Large carnivores in Nordic Countries - European Commission · Large carnivores in Nordic Countries...
Transcript of Large carnivores in Nordic Countries - European Commission · Large carnivores in Nordic Countries...
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Large carnivores in Nordic Countries Ilpo Kojola, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) at Rovaniemi
Ilpo Kojola
Ilpo Kojola
Seppo Ronkainen
Ilpo Kojola
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Change in large carnivore estimates for Finland’s reindeer husbandry area
Species Lowest (year)
Present Change (multiplier)
Brown bear 100 (1968)
350-400 3.5-4.0
Wolf Some, 1970’s
10 -30, seasonal ?
Wolverine 20 (1978)
100-120 5.0-6.0
Lynx Some (1970’s)
120-150 10?
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(Russia: 180 000; increasing; Bragina et al. 2015, Conservation Biology)
> 200 000 (Ripple et al. 2014, Science)
Ilpo Kojola
Ursus arctos horribilis
Ursus arctos arctos
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Population estimates Sweden 2 800 (Jonas Kindberg/SLU) Norway 150 (Rovdata) Finland 1 500 (Luke)
Sweden
1 970 1 980 1 990 2 000 2 010 2 0200
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
Finland
Ilpo Kojola
Population estimates
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Bear harvest in Sweden and Finland
Management Hunting Hunting quota
Sweden
1 980 1 990 2 000 2 010 2 0200
50
100
150
200
Finland
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Sex ratio of shot bears
Finland
Sweden
0 1 2 3 4 540
50
60
70
80
1 2 3 > 3
Age (years)
Swe: 683 Fin: 928
% males
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High genetic diversity in Northern Finland, rapid change and increased diversity in Southern Finland
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Genetic clusters
Tammeleht et al. 2010 (Mol. Ecol.) Hagen, Kopatz, Aspi, Kojola, Eiken 2015 (Royal Soc. Proc. Ser B)
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Globally 180 000 (Ripple et al., Science) In Russia 49 000 (stable; Bragina 2015; R, Soc. Proc. Ser. B)
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Number of wolf family packs
Finland
Scandinavia
1 995 2 000 2 005 2 010 2 0150
10
20
30
40
50
Fa
mily
pa
cks
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High proportion of sub-adult dispersers in Finnish reindeer husbandry area
Age of the shot wolf (years)
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140
20
40
60
80
100
Perc
enta
ge
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140
20
40
60
80
100
Perc
enta
ge
1
Outside reindeer husbandry Reindeer husbandry
% %
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Reproduction and found wolf-killed reindeer per year within three reindeer herding cooperatives
no yes
Reproduction
0
100
200
300
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Long-distance dispersal
by collared wolves
Kojola, Wabakken, Sand & Liberg, in prep
A way longer maximum
distances travelled
by Scandinavian
than Finnish wolves
Genetic background?
- Scandinavian wolf pop.
was established by
long-distance dispersers
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Most wolves moving to Finland’s reindeer husbandry area have reindeer as a prey image
Seppo Ronkainen
Ilpo Kojola
Ilpo Kojola
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Natural immigration by
wolves from east to
Scandinavia 2004-2013
non-reproduced
reproduced reproduced
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Wolverine
Globally about 50 000 (in Eurasia 20-22 000, in Europe 2 200; IUCN Red data book)
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Norway 350-400, Sweden 450-500 (based on confirmed reproductions) Finland 250 (a quesstimate)
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Sweden
Norway
Jens Persson/SLU
Confirmed reproductions by Scandinavian wolverines
SLU and ROVDATA
Reproductions of wolverine in Scandinavia
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Finland: reindeer winter feeding practice and wolverine
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Wolverine-killed reindeer/
herd size 2013 Wolverine observation
Index 2013
Free-ranging Fenced Free-ranging Fenced
Kojola & Kaartinen (in prep.)
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50 000 globally (Ripple et al. 2014; Science) (20 000 in Russia; decreasing; Bragina et al. 2015, Cons. Biol.)
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Higher genetic diversity in Finland than in Scandinavia
Ratkiewicz ym. 2014: (Plos ONE)
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Family groups in winter 2014/2015
By Katja Holmala/LUKE
Staffan Widstrand
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Population trends (as number of family groups)
Sweden
Norway Finland
Finland’s lynx population is doubling that of Scandinavia for a mysterious reason
(Rovdata)
(Luke))
(Viltskadecenter)
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T
Photo: Ilpo Kojola
Thank you!