Lao Basic Course - Live Lingua

Lao Basic Course

Volume 2

School of Language Studies

East Asian & Pacific Languages

Lao Section

September 2014

Find more FSI Lao lessons at the Live Lingua Project

https://www.livelingua.com/project/

About FSI

Established in 1947, the Foreign Service Institute is the United States Government’s

primary training institution for employees of the U.S. foreign affairs community,

preparing American diplomats and other professionals to advance U.S. foreign

affairs interests overseas and in Washington. FSI provides more than 600 courses–to

include training in some 70 foreign languages, as well as in leadership, management,

professional tradecraft, area studies, and applied information technology skills–to

some 100,000 students a year, drawn from the Department of State and more than 40

other government agencies and military service branches. FSI provides support to all

U.S. Government employees involved in foreign affairs, from State Department

entry-level Foreign and Civil Service employees to newly-assigned Ambassadors,

and to our Foreign Service National colleagues who assist U.S. efforts at some 270

posts abroad.


Table of Contents

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CYCLE 43

“He’s impolite, isn’t he? Yes, he is. Nobody wants to see his face.”.................................................... 199

ໃຜ, ໃຜ, ກ, ບໆ as negative inclusive indefinite nouns

CYCLE 44

“This house is bigger than that one, isn’t it? No, it, isn’t. It’s smaller.” .............................................. 201

Comparative of stative verbs

CYCLE 45

“Which of these three women is the prettiest? They are equally pretty.” ........................................... 205

Stative verb with ກວາໆໝ ໆas superlative degree (or limited number)

CYCLE 46

“How many dollar do you have left? (I have) two dollars left.” ........................................................... 209

ເຫ ຬ as a verb indicating a remainder of something

CYCLE 47

“Are we out of coffee? No, we still have some.” .................................................................................. 212

ໝ contrasted with ເຫ ຬ

CYCLE 48

“Do you still have questions? Yes, I (still) do.” ..................................................................................... 217

ຊງ … ຢ ໆfor continuing situations

CYCLE 49

“Are you still out of work? No, I got a job a long time ago.” ............................................................... 220

ແຌໆນແລວ used to indicate a situation that began in the past and continues into the present

CYCLE 50

“Your book has already been stolen, isn't that right? .......................................................................... 223

That’s right, it has (already been stolen).”

ຍກ in passive constructions with certain verbs


CYCLE 51

“What color are his shoes? They’re black.” .......................................................................................... 229

Names of colors

CYCLE 52

“How well do you sing? Not very well.” ............................................................................................... 234

ໂພ “too …” ບໆ … ປານໃ “not very …”, … ປານໃ? “How …?”

CYCLE 53

“Does he read fast? Pretty fast.” .......................................................................................................... 239

… ສມຄວນ “pretty” as a modifier

CYCLE 54

“Don’t eat too much.” ........................................................................................................................... 242

ຢາໆ in negative request forms

CYCLE 55

“Where have you been (to)? I’ve been to the doctor’s.” ..................................................................... 247

ໄປ … ມາ used to indicate recent completion of some activity

CYCLE 56

“Where did this plane come from? It came from Bangkok..” .............................................................. 249

ມາແຌ ໆused to show point of origin

CYCLE 57

“Why are you washing your hands? I’m washing my hand to eat.” .................................................... 252

Word order of verb phrases of purpose

CYCLE 58

“From where to where? From when to when?” ................................................................................... 258

ແຌ.ໆ..ຫາ and ຈາກ/ແຌ.ໆ..ເຍງ/ຫາ/ອຬ in extent of space or period of time constructions

CYCLE 59

“What’s the matter with you? I have (a headache).” .......................................................................... 266

… ເປນຫຊງ “what’s the matter with…?” and words referring to illness

CYCLE 60

“Why didn’t you come to school? Because I was sick.” ........................................................................ 271

ເປນຫຊງ...ຈໆງ and ເພາະວາໆ in asking and giving reasons for some activity


CYCLE 61

“How do you feel about him? I pity him.” ............................................................................................ 276

Verbs of emotion

CYCLE 62

“Do you think he will come? Yes, I think he’ll come.”........................................................................... 280

Verbs of thinking and saying with ວາໆ

CYCLE 63

“Is it dangerous? Yes, it’s very dangerous.” ......................................................................................... 285

Stative verbs with ຫລາຊ

CYCLE 64

“Do you believe he’ll pass the exam? Yes, I do.” .................................................................................. 292

ຉ ນບ? in questions

CYCLE 65

“You will read, and then what will you do? I’ll read, then I’ll go eat.” ................................................. 299

ແລວ as a sentence connective

CYCLE 66

“Did you write the letter yet? No, not yet. (or) Yes, I’ve already written.” ........................................ 303

ແລວ and ຊງ as aspect particles

CYCLE 67

“Have you finished recording? Yes, I have. (or) No, not yet.” ............................................................ 310

Verb phrase with ແລວ

CYCLE 68

“Who are you going to fix the car for? I’ll fix it for him.” ..................................................................... 317

ໃຫ as a benefactive verb

CYCLE 69

“What do you want me to do? I want you to stay with him.” ............................................................. 322

ຢາກ and ຢາກໃຫ

CYCLE 70

“What were you going to have him do for you? .................................................................................. 328

I was going to have him type letters for me.”

ໃຫ as benefactive and causative verb


CYCLE 71

“What’s the table made of? Wood.” .................................................................................................... 332

ເອວຊ with materials

CYCLE 72

“What did he write with? With a pen.” ................................................................................................ 338

ວຊ with instrumental

CYCLE 73

“What will you use for making a fire? Charcoal.” ................................................................................ 343

Instrumental use of ໃຉ

CYCLE 74

“What’s a clock for? To tell time.” ....................................................................................................... 348

ມໄວສາລບ to indicate use or purpose of

CYCLE 75

“Where’s he stationed now? Right now he’s in Pakse.” ...................................................................... 352

Time expressions

CYCLE 76

“He will be transferred very soon, is that true? That’s right.” ............................................................. 358

Time expressions with direct reference to present time

CYCLE 77

“How much longer will you be here? Two more weeks.” ..................................................................... 363

ຬກ and ຊງຬກ with time expressions

CYCLE 78

“What kind of food do you normally like to eat? Spicy food.” ............................................................. 370

Modals: ມກ

CYCLE 79

“Must he choose a guide? Yes, he must.” ............................................................................................ 374

Modals: ຌຬງ, ຄວນ, ຬາ, ຄ, ຄງ

CYCLE 80

“Have you ever been to Laos? Yes, I have. (or) No, I never have been.” ............................................ 382

ເຄຊ to indicate having experienced something


CYCLE 81

“Is there anybody that is going to help him? Yes, I am.” ..................................................................... 386

Indefinite pronoun ໃຜ after ມ

CYCLE 82

“What do we call liquid that we get from an orange? Orange juice.” ................................................. 391

CYCLE 83

“What do we call a person who is always drunk? A drunkard.” .......................................................... 394

CYCLE 84

“What do we call a person who fixes cars? An auto mechanic” .......................................................... 398

CYCLE 85

“What do we call a person who pilots a plane? A pilot.” ..................................................................... 403

______________________________________________________________________________


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Cycle 43 M-1 To be his friend À ïÀ²•ºì¾¸

To be involved (concerned) ¹ ÷û¤¡ú¼¸

To live (in it) µúø

To take this road ê¼¸ê¾¤À¦š To use this room Ã§û¹ûº¤š

No one wants to be his ຍ ໃ ຓÃ°µ¾¡À ñÀ²•ºì¾¸. friend. No one wants to be ຍ ໃ ຓÃ°µ¾¡¹ û÷¤¡ú¼¸. concerned. No one wants to live ຍ ໃ ຓÃ°µ¾¡µúø. (in it). No one wants to use this ຍ ໃ ຓÃ°µ¾¡Ã§û¹ûº¤š. room.


https://www.livelingua.com/fsi-lao-course.php

09/23/2014 7:28 AM

200

M-2

Impolite ®Ò¦÷²¾®

Stingy person £ô¢š«†

Not so important ®Ò¦ð¾£ñ¯¾Ã©

Small ûº¨

Dangerous ¡ñ©¾

He is very impolite. ì¾¸®Ò¦÷²¾®¹ì¾¨. He is a very stingy person. ì¾¸À ï£ô¢š«†¹ì¾¨. This matter is not so important. Àìœº¤š®Ò¦î¾£ï¯¾Ã©. This house is very small. À»óº¹ìï¤šûº¨¹ì¾¨. This road is very dangerous. ê¾¤À¦š¡ï©¾¹ì¾¨. C-1 A. He is impolite, isn't he? A.? B. Yes, he is very impolite. B. No one wants to see his face. C-2 A. Why doesn't anybody want to A.

see his face? ? B. No one wants to see his face B. because he is so impolite.


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201

Cycle 44 M-1

Prettier than ¤¾´¡¸ú¾

More spacious than ¡¸û¾¤¡¸ú¾

Less space than ÀÀ£®¡¸ú¾

Cheaper than «õ¡¡¸ú¾

More expensive than ÀÀ²¤¡¸ú¾

Higher than ¦ø¤¡¸ú¾

This house is prettier À»óº¹ìï¤š¤¾´¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤. than that one. This house is more À»óº¹ìï¤š¡¸û¾¤¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤. spacious than that one. This house has less À»óº¹ìï¤šÀÀ£®¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤. space than that one. This house is less cheaper À»óº¹ìï¤š«ó¡¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤. than that one. This house is more À»óº¹ìï¤šÀÀ²¤¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤. expensive than that one. This house is higher than À»óº¹ìï¤š¦ö¤¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤. that one.


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202

M-2 Run fast ÀÀìúÄ¸

Price ì¾£¾

As big as Ã¹ úêÒ

As new as Ã¹´úÀê‣¾

This car runs as fast as ìô©£ïš ÀÀìúÄ¸Àê‣¾¡ï¡ï®£ï. that one. This car has same price ìô©£ïš ì¾£¾Àê‣¾¡ï¡ï®£ï. as that one. This car is as big as ìô©£ïš Ã¹ úêÒ¡ñ¡ï®£ï. that one. This car is ìô©£ïš Ã¹´úÀê‣¾¡ï¡ï®£ï. as new as that one. C-1 A. This house is bigger than that one A. isn't it ? ? B. No, this house is as (big) as that one. B. C-2 A. This car runs as fast as that one, A. doesn't it? ?

B. No, this one runs faster than that one. B.


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203

NOTES

1) Two things may be equal or unequal as far as some quality (goodness, etc.) is concerned consequently, there are in language, constructions that may be labeled 'Comparison of Equality' and 'Comparison of Inequality'.

(a) The Comparison of Inequality construction in Lao is. NP 1 + Vs + + NP 2

(This house pretty more that one) 'This house is prettier than that one.' (b) The Comparison of Equality construction is: NP 1 + Vs + + NP 2 (This car old equal to that one.) 'This car is as old as that one'. When the stative verb refers to 'size', may replace in construction like the one above: 'This car is as big as that one.' The stative verb may be replaced by V + adverb in either of the constructions above: 'This car runs faster than that one.' 'This car runs as fast as that one.'


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204

APPLICATION 1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) ? (Is she taller than you?)

(b) _____ _____ (Your house is as pretty as his.)

(c) (He walks faster than you do.)

(d) (This story is more interesting than that one.)

(e) _____________ (He's as intelligent a person as you are.)

(f) _____________ (He drives faster than your friend.)

(g) ___________ (Nobody is as evil (bad as he is.)

(h) _____________ (This book is as cheap as that one.)

(i) ___________ (This mango is as big as that one.)

(j) __________ (This watch is more expensive than that one.)

(k) ____________________ (50,000,000 kip. That's very expensive.)

(l) ___________ (He is selling it cheaper today than yesterday.)

(m) ___________________ (It's much more delicious than that.)

____________________________

Answers: 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l) (m)


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205

Cycle 45 M-1

Performer ñ¡¦½Á©¤

The prettiest ¤¾´¡¸ú¾¹´øú

The loveliest ¹û¾»ñ¡¡¸ú¾¹´øú

The ugliest ¢š»û¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´öú

The best-mannered »¼®»ûº¨¡¸ú¾¹´øú

The most bashful ¢šº¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´öú

Which of these three Ã¦¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏໄÃ©

performers do you think is ¤¾´¡¸ú¾¹´úø? the prettiest? ? Which of these three Ã¦¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏໄÃ©

performers do you think is ¹û¾»ñ¡ ¡¸ú¾¹´øú? loveliest? ? Which of these three Ã¦¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏໄເຈ

performers do you think is ¢š»û¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´úø? the ugliest? ? Which of these three Ã¦¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏໄÃ©

performers do you think is »¼®»ûº¨¡¸ú¾¹´úø? the best mannered? ? Which of these three Ã¦¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏໄÃ©

performers do you think is ¢šº¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´úö? the most bashful? ?


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206

M-2 Equally pretty ¤¾´Àê‣¾¡ï

Equally skilful À¡„¤Àê‣¾¡ï

Equally nice ©ñÀê‣¾¡ï

To be educated Ä©û»ñ®¡¾¦ô¡¦¾

The same age ´ñº¾ õÀê‣¾¡ï

Have a lot of work ´ó¸¼¡¹ì¾¨

Have salary ´óÀ¤òÀ©õº

These three performers are ï¡¦½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ¤¾´Àê‣¾¡ï. equally pretty. These three performers are ï¡¦½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš À¡„¤Àê‣¾¡ï. equally skilful. These three performers are ï¡¦½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ©ñÀê‣¾¡ï. equally nice. These three performers are ï¡¦½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš Ä©û»ñ®¡¾¦ô¡¦¾

equally educated. Àê‣¾¡ï. These three performers are ï¡¦½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ´ñº¾ õÀê‣¾¡ï. the same age. These three performers have ï¡¦½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ´ñ¸¼¡¹ì¾¨Àê‣¾¡ï. equal large amount of work. These three performers have ñ¡¦½Á©¤¦¾´£öຌ š ´ñÀ¤ðÀ©óºÀê‣¾¡ï. equal salaries. C-1 A. Of these three performers who do A. you think is the prettiest ? ? B. I think these three performers are B. equally pretty. C-2 A. Of these three performers there's one A. who is the prettiest, don't you think? , ? B. No, I think they are equally pretty. B. NOTES


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207

1) The construction for Comparison of Inequality when more than two objects are being compared is: NP (Number of Objects) + NP (Subjects) + Vs + (of these 3 persons which performers pretty more group)

'Which of these three performers is the prettiest?'

'group' always occurs in this construction. The classifier is used before because it is the classifier for Observe the following construction with a different classifier:

'Which of these three bananas is the most delicious?' 2. The construction of Comparison of Equality when three or more objects are being compared is: NP (Subject) + Vs + 'These three women are equally tall.' 'equal, equally' may also occur after NP:

(These three women have age equal)

'These three women are the same age.'


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208

APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences: (a) (Which of the four children is the most loveable?) (b) (Which of these three women do you think is the most bashful?) (c) (These six books are equally priced..) (d) (These five boys have equal amounts of money.) (e) (These two carpenters work equally skillfully.) (f) (Which of these three soldiers drives the fastest? (g) (Which of these three students is the most studious?) (h) (Which is the biggest of these three chickens?) (i) (Those three bottles have equal amounts of water in them.) (j) (Of those three artisans, which can change a tire the fastest?)

_______________________________

Answers: 1 (a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j)


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209

Cycle 46 M-1

Book, (classifier) ›´, ¹ö¸

Money, kip À¤ò, ¡ó®

Rice, bag À¢í¾, «ö¤

Fish, (classifier) ¯¾, Âª

Bullet, (classifier) ìø¡ õ, ìø¡

Hand grenade, (classifier) ì½À®ó©´õ, ìø¡

Beer, bottle À¹ìí¾À®ງ, ÀÀ¡û¸

Sign, slogan, û¾¨, £ð¾¢¸ñ

Sheet (classifier) ÀÀ°ú, ຏໃຌ

Now I have two books ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨ ñ¤À¹ìõº ›´µúø ຘບຄນທ.

left. Now I have two million ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨ ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¤òµúø ¦º¤ìÉ¾¡ó®. kips left. Now I have two bags of ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨ ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¢í¾ດ úø ¦º¤«ö¤. rice left. Now I have two fish left. ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨ ñ¤À¹ìõº¯¾µúø ¦º¤Âª. Now I have two bottles ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨ ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¹ìí¾À®ງµúø ¦º¤ÀÀ¡û¸. of beer left. Now I have two slogan ©¼¸š¢ûº¨ ï¤À¹ìóº û¾¨£ð¾¢¸ñດໃ

signs left. ¦º¤ÀÀ°ú.


