Large Carbon Molecules Monomer -a small molecule that is linked with large numbers of other small...
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Large Carbon MoleculesMonomer -a small molecule that is linked with large numbers of other small molecules to form a chain or a network (polymer).
Polymer -a large molecule made by linking smaller molecules ("monomers") together.
Macromolecules –large polymers; ex. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acid
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Condensation Reaction• Chemical reaction where monomers link to form polymers• Each time a monomer is linked to a polymer, a water molecule is released
Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + H2O Glucose releases H+
Fructose releases OH-
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Hydrolysis
• Chemical reaction where water is used to break down a polymer• water breaks the bond linking each monomer• Sucrose can be broken down into Glucose and Fructose
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Energy Currency• Energy for life processes is stored in compounds, such as adenosine triphosphate, or ATP
• 5-carbon sugar, ribose (pink)
• adenine (nitrogen-containing compound) (blue)
• 3 linked phosphate groups bonded by covalent bonds• When one of these bonds
breaks energy is released
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Molecules of LifeCarbohydrates
• organic compounds• C:H:O is 1:2:1 = ISOMERS• Monosaccharide = simple sugar
• (CH2O)n
• Glucose – primary energy source for cells• Fructose – found in fruits (Sweet!)• Galactose – found in milk• Cellulose – strength and rigidity for plant
cells• Disaccharide = double sugar (2 monosaccharide)• Polysaccharide = complex molecule
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Molecules of Life ContinuedProteins
• organic compound• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen• formed from linking monomers called amino acids• 20 different amino acids, different R groups, different shapes
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Proteins continued…• Bonds between amino acids = peptide bonds (amino group of one amino acid bonds to carboxyl group of another amino acid)
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Proteins continued…•Polypeptides = very long chains of amino acids•1 or more polypeptides = protein
Proteins as CatalystsCatalyst- reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction to take place
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Proteins continued…
Enzyme – RNA or protein that acts as biological catalysts (speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed)
Reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific substrate, the reactant being catalyzed. The enzyme has folds (an active site) with a shape that allows the substrate to fit into the active site. An enzyme may not work if its environment changes (if it’s “denatured”)
Change in temperature Change in pH
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Why are proteins important?
Proteins play a variety of roles in the cell.
Structural role - cytoskeleton
Mechanical role - muscle
Biochemical role - enzyme
Cell Signaling role - hormones
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Lipids Large, non-polar helps insulate the body and protect organs do not dissolve in water
Examples:• triglycerides (fats)• phospholipids• steroids• waxes• pigments
Consists of C, H, O• Has more C-H bonds/gram than the other
organic compounds which means it stores more energy per gram
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Lipids continued….
Made up of fatty acids (long carbon chain with functional group at end)
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Lipids: Hydrophobic Vs. Hydrophilic Ends
Hydro means?Phobic means?Philic means?
WaterFear or an aversion forAn affinity for
• hydrocarbon (Carbons bonded to Hydrogens) end = hydrophobic or “water fearing”• Carboxyl end = polar = hydrophilic = “water loving”
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Lipids: Saturated Vs. Unsaturated
Palmitic acid - Are all carbon atoms bonded to four other atoms?
Carbon atoms = full“Saturated”
Linoleic acid - Are all carbon atoms bonded to four other atoms?
Carbon atoms = not all full“unsaturated”
Saturated
Unsaturated
- Solid at room temperature; Ex. Butter, meat, egg yolks
- Liquid at room temperature; Ex. Fish oil
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Three Key Classes of Lipids
1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Waxes
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Triglycerides (Fats)
3 molecules of fatty acid 1 molecule of alcohol glycerol A saturated triglyceride is made of saturated fatty acidsEx. fats in red meat
An unsaturated triglyceride is made of unsaturated fatty acidsPlant seeds (energy and carbon source)
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Phospholipid 2 fatty acids 1 molecule of glycerol
Phosphate group attached to third carbon in glycerol
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Phospholipid Bilayer
• Cell Membrane: 2 layers of phospholipids
•Hydrophilic Vs. Hydrophobic
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Wax Long fatty acid chain Long alcohol chain
Water proofProtective layers Why do we have earwax?
Main reason of ear wax is to act as a barrier for pathogens and protect the ear canal. The reason we are asking about it though is because ear wax has a high lipid (fat) content which keeps the ear canal from drying out. Drying of the canal can lead to itching and burning, which can damage the structure.
Information came from http://www.ehow.com/facts_4854083_do-we-have-ear-wax.html
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Steroids
4 fused carbon rings Many functional groups
Example 1: the male hormone testosterone
Example 2: cholesterol – needed for nerve cells, etc. to function properly (also part of cell membrane)
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Nucleic Acids• Polymers made up of thousands of linked monomers called nucleotides• Nucleotide: phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, ring-shaped
nitrogenous base
DNA – double helix RNA – single stranded
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Key Roles in the Body
o DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acido Determines the characteristics of an organismo Directs cell activity
o RNA = Ribonucleic Acido Stores and transfers information from DNA that is
essential for the manufacture of proteinso Some act as enzymes