Web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Online Searches braile/new/EpicenterPlotting.ppt.
Larry Braile, [email protected], web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008...
-
Upload
easter-reeves -
Category
Documents
-
view
225 -
download
0
Transcript of Larry Braile, [email protected], web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008...
![Page 1: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Larry Braile, [email protected], web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile
Sheryl Braile
NSTA, Boston,2008
(Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not normally look like this.)
Tsunami! Understanding the Generation, Propagation, and
Hazards of Tsunamis
This PowerPoint Presentation (last modified March 14, 2008):http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/tsunami/Tsunami!.ppt
![Page 2: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Tsunamis can be generated by:1. Large Earthquakes (megathrust events
such as Sumatra, Dec. 26, 2004)2. Underwater or near-surface volcanic
eruptions (Krakatoa, 1883)3. Comet or asteroid impacts (evidence for
tsunami deposits from the Chicxulub impact 65 mya)
4. Large landslides that extend into water (Lituya Bay, AK, 1958)
5. Large undersea landslides (evidence for prehistoric undersea landslides in Hawaii and off the east coast of North America)
![Page 3: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Schematic plate tectonic setting for tsunami
generation
NOAACommonly, in mega-thrust earthquakes, a
very large area of the ocean floor is uplifted
TRENCH
![Page 4: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Earthquake generation of tsunami(note: tsunami wave in the animation shouldbe asymmetrical with a first peak traveling to the right and a first trough traveling to the left)
http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/645fall2003_web.dir/elena_suleimani/generation_small.movhttp://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/tsunami/TsunamiFiles.htm
Animation
![Page 5: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Exploring Planet Earth
Blind Thrust Fault Earthquake Rupture Animation (Northridge, 1994)Brad Aagaard, USGS
http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/office/baagaard/research/animations/animations.htmlThe fault rupture will be visible in the animation. Displacements (magnified 3000
times) will be visible by the movement of the mesh from the model. The amplitude of motions and seismic waves is color coded according to ground velocity.
Note the rupture along the fault over time from the deepest extent of the fault.
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/new/AagaardBlindThrustAnimation.ppt
![Page 6: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Blind Thrust Fault Earthquake Rupture Animation – Brad Aagaard, USGS
http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/office/baagaard/research/animations/animations.htmlThe fault rupture will be visible in the animation. Displacements (magnified 3000
times) will be visible by the movement of the mesh from the model. The amplitude of seismic waves is color coded according to ground velocity.
![Page 7: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/office/baagaard/research/animations/animations.html
Earthquake Rupture
![Page 8: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Descriptor Magnitude Average Annually
Great 8 and higher 1 ¹
Major 7 - 7.9 17 ²
Strong 6 - 6.9 134 ²
Moderate 5 - 5.9 1319 ²
Light 4 - 4.9 13,000 (est.)
Minor 3 - 3.9 130,000 (est.)
Very Minor 2 - 2.9 1,300,000 (est.)
¹ Based on observations since 1900. ² Based on observations since 1990.
Worldwide earthquakes per year (from USGS):
![Page 9: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Worldwide earthquakes per year:
Frequency-magnitude relationship suggests that magnitude 9+ events will occur about once per decade, statistically; since 1900, the actual number is ~once per 20 years.
![Page 10: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Tsunami Statistics (NOAA): http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/tsustats.pdf
Tsunami Statistics (NOAA): http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/tsustats.pdf (Dec. 26, 2004 tsunami resulted in over 200,000 deaths)
Tsunami Statistics
![Page 11: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Tsunami wave propagation characteristics – note that as water depth becomes smaller, waves slow down, become shorter wavelength, and have larger amplitude.
When the water is 10 m deep, what is the separation of the waves in minutes?
NOAA
![Page 12: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University
http://www.gmi.edu/~drussell/demos.html
Water waves animation
Direction of propagation
![Page 13: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tsunami velocity and amplitude equations
(These are plane layer [flat ocean bottom] equations)
1. Wave velocity controlled by water depth:
v = (g x d)1/2 where v is velocity, d is water depth and g is the acceleration of gravity = 9.8 m/s2; so, velocity decreases in shallower water.
2. Wave height (amplitude) increases (conservation of energy) in shallow water:
AS = AD x (VD/VS)1/2 where AS = amplitude in shallow water, AD = amplitude in deep water, VS = velocity in shallow water, and VD = velocity in deep water.
![Page 14: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Geist, Titov and Synolakis, Tsunami: Wave of Change, Scientific American, January, 2006.
Wave Heights – Satellite observation versus calculated model – open ocean, deep water
~1600 km; ~2.2 hours of waves at 750 km/hr
![Page 15: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Tsunami Wave Tank1. “SnapLock Select” plastic underbed storage box 118 x 51 x 13 cm (45” x 21” 5”) from Walmart, K-Mart, etc. (or Sterilite #1996), remove handles, fill holes with silicon sealer.2. Plexiglass 53 x 48 x 0.5 cm (21” x 19” x 3/16”) [could use sand for “coastal area” instead of plexiglass].3. Two 30 cm plastic rulers with clay base, 30 cm apart.4. Fill to 8 cm deep with water.