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210

M-2 Money, dollar À¤ò, Â©ì¾

Sack, (classifier) «ö¤, (¹ú¸¨)

Banana, (classifier) ¹´¾¡¡É¸¨, (¹ú¸¨)

Article, story ®ö©£¸¾´, Àìœº¤

Member, person ¦½´¾§ò¡, £ö

People, family £ö, £º®£ö¸

Towel (classifier) °û¾À§ñ©¹û¾, (°õ)

Brush, brush teeth ¯¤, «øÀÀ¢û¸,

(classifier) ºñ How many dollars do you À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¤òµ úø¥ñ¡Â©ì¾? have left? ? How many sacks do À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõº«ö¤µúø ¥ñ¡¹ú¸¨? you have left? ? How many bananas do you À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõº¹´¾¡¡û¸¨µúø

¥ñ¡¹ú¸¨? have left? ? How many articles (a c À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõº®ö©£¸¾´µøú

¥ï¡Àìœº¤? written) do you have ? left? How many members do À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõº¦½´¾§ò¡µúø

¥ñ¡£ö? you have left? ? How many towels do you À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõº°û¾À§ñ©¹û¾µúø

¥ñ¡°õ? have left? ? How many tooth brushes À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõºÀÀ¯¤«øÀÀ¢û¸µøú

¥ñ¡ºñ? do you have left? ?


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211

C-1 A. Now they have two sacks of rice A. left, isn't that right ? ? B. Yes, that's right, now they have B. two sacks (of rice) left. C-2 A. How many bananas do you have A. left ? ? B. I have five bananas left. B.

C-3 A. Of what objects of cloth do A. ? you have two left ? B. I have two towels left. B. ?

NO APPLICATION


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212

Cycle 47

M-1

Rice À¢í¾

Pepper ¹´¾¡À°ñ©

Fish sauce ຌ ໄາ¯¾

Salt À¡õº

Sugar Õª¾

Black pepper ²ò¡ແê

Bread À¢í¾¥†

Meat §š

Our rice is all gone. À¢í¾À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. Our (green, red) pepper ¹´¾¡À°ñ©À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. is all gone. Our fish sauce is all gone. Õ¯¾À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. Our salt is all gone. À¡õºÀ»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. Our sugar is all gone. . Õª¾À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. Our black pepper is all gone. . ²ò¡ÄêÀ»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. Our bread is all gone. . À¢í¾¥†À»ô¾¹´ô©ÀÀìû¸. Our meat is all gone. §šÀ»ô¾¹´ô©ÀÀìû¸.


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213

M-2 Rice À¢í¾

Butter ຌ ໄາ´ñÀ®ó

Lard ນ າ´ñ¹´ø

Salad dressing ນ າ´ñ¦½¹ìñ©

Onion °ñ¡-®‣¸

Garlic °ñ¡ê¼´

Cucumbers ¹´¾¡ÀÀª¤

Beans ¹´¾¡«‣¸

Our rice is almost gone. À¢í¾À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.

Our butter is almost ນ າ´ñÀ®óÀ»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. gone. Our lard is almost gone. ນ າ´ñ¹´øÀ»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. Our salad dressing is ນ າ´ñ¦½¹ìñ©À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. almost gone. Our onions are almost °ï¡®‣¸À»ô¾ເກໄຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. gone. Our garlic is almost °ñ¡ê¼´À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. gone. Our cucumbers are ¹´¾¡ÀÀª¤À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. almost gone Our beans are almost ¹´¾¡«‣¸À»ô¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. gone.


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214

M-3 Fish sauce ນ າ¯¾

Salt À¡õº

Black pepper ²ò¡ແ

Onions °ï¡®‣¸

Bread À¢í¾¥†

Beef §š¤ô¸

Fruit ¹´¾¡Ä´û

We still have fish sauce. ນ າ¯¾À»ö¾ ñ¤µøÈ. We still have salt. À¡õºÀ»ö¾ ñ¤ດໃ. We still have black pepper. ²ò¡ÄêÀ»ö¾ ñ¤ດໃ. We still have onions. °ï¡®‣¸À»ô¾ ï¤ດໃ. We still have bread. À¢í¾¥†À»ô¾ ï¤ດໃ. We still have beef. §š¤ô¸À»ô¾ ï¤µöÈ. We still have fruit. ¹´¾¡Ä´ûÀ»ö¾ ñ¤µøÈ. C-1 A. Are we out of pepper? A. ? B. Yes, we are out of it. B. C-2 A. Are we nearly out of salad A. dressing ? ? B. Yes, we are almost out of it. B. C-3 A. Are we out of pepper? A. ? B. No, we still have some. B. «¾´¹¾¢º¤ªú¾¤Å ê†ï¡»¼Áªúì½£ô´ñ Ë À®…¤©÷! À¢ö¾ ñ¤ຓດ øÈ ¹ìõ Ã§û¹´ö©Áìû¸? ñ¤®Ò¹´ö©. ñ¤À¹ìõºµøÈ® ð¹ìõ ¹´ö©Áìû¸.

ເກໄຆ¹´ö©Áìû¸®ð ¹ìõ¸ú¾ ñ¤¹ì¾¨µøÈ?


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215

NOTES 1) means 'to be used up'. It is used to indicate that the supply of something is exhausted:

' The fish sauce is all gone.' When precedes it indicates that the supply is nearly used up.

The manner in which something was consumed can be indicated by putting a verb before :'eaten up', etc.

2) is used to indicate that something remains from an amount that was originally set-aside for

some special purpose. Observe the use of in sentences: 'I have two books left.' (to me still remains book 2) (of the ones I brought back from Germany.)

The classifier phrase indicating the amount is not immediately next to its NP but follows 3) is used to indicate that a certain situation still continues to exist. It may be used

without but with some difference in meaning. Compare: 'We still have bananas.' (There's no need to buy any more). 'We still have bananas (left over from making a banana cake).'


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216

APPLICATION

1. Fill in the blanks: (a) __________ _________? (How many members do you have left?)

(b) ___________ (Our butter is almost gone.)

(c) _______________

(Our garlic is all gone.)

(d) _______________ (We still have salt.)

(e) ____________? (Are we out of pepper?)

(f) ____________ (We still have beef.)

(g) ,________________ (We're out of it.)

(h) ______________ (I have two fish left.)

(i) __________ (They ate up the food.)

(j) ________ _________ (Now I have two kips left.)

(k) _________________! (Time's up!)

(l) ___________ ________? (How many bananas do you have left?)

______________________

Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

(k) (l)


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217

Cycle 48 M-1

Money À¤ò

Idea, thought £¸¾´£ò©

Will power, encouragement ¡ð¾ìñ¤Ã¥

Worry, concern £¸¾´À ñ¹ú¸¤

Punishment, penalty Âê©

Time À¸ì¾

Contract, agreement ¦ñ¨¾

Hope ¹¸ñ¤ They are already broke. ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©À¤òÀÀìû¸. They are already out of ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©£¸¾´£ò©ÀÀìû¸. idea. They are already ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©¡ð¾ìñ¤Ã¥ÀÀìû¸. discouraged. . They are already free of ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©£¸¾´ À ñ¹ú¸¤ÀÀìû¸. concern. . Their time is up already. À¸ì¾¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. Their contract is ຘຌ¨¾¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸. already over. They have no more hope. ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©¹¸ñ¤ÀÀìû¸.


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M-2 Patience £¸¾´ºö©êö

Question £ð¾«¾´

Problem ñ¹¾

Relations, one another £¸¾´¦ð¾²ñ, ¡ñ

Dislike ¡¼©§ñ¤

Love one another »ñ¡ÀÀ²¤¡ñ

They still have patience. À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤´ó£¸¾´ºö©êöµøÈ. They still have questions. À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤´ó£ð¾«¾´ດໃ. . They still have problems. À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤´óບ ñ¹¾µøÈ. . They still have relations À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤´ó£¸¾´¦ð¾²ñ¡ñµøÈ. with one another. They still dislike one À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤¡¼©§ñ¤¡ñµøÈ. another. They still love one À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤»ñ¡ÀÀ²¤¡ñດໃ. another.


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C-1 A. Are you broke? A. ? B. Yes, I'm broke. B. C-2 A. Are they still of a mind (to...)? A.

? B. Yes, they are. B. C-3 A. Are you already free of concern? A. ? B. No, I am still {concerned B. {worried

NO APPLICATION


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Cycle 49 M-1

Live, dwell º¾ແ¦ດໃ

House À»õº

To be in the military À ñê½¹¾

To be out of work ¹ທໃ¾¤¤¾

To be tied up with work £¾¸¼¡

To be indebted (to) À ï¹š

Go out ºº¡Ä¯

Carry out a mission or duty ¯½ªò®ñ©¤¾

To be locked up «õ¡¢ñ¤

To lose one's way ¹ìö¤ê¾¤

Is she still living in your ì¾¸ ñ¤º¾ແ¦µøúÀ»õºÀ¥í¾ µøú®ð? house? ?

Is he still in the service? ì¾¸ ñ¤À ñê½¹¾ µøú®ð? ? Is he still out of work? ì¾¸ ñ¤¹ທໃາ¤¤¾ µøú®ð? ? Is he still tied up with ì¾¸ ñ¤£¾¸¼¡ µøú®ð? his work? ? Is he still indebted to ì¾¸ ï¤À ï¹šÀ¥í¾ µøú®ð? you? ? Is he still going out on ì¾¸ ñ¤ºº¡Ä¯¯½ªò®ñ©¤¾ µøú®ð? the mission? ? Is he still locked up? ì¾¸ ñ¤«õ¡¢ñ¤ µøú®ð? ? Is he still lost? ì¾¸ ñ¤¹ìö¤ê¾¤ µøú®ð? ?


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M-2 Leave the military service ºº¡ê½¹¾

To have work to do ´ó¸¼¡À»ñ©

To be free of work ¹ລ¾¤¸¼¡

Pay off one's debt Ã§û¹š¹´ô©

To be released, to be let go «õ¡ úº¨

Go away, escape from ¹ó¥¾¡

Stop À§ö¾, ດຈ

He left the service a long ì¾¸ºº¡ê½¹¾ ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸. time ago. He got a job a long time ì¾¸´ó¸¼¡À»ñ© ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸. ago. He has had spare time ì¾¸¹ລ¾¤¸¼¡ ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸. for a long time.

He paid off his debts ì¾¸Ã§û¹š¹´ô© ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸. a long time ago. He was released a long ì¾¸«õ¡ úº¨ ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸. time ago. He left me a long time ì¾¸¹ó¥¾¡¢ûº¨ ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸. ago. He stopped going out on the ì¾¸À§ö¾ºº¡Ä¯¯½ªò®ñ©¤¾

mission a long time ago ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸.


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C-1 A. Is he still living in you house? A. ?

B. Yes, he is still living in my B. house. C-2 A. Has he already left the service? A. ? B. Yes, he left the service a long B. time ago. C-3 A. Is he still tied up with the work? A.? B. No, he was free (of work) B. a long time ago NO APPLICATION


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Cycle 50 M-1

Run; good, well ÀÀìú, ©ó

Have; condition, state ´ó, ¦½²¾®

Detain; to be detained ¡ñ¡, «õ¡¡ñ¡

Break down À²

Rubber, tire µ¾¤, ຉຌຖຈ

Fix, repair ÀÀ¯¤

Buy, buyer §œ, ຏໄ§œ

Still? ? µúø®ð?

Is his car still running ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤ÀÀìú©ó µúø®ð? well? ? Is his car still in good ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤´ó¦½²¾®©ó µøú®ð? condition? ? Is his car still broken ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤À² µúø®ð? down? ? Is his car still without ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤ຍ ໃ ຓຉຌຖຈ ດໃ®ð? tires? ?

Is his car still being ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤ÀÀ¯¤ µøú®ð? fixed? ? Is he still unable to find ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤®Ò´óຏໄ§œ µúø®ð? a buyer for his car? ?


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M-2 Die ª¾¨

Old; much, many, very À¡‣¾; ¹ì¾¨

Repair, fix; complete ÀÀ¯¤; ÀÀìû¸

Run, able to run ÀÀìú, ÀÀìúÄ©û

Sell ¢¾¨

Steal, they ìñ¡, À¢ö¾

Fire, catch fire Ä³, ແຒÄ¹´û

Gain back, get back Ä©û£õ

His car is already broken down. ìö©ì¾¸ຽຑÀÀìû¸. His car is already very old. ìô©ì¾¸À¡‣¾¹ì¾¨ÀÀìû¸. His car has already been fixed. ìö©ì¾¸ÀÀ¯¤ÀÀìû¸Å. His car is already . ìö©ì¾¸ÀÀìúÄ©ûÀÀìû¸. running. His car has already been ìö©ì¾¸¢¾¨ÀÀìû¸. sold. His car has already been ìö©ì¾¸«õ¡À¢ö¾ìñ¡ÀÀìû¸. stolen. His car was already ìö©ì¾¸«õ¡Ä³Ä¹´ûÀÀìû¸. burned up. He's already gotten his ì¾¸Ä©ûຖຈຖາທ£õÀÀìû¸. car back.


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C-1 A. Is your car still running well? A. ? B. Yes, my car is still running well. B. . C-2 A. His car has already been stolen, A. isn't that right? ? B. That's right, his car has B. already been stolen. C-3 A. Is his car still running well? A. ? B. No, his car is broken down. B. " ñ¤®ÒÄ¯" " ñ¤´óÀ¤ò" " ñ¤À¹ìõºË" "¦ò®Â´¤ ñ¤¹û¾¾êó", ìº¤²¾ñ¡»¼¢ະນ¨¾¨¡¾Ã§û £¿¸ú¾ " ñ¤" ºº¡Ã¹É¡¸û¾¤À®…¤©÷!

²ûº´¡ñš ¡ð ໃຄ§šÁ¥¤Ã¹ÉÀ¢ö¾À¥í¾À¢í¾Ã¥ Áªúì½¦½²¾®¡¾.

NOTES (for Cycles 48, 49, 50)

1) When is used with abstract Nouns like 'will, spirit', it refers to an absence or

lack of something. 'to be discouraged', 'to have no hope', 'to be no longer under punishment'.

2) is a nominalizer, i. e. when it is placed before VP, the VP is changed into NP; + VP = NP 'to be concerned' 'worry, concern' The nouns formed in this manner are all Abstract Nouns. 3) means 'to still have one's mind on (doing something) or 'not to have given

up the idea of (doing something)'.

'He hasn't given up the idea of being a farmer yet.' 4) after VP indicates 'mutuality' or 'reciprocity' in an action; it functions somewhat like a reflexive

pronoun (myself, himself, etc.) in English: 'They still dislike each other.' 5) When occurs before certain VP, it functions somewhat like be in the passive in English:


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'He is still locked up.' 'His car has already been stolen

usually occurs before verbs , such as 'to lock up', 'fire burn up', ”to praise”, etc. Most verbs such as etc. may occur with either 'active' or 'passive' meaning, thus 'to sell' or 'to be sold', etc.

6) (lit. 'since a long time already') 'a long time ago' is used to indicate that situation has

been in effect for some time. 'He left the military service a long time ago'. 7) means 'to do any kind of work.' means 'to have work to do,

to have a job.' means 'to be free of work'. It has nothing to do with employment. means 'to be tied up in, or very much involved in your job or work.’ 'means 'to be out of a job, unemployed'.

8) means 'debt'. Person means 'to be indebted to a person'. means 'to pay off debts'.

APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:

(a) _________ (He's out of patience.)

(b) _________ (The contract has already expired.)

(c) __________ (Two questions still remain.)

(d) _________? (Are you concerned, worried?)

_____________________________

Answers: 1(a) (b) (c) (d)


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(e) _________ (China still has relations with Burma.)

(f) ? (Haven’t you given up the idea of being a teacher yet?)

(g) (They still dislike each other.)

(h) ? (Do you have work to do?)

(i) (Cars are sold cheap there)

(j) (I still have ten minutes left.)

(k) (His shirt has already burned.)

(l) (How long was he locked up?)

(m) (Your friend was released a long time ago.)

(n) ? (How many kip do you still owe him?)

(o) (He's still living at my house.)

(p) (I don't owe you a single kip.)

(q) (I paid off my debts a long time ago.)

(r) His car already been fixed.)

(s) ? (Do you still know how to take pictures?)

_____________________________ Answers: 1(e) (f) (g) (h)

(i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s)


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(t) ? (Has his house been built yet?)

(u) (The door is still open.)

(v) (They still love each other.)

(w) ? (Where did he get lost?)

(x) (He has been released already because he has already paid his debt to society.)

(y) (I didn't say anything because I was already out of ideas.)

______________________

Answers: 1(t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (y)


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Cycle 51 M-1

Red ¦ó ÀÀ©¤

White ¦ó ¢¾¸

Yellow ¦ó À¹ìõº¤

Sky ¦ó ³û¾

Black ¦ó ©ð¾

Green ¦ó ¢¼¸

Color ¦ó My shirt is red. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦óÀÀ©¤. My shirt is white. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó¢¾¸. My shirt is yellow. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦óÀ¹ìõº¤. My shirt is blue. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó³û¾. My shirt is black. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó©ð¾. My shirt is green. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó¢¼¸.


