Laser cooling of molecules. 2 Why laser cooling (usually) fails for molecules Laser cooling relies...
-
Upload
scarlett-hampton -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
0
Transcript of Laser cooling of molecules. 2 Why laser cooling (usually) fails for molecules Laser cooling relies...
2
Why laser cooling (usually) fails for moleculesLaser cooling relies on repeated absorption – spontaneous-emission events
How many cycles are required?Example – Rb-87 atom with initial speed of 100m/s.
M vh 17000
For some atoms (e.g. alkalis), this is possible due to a “closed” energy level structure.This situation is special.
LaserLaser
Ground state
Excited state
AbsorptionSpontaneous emission
4
Why laser cooling (usually) fails for moleculesFollowing excitation, the molecule can decay to a multitude of other vibrational states.
Note – it’s the vibrations that cause all the trouble.The rotations are governed by selection rules
Need to scatter ~10,000 photons for laser cooling.Most molecules scatter 1, start to vibrate, and decouple from the laser
0 1 2 3 4
0 0.964 0.036 0.000 0.000 0.000
1 0.035 0.895 0.070 0.000 0.000
2 0.001 0.065 0.830 0.103 0.001
3 0.000 0.004 0.092 0.767 0.136
4 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.117 0.704
Some molecules are better…
Excited state
Ground state
Example: Franck-Condon factors for CaF
Many other molecules with almost “diagonal” Franck-Condon matrices, e.g. SrF, AlF, YbF, BeH, MgH, CaH, SrH, BaH, AlH, NH, BH, AlCl, YO
Mean number of photons scatteredExcited state
r1-r
Every molecule scatters the first photon.A fraction r scatter a second photon.A fraction r2 scatter a third photon etc.
Mean number of scattered photons, Ng = 1 + r + r2 + r3 +…. = 1/(1-r)
• When r = 0.99, Ng = 100• When r = 0.999, Ng = 1000• When r = 0.9999, Ng = 10000
No excitation out of this state
J=1
J=0
M=-1 M=0 M=+1
Dark states
There are sub-levels that cannot couple to the laser polarization
Solve this by:• Rapid modulation of the laser polarization, or• Apply a magnetic field to rotate the dark states into bright states
Laser cooling scheme for CaF
“The orange transition”
“The red transition”
Electronic ground state
Electronic excited state
For CaF, the A-X(0-0) Franck-Condon factor is ~0.97 Upper state decay rate is G = 2p × 8.3 MHz
v = 2
Small leak (≈0.05%)
Demonstration of laser cooling CaF
Pulsed CaF beam600m/s, 5K
Laser beam – 8 frequencies
Probe laser(detects v=0,v=1 & v=2)
Source
DetectorB
0.1 ms
0.5 ms
1.0 ms
1.4 ms
1.8 ms
PRA 89, 053416 (2014)
Transverse laser cooling of SrF
SrF beam
Cooling lasers (12 frequencies)
Doppler cooling Sisyphus cooling
Nature 467, 820 (2010)
3D MOT of SrF molecules
Nature 512, 285 (2014)
~ 300 SrF molecules in the MOT.Temperature ~ 2mK.Lifetime ~ 60ms.