![Page 16: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Tsunami Wave Tank
![Page 17: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Tsunami Wave Tank (close-up of ruler and plexiglass – note slope representing shallowing of water depth adjacent to coast)
![Page 18: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Tsunami Wave Tank – Video of Wave TankDownload Tank.mov from:
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/tsunami/TsunamiFiles.htm
![Page 19: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Tsunami Wave Tank – Video of Waves
Water Drop – Point source, circular spreading of energy:
Download WaterDrop3.mov and WaterDrop4Measure.mov from:http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/tsunami/TsunamiFiles.htm
1. What are the characteristics of the wavesgenerated by the water drop?2. Measure the velocity of the wave using a stopwatch (distance from center to side of tank in cm, divided by timein seconds).3. Can you observe reflectedwaves.4. Why do the waves eventually disappear?
![Page 20: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Tsunami Wave Tank – Video of Waves
Line Source (plane wave) – No spreading of energy:
Download PlaneWave1.mov from:http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/tsunami/TsunamiFiles.htm 1. What are the
characteristics of the wavesgenerated by the line source?2. Measure the velocity of the wave using a stopwatch (follow one wave crest from firstruler to the second – 30 cm divided by time).3. What is the wave height?4. What is the wave length?5. Do the waves get smallerwith distance of propagation?6. What type of water wave inthe ocean is similar to thesewaves?
![Page 21: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ocean Waves
![Page 22: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Tsunami Wave Tank – Video of Waves
Tsunami – Line source and entire water column disturbed:
Download Tsunami2.mov from:http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/tsunami/TsunamiFiles.htm 1. What are the characteristics
of the waves generated by the tsunami source?2. Measure the velocity of the wave using single frame advance (follow one wave crest from firstruler to the second – 30 cm divided by time).3. What is the wave height?4. What is the wave length?5. What happens to the wave as it propagates into shallow water?
![Page 23: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Tsunami Wave Tank – Video of Waves
Tsunami – Line source and entire water column disturbed:
Download Tsunami4Measure.mov from:http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/tsunami/TsunamiFiles.htm
(Use pause and single frame advance to observe wave characteristics)
~5.8 s ~6.2 s
Note Long Wavelength Note Wave Cresting
![Page 24: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tsunami Wave Tank Materials
Wave generation sources; drop into water or oscillate up and down on water surface to create waves: Golf ball, plastic golf ball (or table tennis ball), eye dropper, clay, wood, styrofoam strips
48 x 10 x 2.5 cm(19” x 3.75” x 1”)
![Page 25: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Geist, Titov and Synolakis, Tsunami: Wave of Change, Scientific American, January, 2006.
26 Dec. 2004 Tsunami max. wave height and arrival time
![Page 26: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Seismic Eruption software: http://www.geol.binghamton.edu/faculty/jones/ Indonesia area historical earthquakes files, download from:http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/tsunami/TsunamiFiles.htm
![Page 27: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Seismic Eruption software: http://www.geol.binghamton.edu/faculty/jones/ Sumatra earthquake and aftershocks files, download from:http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/tsunami/TsunamiFiles.htm
![Page 28: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Tsunami simulation(Note focusing of energy to west and east of the earthquake rupture area)
http://staff.aist.go.jp/kenji.satake/animation.gif
![Page 29: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Chedi Resort, Phuket, Thailand, wave height ~4+ m (?, from estimates of water level from beach umbrellas on grassy area above the beach)
![Page 31: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Banda Aceh, Sumatra, before tsunamihttp://geo-world.org/tsunami/
![Page 32: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Banda Aceh, Sumatra, after tsunamiAlso: http://www.digitalglobe.com/
![Page 33: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Tsunami Teacher Resource Kit (17 MB pdf) from ITIC (International Tsunami Information Centre) http://www.tsunamiwave.info/
Tsunami Resources
![Page 34: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Tsunamis – Wall of Water activities (University of Texas, Institute of Geophysics)http://www.ig.utexas.edu/outreach/cataclysms/modules.htm
![Page 35: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
IRIS Posters: http://www.iris.edu/about/publications.htm#p
![Page 36: Larry Braile, braile@purdue.edu, web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile Sheryl Braile NSTA, Boston, 2008 (Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ed25503460f94be26fc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Larry Braile, [email protected], web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile
Sheryl Braile
NSTA, Boston,2008
(Despite the popularity of this image, tsunami waves do not normally look like this.)
Tsunami! Understanding the Generation, Propagation, and
Hazards of Tsunamis
This PowerPoint Presentation (last modified March 14, 2008):http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/tsunami/Tsunami!.ppt