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M-2 Sugar ¦óÕª¾

Grey ¦óÀêö¾

Light green ¦ó¢¼¸ºúº

Dark yellow ¦óÀ¹ìõº¤ÀÀ¡ú

Blackish red ¦ó©ð¾ÀÀ©¤

What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹ ñ¤, ¦óÕª¾ ຍ ໃ ÀÀ´ú®ð? it's brown, isn't it? , ? What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹ ñ¤, ¦óÀêö¾ ຍ ໃ ÀÀ´ú®ð? it's grey, isn't it? , ? What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹ ñ¤, ¦ó¢¼¸ºúº ຍ ໃ ÀÀ´ú®ð? it's light green, isn't it? ? What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹ ñ¤, ¦óÀ¹ìõº¤ÀÀ¡ ú ຍ ໃ ÀÀ´ú®ð? it's dark yellow, isn't it? ? What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹ ñ¤, ¦ó©ð¾ÀÀ©¤ ຍ ໃ ÀÀ´ú®ð? it's blackish red, isn't it? ?


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M-3 Pants Â¦û¤, ຘ ໄຄ

Neck tie ¡¾ຣ½¸ñ©

Shoes À¡ó®

Lao skirt ¦™

Socks «ö¤Àêí¾, ຊຄຉຌ

Brief- case ¡½À ö¾

What color are his pants? ? Â¦û¤ì¾¸¦ó¹ ñ¤? What color is his necktie? ? ¡¾ຣ½¸ñ©ì¾¸ ¦ó¹ ñ¤? What color are his shoes? ? À¡ó®ì¾¸¦ó¹ ñ¤? What color is her Lao skirt? ? ¦™ì¾¸¦ó¹ ñ¤? What color are his socks? ? «ö¤Àêí¾ì¾¸¦ó¹ ñ¤? What color is his briefcase? ? ¡½À ö¾ì¾¸¦ó¹ ñ¤? C-1 A. What color is you tie? A. ? B. My tie is red. B. C-2 A. What color are your shoes? A. They are brown, aren't they? ? B. Yes, my shoes are brown. B.


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NOTES 1) 'color' normally precedes the word for colors, i. e., '(color) red', '(color) green', etc. 2) Sentences with in the predicate are normally verb less.

S

NP NP

N Pron N V s

S 'My shirt is (color) red' 3) Verbs of color usually occur as modifiers of and are questioned with 'What (kind)?’ Q: ? 'What color's your shirt?' A: '(It's) green.' 4) Color verbs may be modified by the addition of 'dark (in shade)' and 'light (in shade)', thus

means 'light green' and 'dark red.' Mixtures are sometimes indicated by using two color verbs such as 'reddish black', or 'yellowish white'.


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APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (What color is this boat?) (b) (That shirt is red.) (c) (That large orange is green, isn't it?) ? (d) ? (Does he have a blue glass?) (e) (That chicken's brown.) (f) (Her raincoat is light green.) (g) (Your shoes are black.) (h) __________? (What color is her Lao skirt?) (i) (My briefcase is dark brown.) (j) (Your tie is yellow.) ______________________



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Cycle 52 M-1

Walk; fast, quick ; ú¾¤; Ä¸

Slow, work §û¾, À»ñ©¸¼¡

Gentle; speak, say ; £úº¨; À í¾

Loud, speak ©ñ¤, À¸í¾

Long time, stay, there ©ö, µøú, ¹˜

Difficult, like ¨¾¡, ´ñ¡

Much, many; eat ; ¹ì¾¨; ¡ò

He walks too fast. ì¾¸ ú¾¤Ä¸Â²©. He works too slow. . ì¾¸À»ñ©¸¼¡§û¾Â²©. He speaks too softly. . ì¾¸À í¾£úº¨Â²©. He speaks too loud. ì¾¸ຽທໄ¾©ñ¤Â²©. He stayed there too long. . ì¾¸µøú¹˜©öÂ²©. He likes to make things ì¾¸´ñ¡¨¾¡Â²©. harder than they are. He eats too much. ì¾¸¡ò¹ì¾¨Â²©.


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235

M-2 Walk fast ú¾¤Ä¸

Pretty, beautiful; dance ¤¾´; ³ûº

Learn, study; good »¼; À¡„¤

Sings songs; melodious »ûº¤À²¤; ´ú¸

Able to speak a language Ä©û²¾¦¾

Lift, weight ö¡, ຌ ໄາ¹ñ¡

How fast does she walk? ? ì¾¸ ú¾¤Ä¸¯¾Ã©? How well does she dance? ? ì¾¸³ûº¤¾´¯¾Ã©? How is he doing in his studies? ? ì¾¸»¼À¡„¤¯¾Ã©? How well does she sing? ì¾¸»ûº¤À²¤´ú¸¯¾Ã©? ? How well can he speak Lao? ì¾¸Ä©û²¾¦¾ì¾¸©ó¯¾Ã©? ? How much weight can ì¾¸ ö¡ນ າ¹ñ¡Ä©û¹ì¾¨¯¾Ã©? he lift? ?


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M-3 Walk, fast ú¾¤, Ä¸

High, ascend, it ¦ø¤, ຂໄຌ, ´ñ

Strong, powerful; car ; ÀÀ»¤; ìö©

Write; pretty, beautiful ; ¢¼; ¤¾´

Learn, fast »¼, Ä¸

He doesn't walk that fast. ì¾¸ ú¾¤®ÒÄ¸¯¾Ã©. It doesn't go up that high. ´ñ¢›®Ò¦ø¤¯¾Ã©. His car doesn't have much ìö©ì¾¸ÀÀìú®Ò ÀÀ»¤¯¾Ã©. power. His handwriting is not ì¾¸¢¼®Ò¤¾´¯¾Ã©. that pretty. He doesn't learn that fast. ì¾¸»¼®ÒÄ¸¯¾Ã©.


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M-4 Drive, fast ¢ñ®ìö©, Ä¸

Exercise ºº¡¡ð¾ìñ¤

Physical, often (»ú¾¤) ¡¾¨, Àìœº¨

Give, much Àºö¾Ã¹ûû, ¹ì¾¨

Take; all, completely Àºö¾Ä¯; ¹´ö©

Eat, all entirely ¡ò, ¹´ö©

He didn't drive that fast. ì¾¸®Ò¢ñ®ìö©Ä¸¯¾Ã©. He doesn't do much ì¾¸®Òºº¡¡¿ìñ¤¡¾¨Àìœº¨Å

physical exercise. ¯¾Ã©. He didn't give that much. ì¾¸®ÒÀºö¾Ã¹û¹ì¾¨¯¾Ã©.

He didn't take all the books. ì¾¸®ÒÀºö¾ ›´Ä¯¹´ö©. He's not going to eat all of it. ì¾¸ຆ®Ò¡ò¹´ö©. C-1 A. You speak too fast. Speak slowly, A. please. B. I'm sorry. I'll speak slowly. B. C-2 A. How well does she dance? A. ? B. She doesn't dance very well. B. C-3 A. Is he going to drive fast? A. ? B. No. He's not going to drive fast. B. C-4 A. Is his handwriting pretty? A. ? B. His handwriting is not very pretty. B. ¥ö¤¦ñ¤À¡©À®…¤ ¥÷©¯½¦ö¤ ¢º¤Áªúì½²¾¡ ¢º¤®ô©»¼š Áìû¸ êö®ê¸£¸¾´À¢í¾Ã¥ ¢º¤ñ¡»¼ À®…¤©÷!

¥ö¤¢ະນ¨¾¨¡¾±ô¡¹ñ©Ã²¾¡ C ºº¡ºó¡ Áìû¸Áªú¤Àëœº¤¯½¡º®¢›! ìº¤º½êò®¾¨»ø®²¾®ªú¾¤Å À®…¤©÷!


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NOTES

1) 'to be in excess' normally occurs after stative verbs 'He walks too fast’. The negative form of is ... paan-daj 'Not very'. The position of in the sentence is important: Compare paan-daj

'He doesn't walk very fast' or 'He isn't walking very fast' (because he doesn't want to) with 'He doesn't walk very fast' (because he is unable to walk faster).

2) The form paan-daj is used after the stative verb in questions to find out the manner in which an activity

is being carried out: 'How well does she sing?' APPLICATION 1) Write out reasonable answer to the following questions: (a) ? _______________ (b) ? ______________ (c) ? ___________________ Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (d) _____________________________ (He closed the door too quickly.) (e) ______________ (He's not driving very fast (because he doesn't want to). (f) (She doesn't sing very melodiously (because she has a very poor voice.) (g) ______________________ (You read very fast.) (h) _________________ (He speaks Lao too slowly.) ______________________

Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)


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Cycle 53 M-1

Read fast ºú¾Ä¸

Speak clearly À¸í¾Á¥û¤

Explain thoroughly º½êò®¾¨ì½º¼©

Be a good student »¼©ó

Be a good learner »¼À¡„¤ Does he read fast? ? ì¾¸ºú¾Ä¸®ð? Did he speak clearly? ? ì¾¸À¸í¾Á¥û¤®ð? Did he explain it thoroughly? ? ì¾¸º½êò®¾¨ì½º¼©®ð? Is he a good student? ? ì¾¸»¼©ó®ð? Is he a good learner? ? ì¾¸»¼À¡„¤®î?


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M-2

Smart À¡„¤, ຘະນາຈ

Clear ÀÀ¥û¤

Serious »û¾¨ÀÀ»¤

To be drunk À´ö¾

Enjoyable ´ú¸

Pretty skilful. À¡„¤¦ô´£¸. Pretty clear. ÀÀ¥û¤¦ö´£¸. Pretty serious. . »û¾¨ÀÀ»¤¦ö´£¸. Pretty drunk. À´ö¾¦ö´£¸. Pretty enjoyable. ´ú¸¦ö´£¸.

C-1 A. Does he read fast? A. ? B. Pretty fast. B. C-2 A. How fast does he read? A. ? B. Pretty fast. B. C-3 A. Is he a pretty good student? A. ? B. Pretty good (skilful). B. NOTES 1) 'suitably, property' is used after stative verbs to indicate a degree which is neither too

much in one direction nor the other. 'He reads fairly fast.' 2) When 'to be difficult' occurs after an action verb, it indicates that the action is taken with

difficulty: 'It is difficult to explain.'


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APPLICATION 1) Answer the following questions with an indication that the action referred to is done fairly well: (a) ? (b) ? (c) ? (d) ? Fill in the blanks using the English as a guide. (e) (He told the story in detail.) (f) . (He drank several bottles of beer. He's pretty drunk.) (g) (He drives pretty fast.) (h) (Going to the movies is pretty good fun.) (i) ? (Is it difficult to close that window over there?) (j) (His explanations are not very thorough.) (k) (It's not very difficult to contact that person.) (l) (Changing a tire is fairly difficult.) (m) (She types fairly well.) (n) (He is rather seriously ill.) ______________________


(k) (l) (m) (n)


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242

Cycle 54 M-1

Eat ¡ò

Drive fast ¢ñ®ìö©Ä¸

Be noisy ³ö©

Be lazy ¢š£û¾

Complain, grumble ¥‰´

Don't eat too much! ! µú¾¡ò¹ì¾¨! Don't drive too fast! ! µú¾¢ñ®ìö©Ä¸¹ì¾¨! Don't be too noisy! ! µú¾³ö©¹ì¾¨! Don't be too lazy! ! µú¾¢š£û¾¹ì¾¨! Don't complain too much! ! µú¾¥‣ ¹ì¾¨!


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M-2 Touch ÀÀª½ªûº¤

Block the way ªñê¾¤

Make noise À»ñ©¦¼¤©ñ¤

Disturb ìö®¡¸

Step on, grass µ¼®, ¹ û¾

Smoke ¦ø®µ¾

Please don't touch! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾ÀÀª½ªûº¤! Please don't block the way! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾ªñê¾¤! Please don't make noise! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾À»ñ©¦¼¤©ñ¤! Please don't disturb (anyone)! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾ìö®¡¸! Please don't step on the grass! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾µ¼®¹ û¾! Please don't smoke! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾¦ø®µ¾!


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M-3 Enter À¢í¾

Smoke ¦ø®µ¾

Open À ó©

Pass, race §ú¸¤

Trespass ìú¸¤ìÕ

Dump trash «™´¢šÀ¹ œº

Pick flowers À©ñ©©º¡Ä´û

Do not enter. ¹û¾´À¢í¾

Do not smoke. ¹û¾´¦ø®µ¾.

Do not open. ¹û¾´À ó©.

Do not pass. ¹û¾´§ú¸¤.

Do not trespass. ¹û¾´ìú¸¤ìÕ.

No dumping. ¹û¾´«™´¢šÀ¹ œº.

Do not pick flowers. ¹û¾´À©ñ©©º¡Ä´û.


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245

C-1 A. I don't want him to eat too much. A. would you please tell him for me. B. Don't eat too much. B. C-2 A. What did they tell us? A.? B. They told us, please don't touch. B. C-3 A. What does that sign say? A. ? B. No, smoking. B. ¦¿ìñ®¡¾±ô¡¹ñ©À²™´Àªñ´Ã®ô©»¼š ¡ð´óÁªú¸ú¾ Ã¹ññ¡»¼®º¡¡ñ ®ÒÃ¹ûÀ»ñ©¦…¤Ã©¦…¤…¤ ¹ìõ Ã¹ûÀ¢ö¾À¥í¾¯½ªò®ñ©ª¾´

£¿®º¡¢º¤¾¨£ëø. ¡¾±ô¡¹ñ©£¸Ã¹ûÀ ñÄ¯©û¸¨ £¸¾´Ä¸ າຓ½©¾.

NOTES

1) The request form in Lao is the Verb phase without NP (subject): 'Go eat!'

The request may be softened by putting (Lit. 'kindness') 'please' before NP, 'Please speak slower' or by putting after VP:

'Walk faster, please.' 2) The negative request form is: 'don't' + VP: 'Don't eat too much.' This request

form may also be softened by putting before it: 'Please don't block the way.'

3) In written Lao 'It is forbidden to' is normally used. One sometimes sees signs like this:

'No Smoking'. is rarely used in spoken Lao in this construction.


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APPLICATION Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (Please don't smoke.) (b) (A sign) (No Trespassing.) (c) (Don't be too lazy.) (d) _________ (Read loudly, please.)

(e) ____________ (Walk fast.) (f) ______ (Don't answer that question.) (g) (Sign) (No picture taking here.) (h) __________ (Don't cook too much.) (i) ___________ (Don’t dump it out there.) (j (Please put it over there.) (k) (Sign): ___________ (Don't enter.) (l) (Don't eat too much hot spicy food.)

______________________

Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)


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Cycle 55

M-1

Where Ã¦?

What ¹¨ñ¤? Where have you been (to)? ? À¥í¾Ä¯Ã¦´¾? (You just come back) what did you do? ? À¥í¾Ä¯¹¨ñ¤´¾? M-2 Pagoda, temple ñ©

To eat (meal) ¡òÀ¢í¾

See the doctor Ä¯¹¾¹ ð

To get a shot ¦ñ¡µ¾

Warehouse ¦¾¤À¡ñ®À£º¤

I've been to the temple. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¸ñ©´¾. I've been to eat. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¡òÀ¢í¾´¾. I've been to see the doctor. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¹¾¹ ð´¾. I've come back from ¢ûº¨Ä¯¦ñ¡µ¾´¾. getting a shot. I've been to the warehouse. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¦¾¤À¡ñ®À£•º¤´¾. C-1 A. Where have you been? A. ? B. I've been to school. B. . C-2 A. (You just come back) What did you do? A. ? B. I've been to eat. B. .


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NOTES 1) The construction ....is used to indicate that someone is returning from having been

to some place or having done something: 'I've just been to the temple'. 'I've been out to eat.' The type of question may reflect the difference referred to above: ? 'Where have you been?' ? 'What have you been doing?' (Lit. What do you come from doing?) APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences: (a) _______ (I've been to eat.) (b) ___________ ? (What have you been doing?) (c) ___________ (I've been to get a shot.) 2) Answer the following questions according to the actual situation: (d) ? (e) ? (f) ? (g) ? 3) Translate the following sentences into English: (h) (i) (j)

______________________

Answers: 1(a) 1(b) 1 (c) 2 Your answers depend on what you have been doing. 3 (h) He just came back from unlocking that door (i) My friend has just come back from fighting in Vietnam (j) He has been standing in line for half an hour.


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249

Cycle 56

M-1

You (pl.) ²¸¡À¥í¾

Book (classifier) ›´, ¹ö¸

Car (classifier) ìö©, £ñ

Airplane (classifier) À»õº®ò, ìð¾

Gun (classifier) õ, ¡½®º¡

Paper, sheet (classifier) À¥Éງ, ÀÀ°ú

Boat (classifier) À»õº, ìð¾

Where did you all come from? ? ²¸¡À¥í¾´¾ÀÀªúÃ¦? Where did this book come from? ? ›´¹ô¸š´¾ÀÀªúÃ¦? Where did this car come from? ? ìô©£ïš´¾ÀÀªúÃ¦? Where did this airplane come from? ? À»óº®ðìî¾š´¾ÀÀªúÃ¦? Where did this gun come from? ? ó¡½®º¡š´¾ÀÀªúÃ¦? Where did this paper come from? ? Àຈ ງ°úš´¾ÀÀªúÃ¦? Where did this boat come from? ? À»óºìî¾š´¾ÀÀªúÃ¦?


