Penggunaan Media Panggung Boneka Dalam Pendidikan Personal Hygiene Cuci Tangan Menggunakan Sabun
Laporan Sabun
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1. TITLESoap Preparation
2. STARTING EXPERIMENT : Friday, 9th March 2012
3. EXPERIMENT DONE : Friday, 9th March 2012
4. PURPOSEAfter the experiment done, the students are expected to be able to
a) Making procedure for soap preparationb) Predicting the reaction of soap preparationc) Explaining the difference of soap preparation using NaOH base and KOH
base
d) Making soap emulsione) Explaining the form of water-oil emulsion processf) Determining the oil quality based on its peroxide number.
5. THEORYIn chemistry, soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soaps are mainly used as
surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile
spinning and are important components of lubricants. Soaps for cleansing are
obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline
solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides: three molecules of fatty
acids attached to a single molecule ofglycerol. The alkaline solution, often called
lye, brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In saponification,
the fats are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, which then combine with the
alkali to form crude soap. Glycerol, often called glycerine, is liberated and is
either left in or washed out and recovered as a useful by-product according to the
process employed.
Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases, which are usually
emulsions ofcalcium soap or lithium soaps and mineral oil. These calcium- and
lithium-based greases are widely used. Many other metallic soaps are also useful,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_stearatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_stearatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_%28lubricant%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_%28lubricant%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_stearatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_stearatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29 -
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including those of aluminium, sodium, and mixtures of them. Such soaps are also
used as thickeners to increase the viscosity of oils. In ancient times, lubricating
greases were made by the addition oflime to olive oil.
Soap is a type of surfactant, made from oil or natural fat that has bipolar
structure. Head part is hydrophilic and tail part is hydrophobic. Because of this
characteristic, soap can release dirt that is usually fat from our body and clothes,
forms emulsion of oil in water.
Soap can be made as saponification by using alkaline is a triglycerides
reaction with alkaline (NaOH atau KOH) that produce soap and glycerine.
C3H5(OOCR)3 + 3 NaOH -> C3H5(OH)3 + 3 NaOOCR
Saponification produces soap as main product and glycerine as side product,
that also has value. Soap with lower mass molecule will be more soluble and has
harder structure. Soap has higher solubility in the water, but soap doesnt dissolve
to smaller particles but in ionic form.
Soap is generally known in two states, liquid and solid soap. Main difference
from those two types is alkaline that is used in saponification. Solid soap uses
NaOH, while liquid soap uses KOH. Types of oil that is used also influences state
of soap. Palm oil will produce harder soap than peanut oil, soybean oil and cotton
seed oil.
Fat/oil
Oil/fat is a lipid that has ester from glycerol. Vegetable oil or animal fat is
used. Difference between oil and fat is their state in room condition. Oil is in
liquid state in room temperature ( 28C), while fat in solid state. They are
triglyceride compounds. Triglyceride that is used as mateial of soap preparationhas fatty acid chain length between 12 until 18. If it is less than 12 it will irritate
skin, but if it is more than 18, soap will be hard and difficult to dissolve in water.
Unsaturated fatty acid which is too much such as oleic acid, linoleic and others
will cause soap is easy to oxidize in atmospheric condition so it will be rancid.
Amount of oil or fat used in soap making process should be limited for
various reasons, such as economic feasibility, product specifications (soap is not
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_%28material%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_%28material%29 -
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easily oxidized, easy foaming, and easily soluble), and others. Several types of
oils or fats commonly used in soap making process include:
1. Palm Oil (palm oil). Palm oil is commonly used instead of tallow. Palm oilcan be obtained from oil palm fruit ripening. Palm oil is reddish orange in
color because of carotenoid pigments, so if you want to use as a raw material
for making soap should be paled first. Soap which is made from 100% palm
oil will be hard and difficult foaming. Therefore, if used as raw material for
soap, palm oil should be mixed with other ingredients.
2. Coconut Oil (coconut oil). Coconut oil is a vegetable oil that is often used insoap making industry. Coconut oil is pale yellow and flesh obtained by
extraction of dried fruit (copra). Coconut oil has a high saturated fatty acid
content, especially lauric acid, so coconut oil is resistant to oxidation leading
to rancidity. Coconut oil also contains fatty acids caproic, caprylic, and
capric.
