Last day… talking about speciation, ended discussing different forms of isolating mechanisms...
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Transcript of Last day… talking about speciation, ended discussing different forms of isolating mechanisms...
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Last day… talking about speciation, ended discussingdifferent forms of isolating mechanisms
Included prezygotic mechanisms such as behavioral & mechanical isolation, and post-zygotic mechanisms…
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Postzygotic barriers include:
1) Reduced hybrid viability (e.g. sunfish)
Longear Sunfish Green Sunfish
abnormal hybrid larva
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2) Reduced hybrid fertility (mules)
Horse, Donkey & Mule
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3) Hybrid breakdown (rice & cotton)
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How does speciation work?
Most popular model of speciation: allopatric speciation- allopatry: inhabiting different ranges
- suggests original pop. becomes divided by new geographic barrier, or colonization of new isolated area
White-tailed Antelope Squirrel Harris’Antelope Squirrel
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- isolated pops. gradually diverge; genetic diffs. develop due to selection in diff. environments, genetic drift, or founder effect
- when & if pops. make contact isolating mechanisms may be reinforced (hybrids selected against)
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An alternative model: sympatric speciation - sympatric: living in same area; two new species
form while their geographic ranges still overlap
- controversial – some systematists doubt it occurs in animals, most think probably rare (& hard to prove)
allopatric sympatric
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- might originate through host specialization (e.g. Apple Maggot Fly) or strong assortative mating
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Sympatric speciation does occur commonly in plants via polyploidy
Autopolyploidy: chromosomes fail to separate (nondisjunction), diploid gametes, may self-fertilize & form tetraploid offspring
- new species, cannot interbreed with diploids
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Allopolyploidy: more frequent - hybridization leads to unusual chromosome #, either non-disjunction or second hybridization event increases chromosome #
- new polyploid species, can breed with other polyploids
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Vegetative reproduction & self-fertilization keep hybrids alive until plant can reproduce sexually
- 25-50% of plant species may be formed this way (e.g. wheat & other crops)
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Systematics
Repeated speciation leads to tremendous diversity of life – needs to be organized
Systematics – study of relationships between organisms & their classification & naming
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‘Modern’ system begins with _____________– 1758- first to consistently use binomials (e. g. Homo sapiens)
“God creates, Linnaeus disposes”(or arranges, organizes)
‘Modern’ system begins with Carl Linnaeus – 1758- first to consistently use binomials (e. g. Homo sapiens)
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Specific epithet is label that (almost) always stays with sp. once named (Law of Priority)
e.g. Bald Eagle: Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Genus name indicates closest relatives (plural = genera)
First part – genus name, second part – specific epithet
Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus Steller’s Sea Eagle, Haliaeetus pelagicus
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Species & genus only lowest levels in classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: AvesOrder: AccipitriformesFamily: AccipitridaeGenus: HaliaeetusSpecies: leucocephalus
Any ‘unit’ in the classification is a taxon (pl. taxa)
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Systematists try to make classification reflect the phylogeny of the group
Phylogeny – the pattern of evolutionary descent of a taxon
Linneaus trying to decipher God’s planDarwin recognized that classification reflected life’s
family tree
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What sort of groups should be recognized in a classification?
Three types of groups can be distinguished:
Monophyletic - all spp. share a common ancestor, & all descendants of that ancestor are included
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Polyphyletic - does not include the most recent common ancestor of the species
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Paraphyletic - includes the most recent common ancestor, but does not include all descendants