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M-2 Market ຉະນ¾©

Bring Àºö¾´¾

School Â»¤»¼

Paksan ¯¾¡§ñ

Luang Prabang ¹ì¸¤²ë½®¾¤

Bring.... Àºö¾... ´¾

Office building Â»¤¡¾

Policeman ªð¾ນ¸©

We came from the market. ²¸¡¢ûº¨´¾ÀÀªúªະນາຈ. He brought this book ì¾¸Àºö¾ ›´¹ô¸š´¾ÀÀªú

from school. Â»¤»¼. This car came from Paksan. ìô©£ïš´¾ÀÀªú¯¾¡§ï. This boat came from À»óºìî¾š´¾ÀÀªú¹ì¸¤

Luang Prabang. ²ë½®¾¤. I brought this piece of ¢ûº¨Àºö¾ຽ ໄງ°úš´¾

paper from the office. ÀÀªúÂ»¤¡¾. The policeman brought ªð¾ນ¸©Àºö¾ õ¡½®º¡

this gun. š´¾.


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C-1 A. Where are you coming from? A.? B. I come from my house. B. C-2 A. Where did this airplane come from? A. ? B. It came from Bangkok. B. C-3 A. Where did this book come from? A. ? B. I brought it from school. B. ໃຄ¦ö´´÷©¦½«¾½¡¾-¢› Áìû¸Ã¹ûñ¡»¼-À ñ-ªö¸¦½Á©¤ Â©¨¡¾¦öê½¾ ¹ìõ «¾´Àºö¾ ì¾¨ì½º¼©ªú¾¤Å

¥¾¡¡ñ -Áì½ -¡ñ, -À ñªí¸ú¾: £ö¦º¤£öµõìö´¡ñµøÈ-À©† ö, £ò¸ຖຈÂ©¨¦¾, ¹ìõË ª¾´¦½«¾ê†º•Åºó¡.

¡úº¥½Ã¹ûñ¡»¼±ô¡¹ñ© ¡ðຈö¤Ã¹ûÁúÃ¥¸ú¾ êÈ¾-Ä©É²¾À¢ö-¾-À¥í¾±ô¡¹ñ©®ö©»¼¥öÄ©É©ó¦ö´£¸Áìû¸À¦ງ¡úº;

®Ò©„¤˜ º¾©¥½-À ñ-¡¾À¦ງÀ¸ì¾À ‣¾Å.

NOTES + Location is used refer to the point of origin of something (i. e. the starting point of a trip, the place where something was made, etc.). It is similar in usage to . Neither nor refer to the birthplace of a person. Q: ? 'Where did the plane come from?' A: 'It came from Bangkok.'

APPLICATION 1. How would you find out where certain thing originated, such as Japanese cars, German beer,

etc.? 2. How would you find out where a certain vehicle had just come from, such as an airplane, bus,

etc.? _________________________ Answers: to both 1. and 2. are: (NP) … ?


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252

Cycle 57 M-1

Take Àºö¾...Ä¯/´¾

Chicken Ä¡ú

Sell ¢¾¨

Buy and take §œÄ¯

Read ºú¾

Shave ÀÀ«

Head ¹ö¸

Enter the priesthood ®¸©

Get dressed ÀÀªú¤Âª

Festival ®÷

Hire ¥û¾¤

Look at, look after À®…¤

Offspring ìø¡

Request »ûº¤¢ð

Help; assist §úº¨

Remove, take off ö©ºº¡

Wash ìû¾¤

Hand ´õ


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He is taking the chickens to sell. ì¾ທຆòÀºö¾Ä¡úÄ¯¢¾¨. He is buying the book to read. ì¾ທຆ§œ ›´Ä¯ºú¾. He is having his head shaved ì¾¸ຆ«¹ö¸®¸©. to enter the priesthood. He is dressing up to go ì¾¸ຆÀÀªú¤ÂªÄ¯®÷. to the festival. He is hiring someone to ì¾¸ຆ¥û¾¤£ö´¾À®…¤ìö¡. come and look after his children. He is requesting them ì¾ທຆò»ûº¤¢ðÃ¹û

to come and help. À¢ö¾À¥í¾´¾§úº¨. He is removing his shoes ì¾¸ຆ ö©À¡ó®ºº¡Ä û. and putting them away. He is washing his hand ì¾¸ຆìû¾¤ õ¡òÀ¢í¾. in order to eat.


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M-2 Buy §œ

Paint ຌ ໄາ¦ó

Bring Àºö¾...´¾

Shave one's head ÀÀ«¹ö¸

Build a fire ©ñ¤Ä³

Go up ¢›Ä¯

Come down ìö¤´¾

Park a car ¥º©ìö©

Follow ð¾Ä¯

What is he buying the ì¾¸ຆ §œຌ ໄາ¦ó´¾À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? paint for? ? What is he having his ì¾¸ຆÀÀ«¹ö¸À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? head shaved for? ? What is he starting a ? ì¾ທຆ©ñ¤Ä³À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? fire for? What is he going up ì¾¸ຆ¢›Ä¯À»ï©¹¨ï¤? there for? ? What is he coming down ? ì¾¸ຆìö¤´¾À»ñ©¹ ñ¤? here for? What is he parking ? ì¾¸ຆ¥º©ìö©À»ñ©¹ ñ¤? the car for? What is he following ì¾¸ຆð¾À¢ö¾À¥í¾´¾À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? them here for? ?


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C-1 A. Why is he getting dressed? A. ? (get dressed to go the festival) B. He is getting dressed to go to the festival. B. C-2 A. What are you going to do? (Hire someone) A. ? B. I'm going to hire someone. B. A. What are you going hire someone for? A. ? (to look after the children) B. I'm hiring someone to come to look B.

after my children. C-3 A. What are you doing? (Washing my hands) A.? B. I'm washing my hand. B. A. Are you washing your hands in A. order to read ? ? B. No, I'm washing my hands in order to eat. B. Ã-®ô©š, êÈ¾-£ö¤À¹ñÁìû¸ ú¾ À»ö¾Ã§û£¿¡òëò¨¾¹ì¾¨£¿ªò©ªÒ¡ñ, À ñªí¸ú¾: "Ä¯ìû¾¤ õ´¾¡òÀ¢í¾". ໃຄ«¾´

ï¡»¼©û¸¨£¿«¾´ê†À¢ô¾-À¥í¾¥½ªûº¤ªº®©û¸¨¯ະÂນ¨¡ê†Ã§û £¿¡òëò¨¾¹ì¾¨£¿ªò©¡ñ-ຌÀ®…¤ -©÷.


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NOTES

1) In English Verb Phrases of Purpose may be joined to other VP by to, as in: NP + VP + to - VP (Purpose) He brought chicken to sell. Compare this with Lao: NP + VP + VP (Purpose) He brought chicken (to) sell.' 2) means 'to enter the Buddhist priesthood'. All young Lao men of the Buddhist religion

are supposed to spend some period of time during their lives living as monks in a monastery. One's head is shaved and all worldly possessions are given away before entry.

3) A is a temple fair. Each temple has at least one a year as an occasion for

reading certain Buddhist scriptures and also as a means of raising money to take care of temple needs. Many kinds of amusements (dances, songs, games, etc.) and many kinds of food are available.


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257

APPLICATION Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (He will borrow my book to read.) (b) (There's no water in his house. He'll take his car out to wash it.) (c) (He'll take pictures to send to his friend.) (d) ______________ (He'll take off his new shoes to put them away.) (e) ____________ (He'll bring you to translate the book for him.) (f) ________ (He'll come down to check our work.) (g) (He'll stop his bus to pick up passengers.) (h) (He would like to be a monk priest. He'll shave his head in order to enter the priesthood.) (i) (He told me to build a fire to cook with.) (j) (He'll go up to sleep on the second floor.)

Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

(h) (i) (j)


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258

Cycle 58 M-1

Nine À¡í¾

Five-thirty ¹û¾Â´¤À£…¤

Monday ñ¥ñ

Friday ñ¦÷¡

Morning À§í¾

Night time ໃາ£õ

Today ´œš

Tomorrow ´œº•

City À õº¤

Vientiane ¸¼¤¥ñ

Luang Prabang ¹ì¸¤²ë½®¾¤

House À»õº

From nine to five-thirty. ÀÀªú-À¡í¾Â´¤¹¾¹É¾Â´¤À£…¤. From Monday through Friday. ÀÀªú¸ñ¥ñ¹¾ ñ¦÷¡. From morning to dark. ÀÀªú-À§í¾¹¾£Ô. From today to tomorrow. ÀÀªú´œš¹¾ œº•. From the city of Vientiane ÀÀªúÀ õº¤¸¼¤¥ñ¹¾

to Luang Prabang. À õº¤¹ì¸¤²½®¾¤. From my house to yours. ÀÀªúÀ»õº¢ûº¨¹¾À»õºÀ¥í¾.


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M-2 Where (question) Ã¦

Day ´œ

Which (question) Ã©

Time À¸ì¾

When (question) À¸ì¾Ã©

Clock, watch, o'clock Â´¤

From ¥¾¡

Reach, get to À«ò¤

From where to where? ? ÀÀªúÃ¦¹¾Ã¦? From what day to what day? ? ÀÀªú´œÃ©¹¾´œÃ©? From when to when? ÀÀªúÀ¸ì¾Ã©¹¾À¸ì¾Ã©?

? From what time to what ? ÀÀªú¥ñ¡Â´¤¹¾¥ñ¡Â´¤? time? From where to where? ? ¥¾¡Ã¦À«ò¤Ã¦?


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M-3 Drive ¢ñ®

Car ìö©

Ride ¢†

Airplane À»õº®ò

Inter-city bus ìö©Â©¨¦¾

Make a trip À©óê¾¤

He is going to drive from Vientiane to Luang Prabang

ຖາທຆຂຍຖຈ ຉໃ-າກ

ທຄຌແຎນທຄຑະຍາຄ

He is going to fly from Vientiane to Luang Prabang

ຖາທຂໃ ຽປບຍຌ ຉໃ-າກ-

ທຄຌແຎນທຄຑະຍາຄ

He is going to take a city bus from Vientiane to Luang Prabang

ຖາທຆຂໃຖຈຈງຘາຌ

ຉໃ-າກ ທຄຌ

ແຎນທຄຑະຍາຄ

He is going to take a trip from Vientiane to Luang Prabang

ຖາທຆຽຈຌາຄ

ຉໃ-າກ ທຄຌ

ແຎນທຄຑະຍາຄ


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261

M-4 Reach, get to »º©

Build ¦û¾¤

Mend, repair, restore ¦ûº´ÀÀ§´

Pile up, head up ²ø

They will build the road from this village to that one

ຽຑໃ ຌະຘໄາຄຊະໜຌ າກ-ຉໃ

ຍໄາຌຌໄແຎ ຽຊຄ ນາ-ປບຈ ຍໄາຌຌ ໄຌ

They will repair the road from this village to that one

ຽຑໃ ຌະຘໄບຓຆຓຊະໜຌ າກ-ຉໃ


They are going to raise the level of the road from this village to that one

ຽຑໃ ຌະຑຌຊະໜຌ າກ-ຉໃ



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M-5 Drive a car ¢ñ®ìö©

Age ? º¾ ÷

Live with µøúð¾

Wait for «û¾

Go home, return À õº®û¾

Try, attempt ²ະ¨¾¨¾´

Last, final ¦÷©êû¾¨

I will drive until I get to Luang Prabang.

ຂໄບງຆ¢ñ®ìö©ແຎຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊຄ

ນທຄຑະຍາຄ

He lived with his parents until he reached the age of 21.

ຖາທດໃຌ າຑ ໃ ຓ ໃຖາທຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊຄ

ບາງຖາທແຈໄຆາທຽບຈຎ

I’ll wait for him until it’s time to go home.

ຂໄບງຆຊ ໄາຖາທຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊຄ

ຽທຖາÀ´õº®û¾

I’ll keep trying until the last day

ຂໄບງຆຑະງາງາຓແຎຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊຄ

ຓໄ¦÷©êû¾¨


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C-1 A. He drove from where to where? A. ? B. He drove from his house to his B. office. C-2 A. You will be here from what day A. to what day ? ? B. I will be here from Monday to A. Sunday. C-3 A. You are going to drive from A. Vientiane to where ? ? B. I'm going to drive from Vientiane B. to Luang Phrabang. A. Then what will you do? A. ?

B. I'm going to fly from B. Luang Phrabang to Muangsing. C-4 A. Until what time are you going to A. wait for him? ? B. I'll wait for him until twelve B. o'clock. ¹ìñ¤¥¾¡¡¾±ô¡¹ñ©¥öìú¼©óÁìû¸ ìº¤«¾´ñ¡»¼À®…¤©÷! À¢ö¾À¥í¾¥½»¼²¾¦¾ì¾¸ Ä¯»º©À©õºÃ©? ¹ìõ ú¾

À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ¥½»¼²¾¦¾ì¾¸ ÁªúÀ©õºÃ©Ä¯¹¾À©õºÃ©? Áì½ œ…¤ À¢ö¾À¥í¾»¼ Áªú¥ñ¡Â´¤¹¾¥ñ¡Â´¤? ຈ ງ¯½

©ò© ຽຖໄບຄ¯½¡º®¢›ª•´ºó¡ À®…¤©÷! «û¾¹¾¡êÈ¾ Áªú¤ຽຖໄບຄ ê†À ï¹û¾¦öÃ¥ ñ¡ð¥½§úº¨ñ¡»¼Ä©É¹ì¾¨

ê†¦õ©. ຽຖໄບຄ ê†Áªú¤¢› ¡ð£¸²ະ¨¾¨¾´Ã¹û´ñÀ¹´¾½¦ö´¡ñ®¸¼¡¤¾ ºñÁêû¥ò¤ ¢º¤ñ¡»¼, À ñªí¸ú¾: ¦¿

ìñ®²¸¡ ê†À ïï¡¡¾êö©, êÈ¾¡ðð£¸ Áªú¤ຽຖໄບຄ ê†¡ú¼¸¡ï® ¸¼¡®û¾¡¾À´õº¤; «û¾¹¾¡À¢ö¾À¥í¾À ñ ²ñຈ êະ

¾¡º ¡ðຈ ¤Áªú¤ຽຖໄບຄ¡ú¼¸¡ñ®¡¾ ø¡±ñ¤ Áì½ ìÉ¼¤¦ñ©, Áì½ ©É¾¡¾¦É¾¤¦¾ªÈ¾¤Å, ©„¤š À ïªí.


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NOTES In Lao there are several ways to refer to an extent of space or period of time that is bounded in both ends.

1) is used if ‘static’ space or duration of time is referred to:

‘From Vientiane to Luang-phabang ‘from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.

2) If emphasis is on motion between two points in space, . is used.

{

'He will drive from Vientiane to Luang Prabang.'

Frequently the means of transportation is indicated in constructions of this type ( etc.).

3) If emphasis is on reaching a certain limit or goal. 'to reach', 'to or towards', or 'to arrive at' may be used:

{

'They will build a road from this village to that village' The reference is usually to a known goal or limit.

{ 4) is used to indicate that some activity will proceed only until

a certain limit is reached. It may not be known when that limit will be reached.

{

'I will wait for her until it's time to go home. (but no longer)'


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265

APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (They study from 9.00 a.m.to 4.00 p.m) (b) ? (In America most people work from what day to what day?) (c) (It takes one hour to fly from Vientiane to Luang Phrabang.) (d) ? (You studied Lao from what lesson to what lesson?)

(e) ?

(Are you going to drive a car or go by boat from Vientiane to Pakse?) (f) ? (The Chinese are going to build a road from their city to what city?) (g) p (It is 60 kilometers from Vientiane to Phonhong.) (h)

(Some Americans live with their parents up to age 21.) (i) (They will sit here playing until it's time to go home.(and no longer).' (j) (They won't stay in this town as long as 2 weeks.)

Answers: (a) (b)

(c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)


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266

Cycle 59

M-1

Stomach ache À¥ñ®êûº¤

A headache / ຽຍນທ / ¯¸©¹ö¸

To have fever À ñÄ¢û

To have a cold À ñ¹ ñ©

To have diarrhea «º¡êûº¤

To have a cough À ñÄº

To be dizzy ò¹ö¸ He has stomach ache. ì¾¸À¥ñ®êûº¤. He has a headache. ì¾¸¯¸©¹ö¸. He has a fever. ì¾¸À ñÄ¢û. He has a cold. ì¾¸À ñ¹¸ñ©. He has diarrhea. ì¾¸«º¡êûº¤. He has a cough. ì¾¸À ñÄº. He is dizzy. ì¾¸ ò¹ö¸.


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267

M-2 What's wrong? ? À ñ¹ ñ¤?

Sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨

Getting better Ä£¢›

Condition º¾¡¾

Very sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨¹ì¾¨

Recover ¹¾¨, À§ö¾

What's wrong with him? ? ì¾¸À ñ¹¨ñ¤? Is he sick? ? ì¾¸®Ò¦½®¾¨®ð? Is he getting better? ì¾¸Ä£¢›ÀÀ©úÀÀìû¸®ð? ? How is his condition? º¾¡¾¢º¤ì¾¸ À ñÀÀ¸Ã©? ? Is he very sick? ? ì¾¸®Ò¦½®¾¨¹ì¾¨®ð? Has he recovered? ? ì¾¸¹¾¨ÀÀìû¸®ð? Has he recovered? ? ì¾¸À§ö¾ÀÀìû¸®ð?