3. Palm Kernel Oil (palm kernel oil). Palm kernel oil is from palm kernel. Palmkernel oils contain fatty acids that are similar to coconut oil so it can be used
as a substitute for coconut oil. Palm kernel oils contain higher unsaturated
fatty acids and lower short-chain fatty acids than coconut oil
4. Stearine Palm Oil (palm oil stearin). Palm oil stearin is the extraction of oilproduced from fatty acids from palm oil with the solvent acetone and hexane.
Fatty acid content of oil is the largest in stearin.
5. Marine Oil. Marine oil derived from marine mammals (whales) and sea fish.Marine oils have unsaturated fatty acid content is quite high, so it must be
partially hydrogenated before use as raw material.
6.
Castor Oil (castor oil). This oil is derived from jatropha seeds and used tomake transparent soap.
7. Olive oil (olive oil). Extraction of olive oil comes from olives. High-qualityolive oil has a yellowish color. Soap derived from olive oil has the properties
of the firm but gentle to the skin.
8. Mixture of oils and fats. Industrial soap makers making soap is generallyderived from a mixture of different oils and fats. Coconut oil is often mixed
with tallow because it has a complementary nature. Coconut oil contains high
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lauric and myristic acid and can make a soluble soaps and foaming. High
stearate and palmitate of tallow soap will harden the structure.
Alkaline
A common type of alkali used in the saponification process is NaOH, KOH,
Na2CO3, NH4OH, and Ethanolamines. NaOH, or commonly known as caustic
soda in the soap industry, is the most widely used in the manufacture of hard soap.
KOH is widely used in the manufacture of liquid soap because it is easily soluble
in water. Na2CO3 (soda ash / sodium carbonate) is an alkali which is cheap and
can saponify fatty acids, but cant saponify triglycerides (oils or fats).
Ethanolamine is an alcohol amine compound group. Compound can be used
to make soap from fatty acids. The resulting soap is very easily soluble in water,
easily foamed, and can reduce water hardness. Soap made from coconut oil and
ethanolamine showed easy foaming properties but is more commonly used soap
as soap and detergent industry, not as a household soap. Mixing of different alkali
is often done by the soap industry with the aim to get the soap with certain
advantages.
Supporting Materials
The raw materials used to help support the process of perfecting the soap
saponification (making soap and glycerin precipitation) until the soap into
products ready for market.
1) NaCl. NaCl is a key component in the process of making soap. NaCl contentin the finished product is very small due to a too high content of NaCl in the
bar of soap can harden the structure. NaCl is used typically in the form of saltwater (brine) or solids (crystals). NaCl is used to separate products and
glycerin soaps. Glycerin did not experience precipitation in the brine due to
the high solubility, while the soap will precipitate. NaCl must be free of iron,
calcium, and magnesium in order to obtain a quality soap.
2) Additives. Additives are substances added to the soap that aims to enhancethe quality of soap products that attract consumers. Additive materials
include: Builders, inert fillers, anti-oxidants, dyes, and perfumes.
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3) Alcohol 96% or it could be called Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), serves as a solventin the process of making transparent soap since it is easily soluble in water
and fat.
4) 96% alcohol function is to make transparent soap becomes clear / clear.Actually 70% Alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) can also be used, but the end result
of using this soap produces a turbid/cloudy.
5) Olive Oil is the basis of natural soap making, making soap into a durable, softand prevent dry skin. Olive oil contains vitamins, minerals and proteins that
function to prevent the loss of skin's natural moisture.
6) Stearic Acid is used to make natural soap (optional) and transparent soap,soap function is to harden and stabilize the foam.
7) Glycerin is the product of the hydrolysis reaction between vegetable oil withwater to produce fatty acids. Glycerin is a humectant so it can function as a
moisturizer on the skin. Glycerin is a liquid crystal clear, odorless and has a
sweet taste.
6. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTTools and Materials
1. Balancer2. Beaker Glass3. Measuring Glass4. Stirrer5. Pipette6. Test tube7.
Water Bath
8. Palm Oil9. Coconut oil10. Ethanol11. Concentrated KOH solution12. Concentrated NaOH solution13. Glycerin14. Olive Oil
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15. Concentrated NaCl solution16. Concentrated KCl solution
Procedure of Soap Preparation
1.4 gram NaOH
Hot NaOH Solutio
NaOH Solution
Dissolve in 3.3 mL of water
Entered into 10 gram palm / coconut oil
Waited until cool
Soap
1 gram stearic acid
Mixture
Heated until T = 70oC Cooled until T = 50oC Stirred Added by 4 gram glycerin Added by NaOH solution Added by 12 gram alcohol Heated and stirred until the
solution become colorless
Added 1 mL Olive Oil Poured into mould
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Procedure of Soap Emulsion
0.1-0.2 gram of Soap
Soap solution
3 mL aquadest
Emulsion
Time
Diluted in 6-8 mL water
Waited until form 2 layers Not the time needed
Added by 5 drops palm oil Added by 2 mL palm soap
solution
Shake
3 mL aquadest
Emulsion
Time
Waited until form 2 layers Not the time needed
Added by 5 drops palm oil Added by 2 mL coconut
soap solution
Shake
3 mL aquadest
Emulsion
Time
Waited until form 2 layers Not the time needed
Added by 5 drops coconutoil
Added by 2 mL palm soapsolution
Shake
3 mL aquadest
Emulsion
Time
Waited until form 2 layers Not the time needed
Added by 5 drops coconutoil
Added by 2 mL coconutsoap solution
Shake
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7. DATATreatment Result Hypothesis Conclusion
Dissolved
in 3.3 mL
water
Waited
until cold
NaOH = white
solid.
The color of
NaOH solution is
colorless.
The tube wall
becomes hot.
There is
exothermic
reaction:
NaOH (s) + H2O
(l) NaOH (aq)
The reaction
between crystal
NaOH and water
is an exothermic.
It releases heat, so
the tube wallbecomes hot.
Entered
into 10gram
palm oil
Heated
until T =
70oC
Cooled
until T =
50oC
Stearic Acid =
solid white
granule
Palm Oil : Thick
yellow solution
The mixture of
stearic acid and
palm oil is yellow.
After heated the
stearic acid
dissolves in palm
oil.
Glycerin :
The stearic acid
dissolves in palm
oil at T = 70oC
Alcohol can
dissolve the
mixture of
glycerol and soap.
There is
saponification
reaction:
CH2OCOR +
NaOH
RCOONa +CH2OH
The melting point
of stearic acid is
70oC.
Alcohol is
emulgator of
glycerine and soap
mixture.
The soap that is
made from palm
oil is hard.
3 mL aquadest
Emulsion
Time
Added by 5 drops coconutoil
Shake
Waited until form 2 layers Not the time needed
1.4 gram NaOH
1.4 gram NaOH
NaOH Solution
1 g stearic acid
Mixture
3 mL aquadest
Emulsion
Time
Added by 5 drops palm oil Shake
Waited until form 2 layers Not the time needed
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Added by
NaOH
solution
Stirred
Added by
4 gram
glycerin
Added by
12 gram
alcohol
Heated
and
stirreduntil the
solution
become
colorless
Added 1
mL olive
oil
Poured
into
mould
Colorless thick
(++) solution
Alcohol :
Colorless solution.
After added by
NaOH, glycerin,
and alcohol the
mixture is like a
gel.
After heated
again, the mixture
become solution
and the color is
clear yellow.
Olive Oil : Thick(+) yellow (++)
solution
After added by
olive oil, the color
of solution
becomes thick
yellow (++).
The texture of
soap is hard.
After cooled the
soap becomes
hard.
Entered
into 10
gramcoconut
oil
Heated
until T =
70oC
Cooled
until T =
50o
C
Coconut Oil :
Thick white rather
yellow solution
The mixture ofstearic acid and
coconut oil is pale
white.
After heated the
stearic acid
dissolves in
coconut oil.
After added by
NaOH, glycerin,
and alcohol themixture is like a
The stearic acid
dissolves in palm
oil at T = 70oC
Alcohol candissolve the
mixture of
glycerol and soap.
There is
saponification
reaction:
CH2OCOR +
NaOH
RCOONa +
CH2OH
The melting point
of stearic acid is
70oC.
Alcohol isemulgator of
glycerine and soap
mixture.
The soap that is
made from palm
oil is soft.
Soap
1 g stearic acid
Mixture
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Added by
NaOH
solution
Stirred
Added by
4 gram
glycerin
Added by
12 gram
alcohol
Heated
and
stirreduntil the
solution
become
colorless
Added 1
mL olive
oil
Poured
into
mould
gel.
After heated
again, the mixture
become solution
and the color is
pale white
After added by
olive oil, the color
of solution
becomes pale
yellow.
The texture of
soap is soft.
After cooled the
soap becomes
soft.
