefs and basins
Supercontinent forms
Climate change occurs
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• Gondwana continued moving over the South Pole
• Major glacial episodes:Late Mississippian to Early Permian
• Continental glaciers profoundly affected the world's biota
and global sea level changes
Gondwana Continental Glaciers
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Continental glaciers or ice Sheets are always over land masses!
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• Collisions between continents – formation of supercontinent Pangaea by the
end of the Permian, – mountain building – influenced oceanic and atmospheric
circulation patterns
• By the end of the Paleozoic, – widespread arid and semiarid conditions
had prevailed over much of Pangaea
Continental Collisions
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• During the Silurian (early paleozoic), – Laurentia and Baltica collided– larger continent of Laurasia
• Northern Iapetus Ocean closed: Caledonian orogeny
• During the Devonian, – Southern Iapetus Ocean narrowed
between Laurasia and Gondwana, Acadian orogeny
The Devonian Period
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• For the Late Devonian Period
Paleogeography of the World
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• For the Early Carboniferous Period
Paleogeography of the World
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• For the Late Carboniferous Period
Paleogeography of the World
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• For the Late Permian Period
Paleogeography of the World
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• The erosion of the resulting highlands from the Acadian Orogeny– provided Old Red Sandstone
– covered large areas of northern Europe
– and eastern North America• Evidence: the Catskill Delta, Scotland
and others
Evidence of Acadian Orogeny:“Old Red Sandstone”
Reddish Fluvial Sediments formed during the Devonian Age
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Catskill Delta red sandstone beds are exposed in NY/PA
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Old Red Sandstone in Europe
• Scotland
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Catskill Delta Clastic Wedge
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• The Devonian rocks of New York are among the best studied on the continent
• A cross section of the Devonian strata – clearly reflects an eastern source for the Catskill
facies • from the Acadian Highlands
• These clastic rocks can be traced – from eastern Pennsylvania,
• where the coarse clastics are approximately 3 km thick,
– to Ohio, • where the deltaic facies are only about 100 m thick • and consist of cratonic shales and carbonates
Devonian Rocks of New York
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composed of – coastal parts of New England, – southern New Brunswick, – Nova Scotia, – eastern Newfoundland, – southeastern Ireland, – Wales, England, --Belgium and Northern France
**later rifting took this land to present locations
Avalonia: microcontinent on the move
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Acadian Orogeny
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Acadian Orogeny
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Acadian Orogeny
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2800 feet of sediment on eastern margin
• Marcellus ShaleDevonian marine facies
• Natural gas reserves
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• Uniform global climate • reefs, • evaporites, • and red beds,
– throughout the world,
Before Pangaea….
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• The advance and retreat of Gondwana’s polar glaciers – produced global changes in sea level – and affected sedimentation pattern on the
cratons
• As Gondwana moved northward– it first collided with Laurasia
• during the Early Carboniferous
– and continued suturing with it during the rest of the Carboniferous
The Carboniferous Period:Mississippian & Pennsylvanian
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• The Taconic, Caledonian, and Acadian orogenies – were all part of the same Paleozoic orogenic
event – closing of the Iapetus Ocean
• Laurentia and Baltica became sutured as Laurasia
Closing of the Iapetus Ocean
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• For the Early Carboniferous Period
Paleogeography of the World
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• For the Late Carboniferous Period
Paleogeography of the World
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• Evidence:Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma– Late Carboniferous and Early Permian
• By the end of the Carboniferous, – the various continental landmasses were fairly
close together – as Pangaea began taking shape
Gondwana/Laurasia Collision
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• For the Late Permian Period
Paleogeography of the World
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• The Carboniferous coal basins of – eastern North America, – western Europe,
• all lay in the equatorial zone, – where rainfall was high and temperatures
were consistently warm
• The absence of strong seasonal growth rings – in fossil plants from these coal basins – is indicative of such a climate
Carboniferous Coal Basins
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• A cyclical pattern of alternating marine and nonmarine strata– Characteristic of Pennsylvanian rocks – usually in areas of low relief
What Are Cyclothems?
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• The age of the coals in the midwestern states and the
U.S. Coal Deposits
Appalachian region are mostly Pennsyl-vanian
• whereas those in the west are mostly Cretaceous and Cenozoic
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• Columnar section of a complete cyclothem
Cyclothem
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• Pennsylvanian coal bed, West Virginia
• part of a cyclothem
Pennsylvanian Coal Bed
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• Reconstruction of the environment of a Pennsylvanian coal-forming swamp
Coal-Forming Swamp
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The Okefenokee Swamp• in Georgia, is a modern coal-forming environment, similar to those occurring during the Pennsylvanian Period
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• Paleogeography of North America
during the Pennsylvanian Period
Pennsylvanian Period
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• the Mississippi delta, • the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia• the Florida Everglades, • and the Dutch lowlands
– similar to those that existed during the Pennsylvanian Period
Modern coal forming environments
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The Permian
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• Paleogeography of North America during the Permian Period
Permian Period
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– west Texas and southern New Mexico,
• lagoonal environments,
• reef environments, • and open-shelf
environments
• Permian Basins form
Restricted Absaroka Sea
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Permian Reefs and Basins
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• Reconstruction Middle Permian Capitan Limestone reef environment
• brachiopods, corals, bryozoans and large glass sponges
Capitan Limestone Reef Reconstruction
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• An enormous single ocean,– Panthalassa, – surrounded Pangaea and – spanned Earth from pole to pole– arid and semiarid conditions were widespread
over Pangaea
• The mountain ranges produced by – the Alleghenian, and Ouachita orogenies – created rain shadows
Pangaea Surrounded
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The stage is set for Earth’s greatest mass extinction