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M-3

Not very serious. ®Ò»û¾¨Á»¤¯¾Ã©!

Very serious! »û¾¨Á»¤¹ì¾¨!

A little better! ©ó¢›Á©úÁìû¸!

Much better! ©ó¢›¹ì¾¨Áìû¸!

Worse than before! §÷©Â§´ìö¤¡¸ú¾-À¡‣¾

Still the same! ²ð¯¾-À¡‣¾

C-1 A. What's wrong with you? A. ? B. I have a stomach ache. B. C-2 A. Is he sick? A. ? B. Yes, he is sick, he has a cough. B. Ã¹Éñ¡»¼ ¦ö´´÷©Àºö¾À®…¤©÷ ú¾ ì¾¸Ä¯µû¼´µ¾´À²•º£ö…¤ ê†¡¿ìï¤º»ï¡¦¾ -ຉດໃ»¤¹ ð. Ã¹Éñ¡»¼ ºó¡£ö

…¤¦ö´ ÷©¸ú¾ -À ñ£öÀ¥ñ® Áìû¸«¾´- ªº® ¡ú¼¸¡ñ®º¾¡¾-¢º¤-ì¾¸.

NOTES 1) means 'to hurt'. It is used to refer to the feeling one has right after an injury; hence it is

usually temporary. means 'to ache'. It normally refers to a more lasting sensation than .would refer to a bump on the head, where as, would refer to the 'headache' that might come from the bump. In some cases the above distinction doesn't exist and is one kind of painful sensation and is another.

2) + name of disease may also be used to indicate what particular ailment one has,

such as 'He has a cold.' means 'to catch cold.' 3) 'to be dizzy' may be followed by 'head'. means 'to be dizzy (in the

head)'. means 'to pour out (as with liquids, etc.)' When occurs with it means 'dysentery, diarrhea'.


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4) Either of the following may be used interchangeably to inquire about the health of a person: ? 'What's wrong with him?' ? 'Is he sick?' ? 'How is his condition?' To inquire whether a person's sickness is subsiding: ? 'Is he getting better?' ? 'Has she recovered?'

5) 'up, go up' and 'down, go down' are both used after stative verbs to indicate a situation that is in process of change indicates an 'upward' change ('getting better); whereas, indicates a 'downward' change ( 'becoming worse, worsening'.) ( lit. 'Than old') 'than before' may occurs after or . (lit. equal in extent to old) 'still the same' is used to refer to conditions that have not undergone change.


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270

APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences according to the English; (a) (He has a stomach ache.) (b) (I'm very sick.) (c) (The situation hasn't changed.)

(d) (What's the matter with you?) (e) (Does he have a cough?) (f) (He has flu.) (g) ?___________ (Has he recovered yet? Not yet.) (h) ______________ (My head hurts worse than before.) (i ) _____________________ (He doesn't have a stomach ache.) (j) _____ (He couldn't come to work because he had a bad stomach ache.) (k) ____________ (When we aren’t well, we should go to the doctor's) (l) ________, (The doctor said he was very sick. He may have to go to the hospital.)

(m) ______ _____________. (We shouldn't go stay with people who have colds because we might catch cold.) (n) __________.

(Yesterday he had a headache but he didn't rest. Today his condition has become much more serious.)

Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f (g) ()(h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n)


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271

Cycle 60 M-1

Come to work ´¾¡¾

Question, ask «¾´

Answer ªº®

Take a rest ²ñ¡°úº

Eat ¡ò

Get to go Ä©ûÄ¯

Why doesn't he come À ñ¹ ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®´¾¡¾?Ò to work? ? Why did he ask? À ñ¹¨ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤ແຈໄ«¾´? ? Why doesn't he À ñ¹ ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®Òªº®? answer? ? Why doesn't he take a À ñ¹ ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®Òແຈໄ²ñ¡°úº? rest? ? Why did he eat (it) ? À ñ¹ ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤ແຈໄ¡ò? Why didn't he get to go? À ñ¹ ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®Ò Ä©ûÄ¯? ?


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272

M-2 Sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨

Understand À¢í¾Ã¥

Know »ûø

Have time ´óÀ¸ì¾

To be hungry ¹ò¸

Come late ´¾§û¾

Because he is sick. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸®Ò¦½®¾¨. Because he doesn't understand. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸®ÒÀ¢í¾Ã¥. Because he didn't know. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸®Òແຈໄ»ûø. Because he doesn't have time. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸®Ò´óÀ¸ì¾. Because he is hungry. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸¹ó¸. Because he comes late. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸´¾§û¾.


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M-3 Buy §œ

New Ã¹ ú

Have ´ó

Sell ¢¾¨

Old -À¡‣¾

Pick, get, take Àºö¾

Wife À´ງ

Get married ÀÀªú¤¤¾

Travel À©óê¾¤

He bought an new car ì¾¸ແຈໄ§œìô©Ã¹ ú À²¾½ ú¾

because he has a lot of money. ì¾¸ óÀ¤ò¹ì¾¨. He bought a new car because ì¾¸§œìô©Ã¹ úÀ²¾½ ú¾

he has sold his old car. ì¾¸Ä©û¢¾¨ ìö©-À¡‣¾ì¾¸. He bought a new car because ì¾¸ແຈໄຆໄìö©Ã¹´úÀ²¾½ ú¾

he is getting married. ì¾¸ຆÀÀªú¤¤¾. He bought a new car because ì¾¸§œìô©Ã¹´úÀ²¾½ ú¾

he is going make a trip. ì¾¸ຆÀ©óê¾¤.


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C-1 A. Why didn't he come to work? A. ? B. Because he is sick. B. C-2 A. Why did he buy a new car? A. ? B. He bought a new car because he is B. getting married. C-3 A. What did he do? A. ? B. He took a vacation. B. A. Why did he take a vacation? A. ? B. He took a vacation because he had B. the time. ໃຄª¤ ñ¹¾¦ö´´÷©¢› Áìû¸Ã¹Éñ¡»¼¦Ó Ì«¾´ -Áì½ Âªû¸¾êó¡ñ À®…¤©÷ ú¾: À ñ¹ ñ¤, ¹ìõ ©û¸¨À¹©Ã© À¹©¡¾

Á¸Ã©Á¸…¤ ¥…¤À¡ó©¢› ¹ì õ¥…¤-À ñÄ -Ãê¿º¤ªú¾¤Å?

NOTES 1) The word order in the type of question is: + NP + + VP + + + (why he then not eat) 'Why didn't he eat?’ 2) is always in sentence initial position, 'Why, for what purpose' always

comes after the MV in the sentence.? 3) The usual response to + Sentence is + Sentence: Q: ? 'Why didn't he come to work?' A: . 'Because he was ill.' never occurs in responses with


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In highly stylized spoken or written language the question may be answered as follows: Q: ? 'Why didn't he come to work?' A: 'He was ill; he, therefore, didn't come to work.'

APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) ? (Why didn't he come to school today?) (b) (He didn't answer their question because he didn't know the answer.) (c) (He doesn't want a wife, so he hasn't got married.) (d) ? (He didn't wait for them, because he didn't have much time, is that so?) (e) (If he had a lot of money, he'd buy a new car.) (f) ? (Why did ask for them?) (g) (That car doesn't run very well, so he's selling it cheap.) (h) (Their work is not yet finished, so they are not resting) (i) (He's already eaten, so he isn't hungry.) (j) ? (Why didn't you tell him? Didn't you want him to know?) Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)


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276

Cycle 61 M-1

Pity ºó©øªö

Love »ñ¡

Afraid µû¾

Empathize À¹ñÃ¥

Feel bashful º¾¨

Dislike, hate §ñ¤

Have consideration for À¡¤Ã¥

I pity him. ¢ûº¨ºò©øªöì¾¸. I love her. ¢ûº¨»ñ¡ຌາຄ. I am afraid of him. ¢ûº¨µû¾ì¾¸. I empathize with him. ¢ûº¨À¹ñÃ¥ì¾¸.

I feel bashful (in front of) him. ¢ûº¨º¾¨ì¾¸.

I hate him. ¢ûº¨§ñ¤ì¾¸. I have consideration for him. ¢ûº¨À¡¤Ã¥ì¾¸.


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M-2 Young unmarried girl ຏໄ¦¾¸

Military officer ¾¨ê½¹¾

Servant £öÃ§û

Prisoner ñ¡Âê©

Beggar £ö¢ðê¾

Merchant ²Ò£û¾

Doctor êú¾¹ ð

What kind of feelings do À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ÀÀ¸Ã©

you have towards this ªÒ ຏໄຘາທຏໄ š? young unmarried girl? ? What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ÀÀ¸Ã©

do you have towards this ຉ ໃ ¾¨ê½¹¾ຏໄ š?

military officer? ? What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ÀÀ¸Ã©

do you have towards this ຉ ໃ £öÃ§ûຏໄš? servant? ? What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ ÀÀ¸Ã©

do you have towards this ຉ ໃ ²Ò£û¾ຏໄš? merchant? ? What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»øû¦ô¡ ÀÀ¸Ã©

do you have towards this ªÒ êú¾¹´ðຏໄš? doctor? ? C-1 A. Don't you empathize with him? A. ? B. I empathize with him. B. C-2 A. What kind of feelings do you have A. towards this merchant ? ? B. I have a feeling of empathy with B. him.


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278

ໃຄÃ¹Éñ¡»¼ Àì‣¾-Àëœº¤¢º¤®÷¡£öªú¾¤Å ê†À¢ô¾-À¥í¾»øû¥ñ¡©ó – Áì½Ã¹ÉÀ¢ö¾-À¥í¾®º¡-À«ò¤-£¸¾´»øû¦ô¡ ¢º¤À¢ö¾-À¥í¾Àº¤

ê†´ñ ªÒÁªúì½®÷¡£öÀ¹ì‣¾. ©É¸¨À¹©°öµú¾¤Ã©¥‡-¤À ñµÈ¾¤-.

NOTES 1) Verbs of Emotion may be: (a) Transitive Verb: 'I love her.' ? 'Do you hate me? (b) Stative Verbs: (She is shy of you) 'Your presence causes her to be shy.' (c) Or compounds with - 'heart, soul, spirit.' . 'I empathize with him'. (I associate my self with his feelings.) 'I have consideration for his feelings.' may be used in the negative with the meaning 'Don't be afraid of imposing on me (by making a request, etc.)' 2) is a noun formative (like - ness in English).Noun Compounds with as the

head of the compound are Abstract Nouns, 'feeling', k'love', 'empathy', 'bashfulness', 'concern', etc...

APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences: (a) (We don't pity him because he is a lazy person.) (b) (They'll get married next month since they have been in love for 2 years.)


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(c) (He doesn't have any feelings toward them.) (d) (His friends empathize with him but they can't help him any) (e) (He took my car and used it without considering me.) (f) (Some servants don't respect their bosses.) (g) (A boss that is good must love and empathize with his people.) (h) (He said he dislikes merchants that are not honest.) (i) (He's afraid I will make him shy.) (j) (He told her not to be shy because he is a doctor.) 2. Express how you feel about the following: (a) The President (b) the Lao people

(c) dogs (d) your wife or sister (e) your children (f) dishonest people (g) your religion (h) meeting strangers

Answers: 1(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) 2Your answers

will depend on how you feel about each of these.


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280

Cycle 62 M-1

Think £ò©

Know »ûø

Understand À¢í¾Ã¥

Hear Ä©û ò

Say, speak À í¾

Tell ®º¡ I think he didn't know. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ì¾¸®ÒÄ©û»ûø. I know she didn't know. ¢ûº¨»ûø ú¾ ì¾¸®ÒÄ©û»ûø. I understood he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©ûÀ¢í¾Ã¥¸ú¾ ì¾¸ບ Ä©û»ûø. I heard he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©û ò¸ú¾ ì¾¸®ÒÄ©û»ûø.

I said he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©ûÀ í¾¸ú¾ ì¾¸®ÒÄ©û»ûø. I told he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©û®º¡¸ú¾ ì¾¸ຍ ໃÄ©û»ûø.


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281

M-2 Believe À§•-º

Answer ªº®

To question «¾´

Feel »ûø¦ô¡

Suspect ¦ö¤ແ¦

Predict, guess ê¸¾¨

How do you believe? ? À¥í¾À§•-º¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©? How did you answer? ? À¥í¾ແຈໄªº®¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©? How did you ask? ? À¥í¾ ແຈໄ«¾´¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©? How did you suspect? ? À¥í¾ແຈໄ ¦ö¤ແ¦¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©? How did you predict? ? À¥í¾ແຈໄ ê¸¾¨ ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©?


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282

M-3 Story, matter Àìœº¤

City À õº¤

Politics ¡¾À´õº¤

War ¦ö¤£¾´

Grow, raise; rice ø¡, À¢í¾

Feed, nourish; raise ìû¼¤, ¦ñ© Politicians know about ñ¡¡¾À´õº¤»ûøÀìœ-º¤

politics. ¡¾À´õº¤. The military know about war. . ê½¹¾»øûÀìœ-º¤¦ö¤£¾´. Farmers know about growing §¾¸¾»øûÀìœ-º¤ ø¡À¢í¾. rice. Farmers know about raising §¾¸¡½¦ò¡º»øûÀìœ-º¤

animals. ¡¾ìû¼¤¦ñ©. C-1 A. Do you think he will be interested? A. ? B. I think he will be interested. B. C-2 A. How did you understand it? A. ? B. I think he will be interested. B. C-3 A. What do you know? A. ? B. I know about Laos. B.

®ô©š´ñ¥õ©¯½¦ô¤ µ¾¡Ã¹Éñ¡»¼»øû¥ñ¡Ã§û£¿¸ú¾: " ú¾". À»ô¾Ã§û£¿šÀ¸ì¾Ã©? ñ¡»¼-À¢í¾-Ã¥©ó-ÁìÉ¸ -¹ìõ- ñ¤?


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283

NOTES 1) Verbs of saying, thinking, etc. frequently have sentences as complement; when they

do,occurs obligatorily as a connective; 'I didn't think he knew.' 'He knew you were very ill.' 2) 'what, how, in what way is the usual question from with sentences like those above; Q. ? 'What did you answers?' A. 'I said, take it over there and leave it.' 3) Although 'story, matter' is a noun, it functions somewhat like a preposition in English when it occurs after 'to know (a fact)', thus (lit. know matter Laos) 'to know about Laos'. 4) is a Noun formative. Noun compound with are 'action nominals', i. e. they refer to action and correspond roughly to the - ing from of the verb as in Singing songs is fun. ' ': 'Growing rice' ; '''Raising animals' etc. 5) 'to think' is sometimes pronounced


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APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (I thought you had some interest in Laos.) (b) (He doesn't know what he should do (what would be good to do). (c) (I heard that food will become more expensive this year.) (d) (The students asked me about raising animals in Laos.) (e) (I don't feel he is very interested in this matter.) (f) (They suspect he is an enemy soldier.) (g) (He knows politics but he doesn’t know war.) (h) (The villagers suspect that he may not know much about raising animals.) (i) (I don't want to ask him because he doesn’t know anything about this.) (j) (He couldn't answer that he didn't have the time.)

Answers: 1(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)


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285

Cycle 63 M-1

Difficult, hard ¨¾¡

Convenient ¦½©¸¡

Confused ¹¨û÷¤

Complicated and difficult ¹¨û÷¤¨¾¡

Dangerous (as of environment) ¡ñ©¾

Free from ¯º©

Danger Äຑ

Free from danger, safe ¯º©Äຑ

Luck Â§¡

Good, well ©ó

Good luck Â§¡©ó

I think it's very difficult ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨. I think it's very convenient. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¦½©¸¡¹ì¾¨. I think it's very complicated. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¹ û÷¤¨¾¡¹ì¾¨. I think it's very dangerous. . ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¡ñ©¾¹ì¾¨. I think it's very safe. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¯º©Ä²¹ì¾¨.


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286

M-2 Difficult ¨¾¡

Convenient ¦½©¸¡

Clean ¦½º¾©

Dirty À œ-º

Expensive ÀÀ²¤

Cheap «õ¡

Is it difficult? ? ຓຌ¨¾¡®ð? Is it convenient? ? ຓຌ¦½©¸¡®ð? Is it clean? ? ຓຌ¦½º¾©®ð? Is it dirty? ? ຓຌÀ œ-º®ð? Is it expensive? ? ຓຌÀÀ²¤®ð? Is it cheap? ? ຓຌ«õ¡®ð?