Dissolved
in 6-8 mL
of water
Soap Solution :
White turbid
Added by
5 drops
palm oil
Added by2 mL
Oil + Aquadest :
can not mix well
After Shake :
Appear bubble,
the solution
becomehomogeneous
Palm Soap can be
as an emulsifying
agent so, it can
make oil-water
mixture become
homogeneous
Palm Soap is
emulsifying agent.
0.1-0.2 gram of
Soap solution
Soap
3 mL aquadest
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palm
soap
solution
Shake
Waited
until
form 2
Layers
Note the
time
needed
Time to separate
into two layers :
15 second
Added by
5 drops
palm oil
Added by
2 mL
coconut
soap
solution
Shake
Waited
until
form 2
Layers
Note thetime
needed
Oil + Aquadest :
can not mix well
After Shake :
Appear bubble,
the solution
become
homogeneous
Time to separate
into two layers :
40 second
Coconut Soap can
be as an
emulsifying agent
so, it can make
oil-water mixture
become
homogeneous
Coconut Soap is
emulsifying agent
Added by
5 drops
palm oil
Oil + Aquadest :
can not mix well
After Shake : The
solution becomestraight to be
Oil and Aquadest
can not be
emulsion because
there is no
emulsifying agent
Soap is
emulsifying agent,
the mixture of oil
and water can not
mixed perfectly
3 mL aquadest
Emulsion
Time
3 mL aquadest
Emulsion
Time
Emulsion
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Waited
until
form 2
Layers
Note thetime
needed
separate
Time to separate
into two layers : 2
second
Added by
5 drops
coconutoil
Added by
2 mL
palm
soap
solution
Shake
Waited
until
form 2
layers
Note the
time
needed
Oil + Aquadest :
can not mix well
After Shake :
Appear bubble,the solution
become
homogeneous
Time to separate
into two layers :
20 second
Palm Soap can be
as an emulsifying
agent so, it can
make oil-water
mixture becomehomogeneous
Palm Soap is
emulsifying agent.
Added by
5 drops
coconut
oil
Added by
2 mL
coconut
soapsolution
Oil + Aquadest :
can not mix well
After Shake :
Appear bubble,
the solution
become
homogeneous
Time to separate
into two layers :50 second
Coconut Soap can
be as an
emulsifying agent
so, it can make
oil-water mixture
become
homogeneous
Coconut Soap is
emulsifying agent
Time
3 mL aquadest
Emulsion
Time
3 mL aquadest
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Shake
Waiteduntil
form 2
Layers
Note the
time
needed
Added by
5 drops
coconut
oil
Waited
until
form 2
Layers
Note the
time
needed
Oil + Aquadest :can not mix well
After Shake : The
solution is straight
become separate
Time to separate
into two layers : 5
second
Oil and Aquadestcan not be
emulsion because
there is no
emulsifying agent
Soap isemulsifying agent,
the mixture of oil
and water can not
mixed perfectly
8. ANALYSISThe aim of the experiment is to understand the procedure of soap preparation
that made from palm oil. The first done is making NaOH solution from 1.4 gram of
solid NaOH dissolved in 3.3 mL aquadest in the reaction tube. The original form of
NaOH is solid white, while the aqaudest is colorless aqueous. The result of this
reaction is occurring hot temperature in the wall of the reaction tube. The solution is
colorless. The hot temperature occurs because the reaction of NaOH and aquadest is
exothermic reaction. It means that this reaction is releases heat. This NaOH solution
is let until it cooled. The chemical reaction is written :
Emulsion
Time
3 mL aquadest
Emulsion
Time
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NaOH (s) + H2O (l) NaOH (aq)
The next step is by mixing 1 gram of stearic acid with 10 gram palm oil. The
original state of stearic acid is solid white granule, while the palm oil is thick clear
yellow solution. The stearic acid is used to harden and stabilize the foam soap. Than,
this mixture is heated in order the stearic acid will dissolve completely. The heating
process is maintain in 70oC temperature to prevent the completely oxidation of oil
that can make brown color. The result of this step is thick clear yellow solution, This
is closely related to the peroxide value to determine the degrees of damage to the oil
or fat caused by autooxidation.
This mixture is let until the temperature decrease to 50oC. Then, it is added with
NaOH solution that has been made, 4 gram Glycerin, and 12 gram of Alcohol. The
original state of glycerin is thick (++) colorless solution, while the alcohol is
colorless solution. Addition of NaOH solution is to neutralize the acid function as
NaOH is alkaline. If the base point to use is NaOH, the resulting soap will manifest
themselves hard, whereas if the base used is KOH, the resulting soap will manifest
soft. Glycerine is a humectants that can be used as moisturizer for skin. While the
function of alcohol is as solvent in transparently soap preparation because its
characteristic that easy to solve in both water and oil. In the other hand, alcohol here
is used as emulgator. The mixture was formed gel and not became a unity. The
mixture then heating and stirred until form clear yellow solution and dissolve
completely.
The next step is let this soap solution cooled to add the olive oil. The function of
olive oil is as additive compound that can give aroma to the soap. The original state
of olive oil is thick yellow (++) solution. The final result of this solution is thick
yellow (+) solution that poured into mould. After a couple time, the soap is harder.
The second experiments aimed is to understand the procedure of coconut oil
soap preparation. The tool, material and the procedure is same with the palm oil soap
preparation, and just changing palm oil into coconut oil. The original state of
coconut oil is thick white rather yellow solution and become thick clear solution
after mixed with staeric acid, NaOH, Glycerin, and Alcohol. The final result of this
soap solution is yellow solution because of addition of olive oil. The smell of this
solution is not good, and the soap produced is soft. Coconut oil has high quantity of
saturated fatty acid so this oil is resistant to oxidation which can cause rancidity in
oil. The overall reaction of soap preparation is:
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The next experiments is to understand the emulsion characteristic of soap. The
procedure is by mixing 3 mL aquadest with 5 drops of palm oil. This mixture is
divided into three tubes. The first treatment is added by palm soap solution that
makes from 0.1-0.2 gram of soap that has been made with 6-8 mL hot water, the
second treatment is added by coconut soap solution, and the final treatment is added
nothing. The mixture is shake strongly, and let to make separating layer while the
time is recorded. The time recorded to palm soap treatment is 15 second, coconut
soap is 40 second, and without soap treatment is 2 second.
Then, the emulsion is changed into coconut oil with same treatment above. The
time recorded for palm soap treatment is 20 second, coconut soap is 50 second, and
without soap treatment is 5 second.
This is shows that the soap that has been made can emulsifying the water and
the oil, shown from the time for soap treatment is longer than without soap
treatment. And, the coconut soap can emulsifying perfectly than palm soap, shown
from the time for coconut soap treatment is longer than palm soap treatment in both
emulsifying water with palm oil and water with coconut oil.
9. CONCLUSIONThe soap preparation can be done by mixing a base with oil and added with
alcohol as an emulgator. The result of palm oil soap is form hard soap while the
result of coconut oil soap can not make hard soap. The soap that is made can
emulsify the water and oil mixture
The reaction of soap preparation is :
++
Oil Glycerin Soap
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10. ANSWERING QUESTION1) How to make the hard and soft soap?
Hard Soap
Soft Soap
1.4 gr NaOH
Hot NaOH Solution
NaOH Solution
Let until cool
Dissolve in 3.3 mL of water
1 gram Stearic Acid
Mixture
Heated and stir until the stearic acid dissolve completely Let until its temperature reach 50oC Stir
Added with NaOH solution, stir Added with 4 gram Glycerin, stir Added with 12 gram Alcohol, stir Heated until form homogenous solution
Added with 10 gram Palm Oil
Soap Solution
Hard Soap
Dried
1.4 gram KOH
Hot KOH Solution
KOH Solution
Let until cool
Dissolve in 3.3 mL of water
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2) Write the complete reaction of soap preparation!The reaction of soap preparation is:
3) How to make a soap emulsion?
1 gram Stearic Acid
Mixture
Heated and stir until the stearic acid dissolve completely Let until its temperature reach 50oC Stir Added with KOH solution, stir Added with 4 gram Glycerin, stir Added with 12 gram Alcohol, stir Heated until form homogenous solution
Added with 10 gram Palm Oil
Soap Solution
Hard Soap
Dried
0.1 - 0.2 gram soap that has been made
Soap Solution
Dissolve in 6-8 mL hot water
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4) Explain the process of soap emulsion!Emulsion, in physical chemistry, mixture of two or more liquids in
which one is present as droplets, of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size,
distributed throughout the other. Emulsions are formed from the component
liquids either spontaneously or, more often, by mechanical means, such as
agitation, provided that the liquids that are mixed have no (or a very limited)
mutual solubility. Emulsions are stabilized by agents that form films at the
surface of the droplets (e.g., soap molecules) or that impart to them a
mechanical stability (e.g., colloidal carbon or bentonite).