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287

M-3 Help, assist §úº¨

Stay (temporary) ²ñ¡

Ask ¢ð

Move û¾¨

Place ®úº

Other º•

Be at risk ¦ú¼¤

Need ªûº¤¡¾

Soldier ê½¹¾

Buy §œ

More, again ºó¡

Delicious ÀÀ§®

It's so difficult, he let ´ñ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨ ì¾¸¥…¤

them come help. Ã¹ûÀ¢ö¾À¥í¾´¾§úº¨. It's so convenient, he ´ñ¦½©¸¡¹ì¾¨ ì¾¸¥…¤

wants to come stay here. µ¾¡´¾²ï¡µöúš. The situation is so difficult, ´ñ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨ ì¾¸¥…¤¢ð

he therefore asked to move û¾¨Ä¯®úºº•. to another place. The situation is so dangerous , ´ñ¡ñ©¾¹ì¾¨ ì¾¸¥…¤®Ò¦ú¼¤.

he doesn't risk it. The situation is so safe, he ´ñ¯º©Ä²¹ì¾¨ ì¾¸¥…¤

doesn't need any soldiers. ®Òªûº¤¡¾ê½¹¾. It is so delicious, he ´ñÀÀ§®¹ì¾¨ ì¾¸¥…¤§œºñ¡. bought more.


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288

M-4 Task, work ¸¼¡

Receive »ñ®

Problem, trouble ñ¹¾

Life §ó¸ò©

On mountains Àêò¤²ø

Area À¢©

Liberate ö© úº¨

Is this job difficult? ? ¸¼¡š¨¾¡®î? Does this hotel have Â»¤ÀÀ»´š ຓ£¸¾´¦½©¸¡

all the conveniences? ? ນາງ®ð? Is this problem complex? ? ï¹¾š ¹¨û÷¤¨¾¡®ð? Is life in the mountains §ó¸ò©µúøÀêò¤² ø¡ñ©¾®ð? dangerous? ? Is this liberated area safe? À¢© ô© úº¨š ¯º©Ä²®ð? ? Is this food delicious? ? º¾¹¾šÀÀ§®®î?


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M-5

This work is so complicated ¸¼¡š ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨, ì¾¸¥‡¤

and difficult, he had them Ã¹ÉÀ¢ö¾-À¥í¾´¾§úº¨. come help. This hotel affords so many ປຄປຓຌໄ ເນໄທາຓຘະຈທກ conveniences, he likes to ນາງ, ì¾¸¥‡¤µ¾¡´¾²ñ¡

stay here. µøÈËš The work here is so ¸¼¡š ¹ ÷É¤¨¾¡¹ì¾¨, ì¾¸

complicated, he asked to ¥‡¤¢ð û¾¨Ä¯®úºº•. move to another place. This cake is so delicious, ¢ô´š Á§®¹ì¾¨, ì¾¸¥‡¤

he'll buy some more. ຆ§œºñ¡.


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C-1 A. Is it convenient? A. ? B. I think it's very convenient. B. C-2 A. Is this food delicious? A. ? B. This food is so delicious he'll buy B. some more. C-3 A. This work is so difficult that he had them A. come and help, didn't he? ? B. That's right, this work is so difficult that B. he had them come and help. C-4 A. Why did he have them come to help? A.

? B. He had them come to help because this B. work is very difficult.

NOTES

1) The Subject is not expressed in Lao when the reference is to a general situation, except in certain situations:

Q: ? 'Is (it) dangerous?' A: '(It) isn't very dangerous. ' In more complex sentences 'it' must be used: 'It's so difficult he them come help.' 2) The So + Adjective + that + Sentence construction in English is expressed in Lao by: Vs + + NP (subject) +

(It is difficult very he then....) 'It's so difficult that he....'


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The such + Adjective + NP + that + S construction is expressed in Lao: NP + Vs + + NP (Subjective) +

work interesting very he then.... 'such interesting work that he...'

APPLICATION 1) Translate the following sentences into English:

(a)

(b) (c) (d)

. (e)

(f) (g)

(g)

(h) (i) (j) _______________________________

Answers: 1(a) He thinks the work here is so hard that he would like have you help him. (b) I am very appreciative that you have made it convenient. (c) He had such complicated work to do that he didn’t know what to do first. (d) They don’t want to sit near him because his clothes are dirty. (e) He thought he was very lucky because the enemy soldiers didn’t see him. (f) The work in my office is not very convenient. (g) The soldiers wouldn’t let us go because this path is not safe. (h) Traveling in this area is very dangerous. (i) Food is expensive because the country is in a very precarious (difficult and dangerous) situation. (j) When going and coming are convenient everything is cheap.


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292

Cycle 64 M-1

Believe, trust À§•-º

Summarize, conclude ¦½ì÷® (Àºö¾)

Hope ¹ ñ¤

Estimate, calculate, guess ¡½

To dream ±ñ

Foretell ê¿¾¨

To be sure, certain, confident ÀÀúÃ¥

You believe that he À¥í¾À§•-º¸ú¾ ì¾¸ຆ§½½

will win, is that so? ? §®ð? You conclude that he will À¥í¾¦½ì÷®Àºö¾ ú¾ ì¾¸ຆ

win, is that so? ? §½½§®ð? You hope that he will win, À¥í¾¹ ñ¤ ú¾ ì¾¸ຆ§½½

is that so? ? §®ð? You calculate that he À¥í¾¡½ ú¾ ì¾¸ຆ§½½

will win, is that so? ? §®ð? You dreamed that he won À¥í¾ແຈໄ±ñ¸ú¾ ì¾¸ແຈໄ§½½

is that so? ? §®ð? You foretell that he will À¥í¾êð¾¾¨¸ú¾ ì¾¸

win, is that so? ? ຆ§½½§®ð? You are sure that he À¥í¾ÀÀúÃ¥¸ú¾ì¾¸

will win, is that so? ?? ຆ§½½§®ð?


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M-2 Win ? §ະ½

Take an exam À¦ñ¤

Pass an exam À¦ñ¤Ä©û

Rank ຆ ໄຌ

Promoted ແຈໄຂໄຌຆ ໄຌ

Receive »ñ®

Complete ¦ð¾Àëñ©

Defeated ²ú¾¨ÀÀ²û

That's how I see it. I ú¾ຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸, ¢ûº¨À§•-º¸ú¾ ì¾¸ຆ§ະ½. believe that he will win. ? That's the way I see it. ¸ú¾ຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸, ¢ûº¨À§•-º¸ú¾ ì¾¸ຆÀ¦ñ¤Ä©û. I believe that he will pass the exam. That's how I see it. I ¸ú¾ຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸, ຂໄບງຽຆໃ ບທໃາ ຖາທຂແຈໄ

believe that he will be ຂໄຌຆ ໄຌ promoted. That's how I see it. I ທໃາຆ ໄຌຖໄທ, ¢ûº¨À§•-º ú¾ ì¾¸ຆÄ©û»ñ®

believe that he will be £¸¾´¦ð¾Àëñ©. successful That's how I see it. I believe ທໃາຆ ໄຌຖໄທ, ¢ûº¨À§•º¸ú¾ ì¾¸

that he will be defeated. ແຈໄປຍທາຓຑໃາງຑໄ


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294

M-3 Write ¢¼

Cut ªñ©

Wrap, pack ນ ໃ

Leave, abandon ¯½Ä û

Stack something up Àºö¾µº¤¡ñ¢›

Hook À¡¾½

Each other ¡ñ

You write it like this, huh? k? ຽໄາຂຌ ໃຄຆໄຍ ? You cut it like this, huh? ? ຽໄາ ຉຈ ໃຄຆໄຍ ? You pack it like this, huh? ? ຽໄາ ນ ໃ ໃຄຆໄຍ ? You leave it like this, huh? ? ຽໄາຎະແທໄ ໃຄຆໄຍ ? You stack them up like ຽໄາÀºö¾µº¤¡ñ¢› ໃຄຆໄຍ ? this, huh? ? You hook them together ? ຽໄາຽບາຽກາະກຌ ໃຄຆໄຍ ? like this, huh?


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295

M-4 Think £ò©

Believe À§•-º

Propose ¦½À¹ó/ຘະຽໜ

Appear ¯ະ¡ö©

See À¹ñ

Observe, notice ¦ñ¤À¡©À¹ñ

I think so. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ໃຄຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸. He believes it's that way. ì¾¸-À§•º¸ú¾ ໃຄຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸. That's what he proposed. ຘະຽໜທໃາ ໃຄຆ ໄຌຖໄທ It appears to be so. ¯¾¡ö©¸ú¾ ໃຄຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸. That's how I see it. ¢ûº¨À¹ñ ú¾ ໃຄຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸. That's what I have ¢ûº¨ ແຈໄ¦ñ¤À¡©À¹ñ¸ú¾

noticed. ໃຄຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸.


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C-1 A. Do you believe he will pass the exam ? A. ? B. Yes, I believe he will pass the exam. B. C-2 A. You predict that he will get A. promoted, is that so ? ? B. Yes, I predict that he will B. certainly be promoted. C-3 A. What have you concluded ? A. ? B. I concluded that he will pass the exam. B. C-4 A. You believed that he wasn't coming, huh? A. ? B. Yes, That's what I believed. B. C-5 A. You are going to write it like this, huh? A. ? B. No. I'm going to write it like that. B. ໃຄ¦½Á©¤Ã¹Éñ¡»¼À¹ñທາຓÁª¡ªú¾¤ ì½¹ ú¾¤£¿ ú¾: "ຈ ¤ຆ ໄຌ" " ຈ ¤ຆ ໄຌ" óµú¾¤Ã©?. £¿ ú¾: " ຆ ໄຌ®ð?" " ú¾

ຆ ໄຌÁìû¸" À»ö¾Ã§û£¿ຽນໃ າšµú¾¤Ã©?

NOTES 1) 'like that' occurs withafter Sentences: ??'You believe he will win, is that so ? ? is similar in usage to? except that ?is used primarily to check the truth value of statements; whereas, ? is used to check an opinion or a guess, and hence is more informal.The usual answers to ? questions is which means 'That's how I see it' or 'That's what I had in mind'. 2) 'like that' and 'like this' are used in statements and questions relating to how something is done.


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? 'You write it like this, huh? means 'In that case'. It is heard often in conversation.


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APPLICATION 1) Translate the following sentences into English: (a) (b) (c) (d) ? (e) (f) (g) ? (h) ? (i) (j)

Answers: l ( a ) He doesn't study. I'm afraid he'll fail the exam.

( b ) I hope so.

( c ) He believe that where there is striving ( trying ) there will be success.

( d ) What did you dream last night?

( e ) Most Laos believe in dreams. ( f ) We cannot conclude that his work will fail. ( g ) If one side wins, the other side must lose. ( h ) He believes that victory and failure are pairs. ( i ) Last year he failed!!!He is certain he will pass this year. ( j ) Certainly, I believe he will be promoted.


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299

CYCLE-65

M-1 He will go to the market, ì¾¸ ຆÄ¯ªì¾©, ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸

then he will go to the hospital. ຆÄ¯Â»¤¹ ð. He will eat, then he will ì¾¸ ຆ¡òຽຂໄາ ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸

go to work. ຆÄ¯À»ñ©¡¾. He will read, then he will ì¾¸ຆºú¾¹ñ¤¦õ, ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸

go to bed. ຆÄ¯º. He will rest, then he will ì¾¸ ຆ À§ö¾ຽຓ ໃບງ, ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸

take a shower. ຆº¾®Õ.


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M-2 Feed (animal) À¡õº

Pig ¹ ø

Cut ªñດ

Grass ¹¨û¾

Wash clothes §ñ¡ຽໃ ບຄ÷ú¤

Borrow µõ´

Money À¤ò

Change ú¼

Table cloth °û¾ øÂª½

He will feed the pigs, then ì¾¸ຆÀ¡õº¹ ø, ÀÀìû¸

what is he going to do? ? ì¾¸ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? He will cut the grass, then ì¾¸ຆªñ©¹¨û¾, ÀÀìû¸

what is he going to do? ? ì¾¸ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? He will wash clothes, then ì¾¸ຆ §ñ¡ຽໃ ບຄ÷ú¤, ÀÀìû¸

hat is he going to do? ? ì¾¸ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?

He will borrow money, then ì¾¸ຆµõ´À¤ò, ÀÀìû¸

what is he going to do? ? ì¾¸ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? He will change the table ì¾¸ ຆ ú¼°û¾ øÂª½, ÀÀìû¸

cloth, then what is he ? ì¾¸ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? going to do?


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C-1 A. What are you going to do? A.? B. I will go to eat, then I B. will come to rest C-2 A. You will read, then what A. will you do? ? B. After reading will go feed B. the pigs. ¦¿ìñ®£¿¸ú¾: "Áìû¸" ∑ê†š ໃຄຑະ¨¾¨¾´¦ºÁªúª¾´¹´¾¨ê†ເຆໄ ∑ ®ô©±ò¡¹ï©šÀê‣¾šÀ¦ງ ¡úº! ¥÷©¯½¦ö¤

¡ðÁ úຽຑໃ ບ Ã¹ÉÀ¢öາຽໄາÀºö¾ຽໃ ບ ì½µú¾¤ À¢ö¾ç¥…¤¥½ປໄ¥ñ¡Ã§ûµú¾¤«õ¡ªûº¤ Áìû¸ ¡ð¥½À¡ó©ທາຓ ໝໄຌÃ¥.

NOTES 1) In the construction S + + S .'He's going to the market and then to the hospital.') is a sentence connective and there is an indication that the activity referred to in the first sentence preceded that of the second sentence. 2) in a question indicates that the questioner is expecting a multiple answer. Q: ? What (things) is the going to do ?' A: 'He'll read a book and then go eat."


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APPLICATION 1 Translate the following sentences into English: (a) ? (b) ? (c) ? (d) ? (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)


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CYCLE - 66 M-1 Check ¡¸©

Look at ຽຍໃ ຄ

Wash (cloth only) §ñ¡À£Úº¤÷ú¤

Translate ÀÀ¯

Write ¢¼

Letter (epistle) ¥ö©¹´¾¨

Send ຘ ໃຄ

Study ¦ô¡¦¾

I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©û¡¸©ຽຍໃ ຄ checking it yet. I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©û§ñ¡À£ Úº¤÷ú¤. washing clothes yet. I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©ûÀÀ¯. translating it yet. I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©û¢¼¥ö©¹´¾¨. writing the letter yet. I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©û¦ø¤¥ö©¹´¾¨. mailing the letter yet. I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©û¦ô¡¦¾ຽຍໃ ຄ studying yet.


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M-2

Close ºñ©

Door ¯½ªø

Open Ä¢

Wash, clean ìû¾¤

Hand ´õ

Wash (face or body) ຘໃທງ (¹û¾, £ó¤)

Rub «ø

Tooth ÀÀ¢û¸

Comb ¹¸ó

Hair (head only) °ö´

Warn Àªõº

Did you close the door yet? ຽໄາແຈໄ ºñ©¯½ªøÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤?

? Did you open the door yet? ຽໄາແຈໄÄ¢¯½ªøÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤? ? Did you wash your hands ຽໄາແຈໄìû¾¤´õÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤?

yet? ? Did you wash your face ຽໄາແຈໄ¦¸¹û¾ÀÀìû¸ ¹ìõ ñ¤? yet? ? Did you brush your teeth ຽໄາແຈໄ«øÀÀ¢û¸ÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤? yet? ? Did your comb your hair ຽໄາແຈໄ¹ ó°ö´ÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤? yet? ? Did you warn them yet? ຽໄາແຈໄÀªõºÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤? ?


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M-3

Yes (already came.). ´¾ÀÀìû¸. Yes (already stopped.). À§ö¾ÀÀìû¸. Yes (already gone, finished). ¹ ö©ÀÀìû¸. M-4 Not yet. ñ¤.

M-5 Chat, talk ìö´

With ¡ñ®

Meet, find ຑ ໄ

See À¹ñ

Result °ö

Join »ú¸´

Participate »ú¸´

Ceremony ²òêó

Hear a sermon ³ñ¤Àê©

Did you get a chance to ? ຽໄາêñÄ©ûìö´¡ñ®ì¾¸®ð? eat with him? Did you get a chance to ? ຽໄາêñÄ©ûຑຍ¡ñ®ì¾¸®ð? meet her? Were you able to see any ? ຽໄາêñÄ©ûÀ¹ñ°ö¹¨ñ¤®ð? results (in the time available) ? Did you get to the ceremony ? ຽໄາêñÄ©û»ú¸´²òêó®ð? in time to participate? Did you get a chance to ? ຽໄາêñÄ©û³ñ¤Àê©®ð? hear the sermon?


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M- 6 Read ºú¾

Only, but ÀÀªú

Speak ຽທໄາ

With, along ð¾

Word £ð¾

Put out a fire ´º©Ä³

Burn Ä¹ û

Shake hand ¥ñ®´õ

Return ¡ñ® Ä¯/ ´¾

I was able to read only ¢ûº¨êñÄ©ûºú¾ ›´ ÀÀªú¦º¤¹ö¸. two books (in the time available). I had a chance to speak ¢ûº¨êñÄ©ûຽທໄາð¾ ì¾¸ÀÀªú

only two or three words ¦º¤-¦¾´£ð¾. with him. I was able to put out the ¢ûº¨êñÄ©û´º©Ä³¡úº ñ

fire before the house ຆÄ¹ ûÀ»õº.

burned down. I had a chance to shake ¢ûº¨êñÄ©û¥ñ®´õ¡ñ®ຽຑໃ ຌ¡úº

hands with him before he ຽຑໃ ຌຆ¡ñ®Ä¯. returned.