Soaps are sodium or potassium fatty acids salts, produced from the
hydrolysis of fats in a chemical reaction called saponification. Each soap
molecule has a long hydrocarbon chain, sometimes called its 'tail', with a
carboxylate 'head'. In water, the sodium or potassium ions float free, leaving a
negatively-charged head.
Soap is an excellent cleanser because of its ability to act as an
emulsifying agent. An emulsifier is capable of dispersing one liquid into
another immiscible liquid. This means that while oil (which attracts dirt)
doesn't naturally mix with water, soap can suspend oil/dirt in such a way that it
can be removed.
The organic part of a natural soap is a negatively-charged, polar
molecule. Its hydrophilic (water-loving) carboxylate group (-CO2) interacts
with water molecules via ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding. The
hydrophobic (water-fearing) part of a soap molecule, its long, nonpolar
3 mL Water
Added with 5 drops ofoil
Oil separating layer
Mixture
Shaked strongly Let it for a while
3 mL Water
Added with 5 drops ofoil
Added with soap
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458647/physical-chemistryhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386481/mixturehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575004/surfacehttp://chemistry.about.com/library/glossary/bldef825.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/library/glossary/bldef825.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575004/surfacehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386481/mixturehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458647/physical-chemistry -
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hydrocarbon chain, does not interact with water molecules. The hydrocarbon
chains are attracted to each other by dispersion forces and cluster together,
forming structures called micelles. In these micelles, the carboxylate groups
form a negatively-charged spherical surface, with the hydrocarbon chains
inside the sphere. Because they are negatively charged, soap micelles repel
each other and remain dispersed in water.
Grease and oil are nonpolar and insoluble in water. When soap and
soiling oils are mixed, the nonpolar hydrocarbon portion of the micelles break
up the nonpolar oil molecules. A different type of micelle then forms, with
nonpolar soiling molecules in the center. Thus, grease and oil and the 'dirt'
attached to them are caught inside the micelle and can be rinsed away.
5) Explain the difference between soap using NaOH and KOH as a base!Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Soaps
are made of fats and oils, or their fatty acids, by treating them chemically with
a strong alkali. These fatty acids are weak acids composed of two parts: A
carboxylic acid group consisting of one hydrogen atom, two oxygen atoms,
and one carbon atom, plus a hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic acid
group. The common alkalis used in soap making are sodium hydroxide also
called caustic soda, and potassium hydroxide also called caustic potash.
Saponification of fats and oils is the most widely used soap making
process. This method involves heating fats and oils and reacting them with a
liquid alkali to produce soap and water plus glycerine.
When the alkali is sodium hydroxide, a sodium soap is formed. Sodium
soaps are "hard soaps". When the alkali is potassium hydroxide, a potassium
soap is formed. Potassium soaps are softer and are found in some liquid hand
soaps and shaving creams.
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11. REFERENCES
Anonym. 2012. Soap. en.wikipedia.org/Soap.htm (accessed at 13th
March 2012)
Anonym. 2011. Komponen Pembuatan Sabun. www.sabuncair.com/2011/10/komponen-
pembuatan-sabun.html (accessed on 12th
March 2012)
Helmenstine, Anne Marie.How Soap Cleans.
http://chemistry.about.com/od/cleanerchemistry/a/how-soap-cleans.htm (accessed on
Thursday, 15th March 2012 at 8.42 pm)
Rohman, Saepul. 2009.Bahan Pembuatan Sabun.
http://majarimagazine.com/2009/07/bahan-pembuatan-sabun/ (accessed at 12th
March 2012)
Spurlock, D. 2012. Synthesis of Soap Course Notes.
http://homepages.ius.edu/Dspurloc/c122/soap.htm (accessed on Thursday, 15th
March 2012 at 8.42 pm)
http://chemistry.about.com/od/cleanerchemistry/a/how-soap-cleans.htmhttp://homepages.ius.edu/Dspurloc/c122/soap.htmhttp://homepages.ius.edu/Dspurloc/c122/soap.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/cleanerchemistry/a/how-soap-cleans.htm -
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12. ATTACHMENT
Solid NaOH NaOH Solution
Glycerin Mixture of Oil and NaOH
after heating process
Olive Oil
Palm Oil soap solution
before adding Olive Oil
Coconut Oil soap solution
before adding Olive Oil
Palm Oil soap solution
after adding Olive Oil
Coconut Oil soap solution
after adding Olive Oil