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C-1 A. Did you close the door yet ? A.? B. Yes . B. C-2 A. Did you write the letter yet ? A. ? B. Not yet . B. C-3 A. Did you wash your hands yet ? A. ? B. Yes , I've already washed my B. hands. C-4 A. Did you get to meet him ? A. ? B. Yes , I got to meet him before he B. returned . C-5 A. He almost didn't get to talk to A. them, isn't that so ? ? B. That's right. He only got to saj B. two or three words to them . ໃຄÃ¹Éñ¡»¼«¾´¡ñ ຽຍໃ ຄ ú¾ ຏໄÃ©¡½ê¿ ບຌÃ©Áìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤. «û¾ªº®¸ú¾ "®Ò" ¹ìõ " ñ¤" ¡ð ໃຄ®º¡Ã¹ÉÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາ

Ã¹ÉÀ¹©°ö¸ú¾ " ນ ñ¤?" ¹ìõ«û¾À¢ö¾çªº®¸ú¾: "...Áìû¸." ¡ð ໃຄ«¾´¸ú¾: "ªÒÄ¯À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ¥½À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?"

NOTES 1) means 'to have been able to do something in the available time'. It may occur in the negative with the meaning 'not to have got something done when it was supposed to have been done.' 'I was able to put out the fire before the house burned down.' 'I haven't got your book read yet.'


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'I've only got two books read.' 2) andare'aspect words', i . e ., they indicate the state of an action, whether it is completed() or whether it remains incomplete . is a preverb and occurs before VP: 'I haven't got around to translating it yet.' may occur alone in (a) responses to questions: Q ? 'Have you combed your hair yet?' A ' not yet.' Or (b) in parallel senteces like the question above. 3) When an affirmative sentence with and the negative from of the same sentence with are joined with 'or', the negative sentence is reduced to and follows the affirmative sentence; Affirmative: 'You have brushed your teeth.' Negative :.'You haven't brushed your teeth yet.' When combined with? 'Have you brushed your teeth yet or not?' APLLICATION 1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (I haven't had a chance to write a letter to my friend yet.) (b) (He's written a letter, but he hasn't had a chance to mail it yet.) (c) ? (Have you had any news from them yet or not?) (d)


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(He hasn't eaten breakfast, because he hasn't had a chance to wash his face yet.) (e) (He hasn't got a comb so he hasn't yet been able to comb his hair.) (f) (He has already translated the book for them, but they haven't yet got around to paying him.) (g) ? (Have you told him to close the door yet or not?) (h) (If the door isn't opened yet, that means he hasn't arrived yet.) (i) (I haven't yet been able to wash my clothes because I haven't had time yet.) (j) (He hasn't yet been able to come inspect their work.)


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CYCLE- 67

M-1 Fix ÀÀ¯¤

Repair ÀÀ¯¤

Give an interview Ã¹û¦ð¾²¾©

Count ñ®

Money À¤ò

Investigate ¦ô®¦¸

Interrogate ¦º®¦¸

Record Sound ®ñêô¡¦¼¤ Dismantle ´û¾¤

Disassemble ´û¾¤

Gun õ

Has he finished giving the ì¾¸ແຈໄÃ¹û¦ð¾²¾©ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð? interview? ? Has he finished counting ? ì¾¸ແຈໄñ®À¤òÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð? money? Has he finished the ? ì¾¸ແຈໄ¦ô®¦¸ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð? investigation? Has he finished the ? ì¾¸ແຈໄ¦º®¦¸ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð? interrogation? Has he finished recording? ì¾¸ແຈໄ®ñêô¡¦¼¤ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð? ? Has he finished taking the ì¾¸ແຈໄຓ ໄາຄ õÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð? gun apart? ?


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M-2 Yes, (he has) finished. ÀÀìû¸ໆ. No, (he has) not finished yet. ®Ò, ñ¤®ÒÀÀìû¸. Not yet, (he has) not finished yet. ñ¤, ñ¤®ÒÀÀìû¸. M-3

Record sound ºñ©¦¼¤

Decorate Àºû

Clear (a forest) «¾¤

Forest ú¾

Plow Ä«

Rice paddy ¾

Sickle ¡ú¼¸

Rice ຽຂໄາ

Strike, slap, flail ³¾©

Harrow £¾©

He has finished recording. ì¾¸ແຈໄºñ©¦¼¤ÀÀìû¸ໆ. He has finished decorating ì¾¸ແຈໄ ÀºûÀ»õºÀÀìû¸ໆ the house. He has finished clearing ì¾¸ແຈໄ «¾¤¯ú¾ÀÀìû¸ໆ. the wood. He has finished plowing ì¾¸ແຈໄ Ä«¾ÀÀìû¸ໆ. the rice field. He has finished harvesting ì¾¸ແຈໄ ¡ú¼¸ຽຂໄາÀÀìû¸ໆ the rice. He has finished threshing ì¾¸ແຈໄ ³¾©ຽຂໄາÀÀìû¸ໆ the rice by hand. He has finished harrowing ì¾¸ແຈໄ £¾©¾ÀÀìû¸ໆ the rice field.


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M-4 Pound (in mortar) ªð¾

Cook by boiling ¹÷¤

Cooked, ripe ¦÷¡

Cook by steaming ໜໄຄ

He hasn't finished ì¾¸ແຈໄໃນຄຽຂໄາ ñ¤®Ò¦÷¡. cooking the rice. He hasn't finished ì¾¸ແຈໄໜໄຄຽຂໄາ ງຄ®Ò¦÷¡. cooking the (sticky) rice. M-5 Sharpen, sharp ÀÀ¹ì´

Crayon ¦ð

Comb ¹ ó

Get dressed ÷ú¤ຽໃ ບຄ

What is he going to do ÀÀ¹ì´¦ðÀÀìû¸ໆ ì¾¸

after he finished ? ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?

sharpening the pencils? Is he going to get dressed ¹¸ó°ö´ÀÀìû¸ໆ ì¾¸

after he finishes combing ? ຆ÷ú¤ຽໃ ບຄ®ð?

his hair?

C-1

A. ? A. Have you finished fixing your car?

B. B. Yes, I have. C-2

A. A. Have you finished taking your gun

? apart?

B. B. No, I haven't finished yet.


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C-3 A. ?A. Have you finished the letter? B. . B. No, I haven't finished the book? C-4 A. ? A. Have you finished checking the book? B. . B. Yes, I have finished checking the book. C-5

A. ? A. Has he finished ? B. B. No, he hasn't finished cooking the rice. C-6 A. ?A. What is he gonig to do when he finishes cooking ? B. B. When he finishes cooking he will call us to the table.

NOTES

1) as an Aspect particle indicating 'action completed at a particular time' and as a secondary verb meanning 'to complete some activity' may occur in one sentence, thus 'He has already finished marking repairs on the car.' in normal speech the second occurs in reduced from as 2) The response to..? questions may be: Question: 'Have you finished fixing your car yet?' ? Affirmative Response: (a) 'Yes, I have.' (b) 'Yes, I've finished making the repairs to my car already.' Negative: (a) 'No, I haven't finished yet.'


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(b) 'No, I haven't finished yet,'


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3) VP +corresponds closely in meaning to English past participial constructions 'having... ed', etc. When VP + precedes NP + VP, there is an indication that the action referred to in the initial VP occurred before that in the second VP .Compare English and Lao: English: Having done his work, he went to bed.(or) Atfer he did... Lao:

APPLICATION

1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (The road is not yet completed so they don't let cars pass through.) (b) (When the firing is over, the soldiers as a group take their guns apart and oil them simultaneously.) (c) (The farmer hasn't finished plowing so he hasn't started harrowing yet.) (d) (When the harvesting is done, the farmers as a group knock the heads off the rice stalks.) (e) (When everything is sold out, the female vendor counts her money [to see how much she took in]). (f) (If he hasn't finished doing this work, he will not go home.)


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(g) ? (In order to farm one has to clear the forest, once the forest is cleared, one brings a plough in and ploughs the land). (h) (After the interrogation is compled, the police lets them go home.) (i) (The interrogation has been completed but the process is not over yet, there still are recordings that have to be made.) (j) (When the decoration of the house has been finished, she will invite friends over for a party.)


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CYCLE- 68 M-1 Work À»ñ©¸¼¡

Write the book ¢¼ ›´

Drive the car ¢ñ®ìö©

Build the house ÷¡À»õº

Cut the hair ªñ©°ö´

Watch the house ຽຐໄາÀ»õº

Type the letter ²ò´¹ñ¤¦õ

Who do you work for? ? ຽໄາÀ»ñ©¸¼¡Ã¹ûÃ°? Who do you write the book for?? ຽໄາ¢¼ ›´Ã¹ûÃ°?

Who do you drive the car for? ? ຽໄາ¢ñ®ìö©Ã¹ûÃ°? Who do you build the house for?? ຽໄາ ÷¡À»õºÃ¹ûÃ°?

Who did you cut the hair for? ? ຽໄາªññ©°ö´Ã¹ûÃ°? Who do you watch the house for? ? ຽໄາຽຐໄາÀ»õºÃ¹ûÃ°? Who do you type the letter for? ?ຽໄາ²ò´¹ñ¤¦õÃ¹ûÃ°?


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M-2 Go and get Ä¯Àºö¾

Send the letter ຘ ໃຄ¹ñ¤¦õ

Fix the car ÀÀ¯¤ìö©

Wash the car ìû¾¤ìö©

Cook £ö¸¡ò

Arrange the books ´û¼ ›´

I am going to get for him. ¢ûº¨ຆÄ¯Àºö¾Ã¹ûì¾¸.

I will send the letter for him. ¢ûº¨ ຆຘ ໃຄ¹ñ¤¦õÃ¹ûì¾¸. I will fix the car for him. ¢ûº¨ຆÀÀ¯¤ìö©Ã¹ûì¾¸. I will wash the car for him. ¢ûº¨ຆìû¾¤ìö©Ã¹ûì¾¸.

I will cook for him. ¢ûº¨ຆ£ö¸¡òÃ¹ûì¾¸. I will arrange the books for him. ¢ûº¨ຆ û¼ ›´Ã¹ûì¾¸.


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M-3

Servant £öÃ§û

Carpenter §ú¾¤Ä´û

Secretary Àì¢¾÷¡¾

Mechanic ¾¨§ú¾¤

Barber §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´

What is the servant ? £öÃ§ûຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤Ã¹ûຽໄາ? to do for you? What is the carpenter ? §ú¾¤Ä û ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤Ã¹ûຽໄາ? going to do for you? What is the secretary ຽຖຂາຌກາຌຆຽປຈນງຄເນໄຽໄາû? going to do for you? ? What is the mechanic ? ¾¨§ú¾¤ຆÀ»ñ©¹ ñ¤ເນໄຽໄາû?

going to do for you? What's the barber §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´ຆ À»ñ©¹ ñ¤ເນໄຽໄາû? goingto do for you? ? C-1 A. Who are you going to fix A. ? the car for? B. I will fix(the car) for him. B. C-2 A. Who will take it for you? A. ? B. The servant will take it B. for me. C-3 A. What's the mechanic A.? going to do for you? B. He will fix the car for me. B.


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NOTES 1) in the construction VP + + NP indicates that the activity referred to in VP is either done (a) for the benefit of, or (b) in place of the person (s) referred to in NP. 'He drives for me (in place of me).' 'He cuts my hair (for my benefit).' has many other meanings but the most of them relate in some way to one or the other of the two categories stated above . parallels English for in only a few instances. 2) indicates that some activity is carried out for the mutual benefit of the parties participating in it.'They cook for each other.' 3) + NP may contrast with 'oneself' in use. 'I'll cook for him, because he can't cook for himself.' 4) + VP is used to indicate that all the members of a group engage in simultaneous and identical action. 'All the farmers flail rice stalks at the same time.' 5) occurs in informal usage for 'they'.It is commonly used with children.It may also be used for unidentified person. is also used for 'they', but it is used only for persons of higher status.It also means 'he, she'.


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APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (He said he would like to come work for me.) (b) (My chauffeur will go drive for him two days.) (c) (Students don't like to spend money on haircuts, so they cut each other's hair.) (d) (The secretary said she would finish typing the letter for me today.) (e) (I'll cook for her because she doesn't know how to cook herself.) (f) (He doesn't know how to fix a car himself, so he will hire a mechanic to come fix it for him.) (g) (I don't know what the carpenter is going to do for me either.) (h (I'll put these things in the car and go sell them for her.) (i) (The chiddren all pitch in and wash the car for me because they want me to take them to the zoo.) (j) (I'm not happy due to the fact that the barber cut my hair too short.)


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CYCLE-69

M-1 Work À»ñ©¡¾

Have a lot of money ´óÀ¤ò¹ì¾¨

Engage in sport ນໄຌ¡óì¾

Run ÀÀìú

See many cities À¹ñ¹ì¾¨À´õº¤

Listen to the song ³ñ¤À²¤

I want to work. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡À»ñ©¡¾. I want to have a lot of money. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡´óÀ¤ò¹ì¾¨. I want to engage in sports. ¢ûº¨µ¾ນໄຌ¡óì¾. I want to run. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡ÀÀìú. I want to see many cities. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡À¹ñ¹ì¾¨À õº¤. I want to listen to the song. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡³ñ¤À²¤.


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M-2 Come to see (someone) ´¾¹¾

Stay with me µøúð¾¢ûº¨


Concentrate on ຉ ໄຄ Ã¥

Stop smoking À§ö¾¦ø®µ¾

Begin working ຽຖໃ ຓÀ»ñ©¡¾ I want him to come to see me. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹ûì¾¸´¾¹¾¢ûº¨. I want him to stay with me. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹ûì¾¸µøúð¾¢ûº¨. I want him to get married. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹ûì¾¸ÀÀªú¤¤¾.

I want him to concentrate ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹ûì¾¸ຉ ໄຄÃ¥»¼. on studying. I want her to stop smoking. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹ûì¾¸À§ö¾¦ø®µ¾.

I want him to begin working. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹ûì¾¸ຽຖໃ ຓÀ»ñ©¡¾.


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M-3 Teacher ¾¨£ø

Government ìñ©«½®¾

Monk £ø®¾

Children À©ñ¡ûº¨

Your children ìø¡ຽໄາ

What does the teacher ¾¨£øµ¾¡ເນໄຽໄາÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?

want you to do? ? What does the government ìñ©«½®¾µ¾¡Ã¹ûຽໄາ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? want you do? ? What does the monk want ຍາດາກເນໄຽໄາຽປຈນງຄ? you to do? ? What do the children À©ñ¡ûº¨ µ¾¡ເນໄຽໄາຽປຈນງຄ? want you to do? ?


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C-1 A. What do you want to do? A. ? B. I want to hear the songs. B. C-2 A. What do you want me to do? A. ? B. I want you to stay with him. B. C-3. A. What does the teacher A. ? want you to do? B. He want me to concentrate B. . on studying. ໃຄຖະ¸ñ¤ µú¾ úº¨Ã¹Éñ¡»¼Ã§û£¿¸ú¾ "µ¾¡" µú¾¤°ò©ໆ²¾©ໆ. ¦ú¸´¾¡À¢ö¾ກ ñ¡ຽທໄາ ú¾: "¢ûº¨µ¾¡ì¾¸Ä¯ຉະ

ນາຈ." Áêê†¥½ຽທໄາ ú¾: "¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹É ì¾¸Ä¯ªì¾©." NOTES ) VP means 'to want, would like (to do something)'. 'I would like to have lots of money.' When the Suject of the sentence and the person performing the action are not the same person, + VP is used. 'I want her to be a teacher.' 2) means 'simultaneously' or 'at the same time'. 'I don't think they will arrive simultaneously.' 3) ton 'oneself, itself, themselves' is used in place of or when the suject of the sentence and the person (s) referred to later are the same person: 'All parents would like to have their children concentrate on studying.' (and ton refer to the same people.)


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APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide, (a) (She isn't 18 yet, but she would like to get a job.) (b) (He would like to engage in sports, but his health isn't good.) (c) (If one person wants to walk and another wants to run, they may not arrive at the same time.) (d) (I would like to have him come see the growth and progress in the country.) (e) (Each individual parent would like to have his children concentrate on their studies.) (f) (I wish him well, so I would like to have him stop smoking.) (g) (Some parents want their daughters to get married so as to ease their concerns. [and to alleviate some of their responsibilities]) . (h) (I would like to have him continue staying with me due to he fact that he hasn't finished his studies yet.) (i) (The Governemt would like for the people to have a good standard of living.) (j)


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(The monk told the novice to study hard to gain knowledge.)


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CYCLE- 70

M-1 Cook £ö¸¡ò

Shine shoes °ñ©À¡ó®

Wash dishes ìû¾¤«û¸¨§¾´

Type the letter ²ò´¹ñ¤¦õ

Watch the children À®…¤ìö¡

Watch the house À±í¾À»õº

I had/let her cook for Me

ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທ£ö¸¡òເນໄຂ ໄບງ

I had/let him shine my shoes for me.

ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທ°ñ©À¡ó®ເນໄຂ ໄບງ

I had/let her wash the dishes for me.

ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທຖໄາຄຊໄທງຆາຓເນໄຂ ໄບງ

I had/let him type the letter for me.

ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທຑຓໜຄຘເນໄຂ ໄບງ

I had/let her watch the children for me.

ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທຽຍໃ ຄຽຈກຌໄບງເນໄຂ ໄບງ

I had/let him watch the house for me

ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທຽຐໄາຽປບຌເນໄຂ ໄບງ


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M-2 Drive a car ¢ñ®ìö©

Wash car ìû¾¤ìö©

Check ¡¸©

Draw ÀÀªû´

Pay ¥ú¾¨

Turn on the light ÄªûÄ³

Turn off the light ´º©Ä³

Who will you let drive ຽໄາຆÃ¹ûÃ°¢ñ®ìö© ເນໄຽໄາ? for you? ? Who will you let wash the ຽໄາຆÃ¹ûÃ°ìû¾¤ìö©ເນໄຽໄາ? car for you? ? Who will you let check it ຽໄາຆÃ¹ûÃ°¡¸©ເນໄຽໄາ? for you? ? Who will you let pay it ຽໄາຆÃ¹ûÃ°¥ú¾¨ເນໄຽໄາ? for you? ? Who will you let turn on ຽໄາຆÃ¹ûÃ°ÄªûÄ³ເນໄຽໄາ? the light for you? ? Who will you let turn off ຽໄາຆÃ¹ûÃ°´º©Ä³ເນໄຽໄາ? the light for you? ?


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C-1 A. What will he have you do A. for him. ? B. He will have me shine B. shoes for him. C-2 A. Who will they have look A. after their children for them? ? B. Their neighbor. B. C-3 A. What were you going to A. have him do for you? ? B. I was going to have him B. type letters for me. Ã®ô©š¡îÁ´úກາຌÃ§û "Ã¹É" ¦º¤ªÒ. ໃຄ²¾ñ¡»¼ຖໃ ຓ ¹ìõê¸£õຽຍໃ ຄ©÷¸ú¾ ñ¹¨ï¤Á©úê†À¢ô¾ຽໄາ ñ¤®Òໃ ¹ìõ ñ¤

Ã§ûµú¾¤°ò©ໆ²¾©ໆ. «û¾¹¾¡ ñ¤ ó ¡ð ໃຄ²¾À¢ö¾ç§ûº´£õÃ¹ úºó¡.

NOTES 1) frequently occurs twice in a sentence, once with the meaning ' on behafl of, for the benefit of ' (benefactive meaning as in Cycle 68) and once with the meaning 'to have, let, cause (someone to do something)' (causative meaning as in Cycle 69): 'I had her cook for me.' NP (benefactive) may be omited if it has the same referent as NP (Subject), as in the example above and in this example : 'The teachers let him drive for them.'


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APPLICATION 1. Translate the following sentences into English and check your answers: (a) (b) ?

(c) (d)

(e) ?

(f) (g)

(h)

(i)

(j)


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CYCLE-71

M-1 Table Âª½

Dictionary ñຈ¥ະ¾÷¡ö´

Cabinet ªøû

Light bulb ©º¡Ä³³û¾

Chain ¦¾¨Â¦û

Soap ¦½®ø

What is this table made of? ? Âª½šÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹ ï¤? What is this dictionary made of? ທຈະ¾õ¡ô´¹ô¸šÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹ ñ¤? ? What is this cabinet made of? ? ªûöšÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹¨ï¤?


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M-2 Chain (jewelry) ¦¾¨¦ûº¨

Belt ¦¾¨ÀÀº¸

Window úº¤µû¼´

Tray ²¾«¾©

Scissors ´ó©ªñ©

Iron À¹ìñ¡

Wires ¦¾¨Ä³

Copper êº¤ÀÀ©¤

Plastic ¯ì¾©¦½ªò¡

Chemical ຽໃ ບຄÀ£ ó

This chain is made of gold. ¦¾¨¦ûº¨šÀ»ï©©û¸¨£î¾. This belt is made of leather. ¦¾¨ÀÀº¸šÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹ï¤. This window is made of úº¤µû¼´šÀ»ï©©û¸¨ÀÀ¡û¸. glass. These scissors are made ´ñ©ªï©šÀ»ï©©û¸¨À¹ìï¡. of iron.


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M-3 Flag ê÷¤

Paper À¥Éຍ

Paper flag ê÷¤À¥Éງ

Rope À§õº¡

Nylon óຖຄ

Clothes ຽໃ ບຄ ú÷¤

Fur ¢ö¦ñ©

Bed ª¼¤

Wood Ä´û

A flag which is made of ê÷¤ໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨À¥É¼ຽບໄຌ ú¾ ê÷¤À¥Éງ. paper is called a paper flag. A rope which is made of À§õº¡ໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨óຖຄຽບໄຌ¸ú¾

nylon is called a nylon À§õº¡óຖຄ. rope. Clothes which are made ຽໃ ບຄ÷ú¤ໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨¢ö¦ñ©ຽບໄຌ¸ú¾

of fur are called fur clothing. ຽໃ ບຄ÷ú¤¢ö¦ñ©.


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M-4 Shoes À¡ó®

Rubber µ¾¤

Pot ໝ ໄ

Earth ©ò

Scarves °û¾ÀÀ²

Silk ແໝ

How do we call shoes À»ö¾ຽບໄຌÀ¡ó®ໃ ຽ»ñ©©û¸¨µ¾¤ ú¾

that are made of rubber? ? µú¾¤Ã©? How do we call pots that À»ö¾ຽບໄຌໝ ໄ ໃ ຽ»ñ©©û¸¨©ò¸ú¾

are made of earth ware? ? µú¾¤Ã©? How do we call scarves À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ °û¾ÀÀ²ໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨ແໝ¸ú¾

that are made of silk? ? µú¾¤Ã©? C-1 A.What is this table made of? A.? B. This table is made of metal (iron). B. C-2 A. What do we call flag that A. are made of paper? ? B. We call them paper flags. B. C-3 A.Silk rope is rope that is A. made of wood, is that right? ? C-4 A. What's a silk rope made of? A.? B. Silk rope is rope made of silk. B. ໃຄ«¾´ñ¡»¼ຽຍໃ ຄ©÷¸ú¾ ºñÃ©À»ñ©©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤? ຽປາຽບໄຌ´ñ¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©? ìº¤Ã¹Éñ¡»¼ຽທໄາ ê¼®£÷½ ²¾®

¢º¤ªú¾¤ໆຽຍໃ ຄ©÷! ຽຆໃ ຌ: Âª½Ä´û©ó¡ ú¾Âª½À¹ìñ¡®ð?


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NOTES 1) means ' to be made of '.The response to the question ....... 'What is .... made of?' is some type of material, such as glass, paper, iron, etc.. Q: ? 'What is this cabinet made of?' A 'This cabinet is made of wood.' 2) 'that, which, who ' functions as a Noun Phrase substitute and as a connective in NP + + VP constructions: ' A flag (that is) made of paper' 3) .? (Lit.how do we call) 'What do we call ... ?' is used in requesting the name of something ? 'What do we call shoes that are made of rubber ?' APPLICATION Complete the following senteces. (a) _____________________ (Eye glasses are made of glass.) (b) ___________________ (Tables are made of metal and wood.) (c) ______________________ (Watches are made of silver.) (d) ______________________________ (Cars are made of iron.) (e) _______________________ (Car tires are made of rubber.) (f) ____________ (Rope that is made of silk is called silk rope.) (g) ______________ (Doors that are made of glass are called glass doors. (h) ______________ (Baskets that are made of rattan are called rattan baskets.) (i) __________ (Shoes that are made of leather are called leather shoes.)


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(j) _________ (Bags that are made of plastic are called plastic bags.) 2) Answer the following questions: (a) ? (What do we call a pot that is made of copper ?) (b) ? (What do we call rings that are made of gold ?) (c) ? (What do we call pens that are made of plastic ?) (d) ? (What do we call bags that are made of leather ?) (e) ? (What do we call house that are made of bamboo ?) (f) ? (What do we call a chair that is made of rattan ?) (g) ? (What do we call a dish that is made of metal ?) (h) ? (What do we call socks that are made of cotton?) (I) ? (What do we call a blouse that is made of silk?) (j) ? (What do we call plates that are made of paper?)


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CYCLE-72 M-1 Write ¢¼

Cut ªñ©

Dig ¢÷©

Cross the river ¢û¾´ÀÀ úÕ

Travel À©óê¾¤

What did he write with? ? ì¾¸ແຈໄ¢¼©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤? What does he cut (it) with? ? ì¾¸ªñ©©û¸¨¹ ñ¤? What did he cross the ì¾¸ແຈໄ¢û¾´ÀÀ úÕ©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤? river with? ? How did he travel? ì¾¸ແຈໄÀ©óê¾¤©û¸¨¹ ñ¤? ?


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M-2 Cut ªñ©

Saw ຽຖໃ ບງ

Tie ´ñ©

Rattan ¹¸¾¨

Dig ¢÷©

Hoe ¥ö¡

Cross the river ¢û¾´ÀÀ úÕ

Airplanes ຽປບ®ò

Plow Ä«

Plow the rice field Ä«¾

Paddle the boat ²¾¨À»õº

Paddle Ä û²¾¨

They will cut with saws. À¢ö¾ຽໄາຆªñ© ©û¸¨ຽຖໃ ບງ. They will dig with hoes. À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ຆ¢÷©©û¸¨¥ö¡. They will travel with À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ຆÀ©óê¾¤

airplanes. ©û¸¨ຽປບຌ®ò. They plow the rice field À¢ö¾ຽໄາÄ«¾©û¸¨Ä«. with plows. They paddle the À¢ö¾ຽໄາ²¾¨À»õº©û¸¨Ä´û²¾¨. boat with paddles.


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C-1 A. What will you write with? A.? B. I will write with a pan. B.C-2 A.He will cut wood with a hoe, is that right? A. ? B. No, he will cut wood with a saw. B. ໃຄ¦ö´´÷© ñ¹¾Ã© ñ¹¾…¤¢› Áìû¸Ã¹Éñ¡»¼ຽທໄາ²¾¦¾ ®º¡ ðêñê†¥½Á¡ûÄ¢ ï¹¾ ໃ¦ö´´÷© ¢›Àຍໃ¤©÷! «û¾

¹¾¡ ú¾ ¡½ê¿ຘໃ¤Ã©ຘໃ¤…¤ ©û¸¨ òêóÃ©¸òêó …¤ ®Ò¦¿ຽຖ©°ö À¢ö¾ຽໄາ£ò©¸ú¾ ¥½´óê¾¤Á¡ûÄ¢Ä©É µú¾¤Ã©ºó¡Á©ú?

NOTES 1) VP NP (Instrument)is used to indicate what device or means is used to perform some activity: 'They cut the wood with a saw.' 'They'll tie it up with rattan.'

APPLICATION 1. Translate the following sentences into English: (a) (b)

(c)

(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) . 2. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a)


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(Some people eat with their hands.) (b) (I wrapped it with sheets of plastic.) (c) (He attached it with a paper clip.) (d) (He received the news by radio.) (e) (My old sister will return by train.) (f) (Chinese eat with chopsticks.) (g) . (They stir it with a spoon.) (h) (Wipe it off with a soft cloth.) (i) (Raise the car with a jack.) (j) (Pull it with a chain.) (k) (Tie it with a rope.) (l) (Clean it with a brush.)


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(m) (Wash out your mouth with mouth wash.) (n) (Cook with gas.) (o) (Open it with a can opener.) (p) (His eyes were bound with a black cloth.) (q) (Paint it with yellow paint.) (r) (Dry the dishes with a cloth.) (s) (Polish it with a cloth.) (t) (Drive the nail with a hammer.) (u) (Track it by radar.) (v) (Run it on electrical current.) (w) (Work with patience.) (x) (Don't drive carelessly.)


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CYCLE-73 M-1 Make a fire ©ñ¤Ä³

Underlay »º¤

Place beneath »º¤

Sit ຌ ໃຄ Drain ì½®¾¨

Water ຌ ໄາ

Survey, inspect ¦ð¾ì¸©

Look ຽຍໃ ຄ

Select Àìõº¡

Choose Àìõº¡

Fruit ¹´¾¡Ä û

Have one's meal ກຌຽຂໄາ

Wrap around ²ñ

Hand õ

What will you use ? ຽໄາຆÃ§û¹¨ñ¤©ñ¤Ä³? for making a fire? What will you use to ? ຽໄາຆÃ§û¹¨ñ¤ì½®¾¨ຌ ໄາ? drain the water? What will you use ? ຽໄາຆÃ§û¹¨ñ¤¡òຽຂໄາ? to eat with?


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M-2 Charcoal «ú¾

Binoculars ¡ûº¤¦úº¤

Children À©ñ¡ûº¨

Spoon ®ú¸¤

Fork ¦ûº´

Machine À£Úº¤¥ñ¡

Engine À£Úº¤¥ñ¡

Motor À£Úº¤¥ñ¡

Cloth °û¾

I'll use charcoal for making ¢ûº¨ຆÃ§û«ú¾©ñ¤Ä³.

a fire. I'll use a spoon and ¢ûº¨ຆÃ§û®ú¸¤ກຍຘໄບຓ¡òຽຂໄາ fork to eat with. I'll use a machine for ¢ûº¨ຆເຆໄຽໃ ບຄ¥ñ¡ì½®¾¨Õ. irrigating the water. C-1 A.What will you use for building fire? A. ? B. I'll use charcoal for a fire. B. C-2 A. What will you use paper for? A. ? B I'll use paper to sit on. B. ໃຄ«¾´ñ¡»¼¢º¤ ຽຍໃ ຄ©÷ ú¾ À¸ì¾À¢ö¾ຽໄາ¡½ê¿¸¼¡¤¾µú¾¤Ã©µú¾¤ …¤ «û¾ ú¾®Ò´ó¢º¤ Ã§ûÁ¸Ã©Á¸ …¤ À¢ö¾

ຽໄາ¥½Ãຆໄຘໃ ຄ©Áê? ຽຉບຌ¸ú¾ ຽຓ ໃບ®Ò´ó¦ûº´ ¹ìõ ®ú¸¤ À»ö¾¡ðªûº¤Ã§û´õ¡òຽຂໄາ ນ ຘໃ ຄº•ຌ Ãê¿º¤š.

NOTES

'to use' + NP + VP may be used in a similar way to + NP, i.e. to indicate the means or device used for accomplishing something.Compare the two sentences:


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(Lit. I use spoon fork to eat.) I eat with a spoon and fork.' kin 'I eat with a spoon and fork.' may be used with persons as well as things, but should only be used by a person of superior status to one of lower status. 'I have my child go shopping for me.' (I use my child go buy things for.)

APPLICATION

1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (H) (b) (They used razors to shave their heads with.) (c) (He uses effort to work until he is successful.) (d) ? . (He is not clever since he has never used his head to advantage.) (e) (He uses money as a tool.) (f) (He didn't use a dictionary while translating the book.)


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(g) (He uses a clean cloth to wrap his wounds with.) (h) . (I've never used dollars. I've only used kips.) (i) (He doesn't use his car carefully so it's always out of repair.) (j) (He uses his servant for (to go) shopping.) (k) (He doesn't know how to use a camera so he didn't get any pictures.) (l) ? (He doesn't want to be a servant since he doesn't want to be used by others.) (m) (Use a map for laying plans.) (n) (Laotians used water buffaloes for plowing.) (o) Parker. (He uses a Parker pen.) (p) (He uses his eyesight to hypnotize.) (q) ? (This car can't be used since its motor is dead.) (r) . (Everybody likes to use things that are of good quality.) (s) (He doesn't know how to use it.)


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2) Translate the following sentences into English: (a) ? (b) (c) (d) (e) ? (f) (g) (h) ? (i) (j) .


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CYCLE- 74

M-1 Calendar ¯½ªòêò

Clock Â´¤

Watch Â´¤

Belt ¦¾¨ÀÀº¸

Gun õ

Army ¡º¤êñ®

Armed forces ¡º¤êñ®

Fire engine ìö©©ñ®À²ó¤

Ambulance ìö©Â»¤¹ ð

What's a calendar for? ¯½ªòêò óÄ¸û¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤? ? What is a watch for? ? Â´¤ óÄ û¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤? What is a belt for? ? ¦¾¨ÀÀº¸ óÄ û¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤? What's an army for? ? ¡º¤êñ®´óÄ û¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤? What's a fire engine ìö©©ñ®À²ó¤ óÄ¸û¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?

for? ? What's an ambulance ìö©Â»¤¹ ð´óÄ û¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤? for? ?


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M-2 Load on ®ñê÷¡

Transport ®ñê÷¡

Tell time ®º¡À¸ì¾

Fasten »ñ©

Date ¸ñêó

Defend ûº¤¡ñ

Put out fire ´º©Ä³

An ambulance is for ìö©Â»¤¹ ð óÄ¸û¦ð¾ìñ®®ñê÷¡

transporting sick persons. £öÀ¥ñ®.

A clock is for telling time. Â´¤ óÄ û¦ð¾ìñ®®º¡À¸ì¾. A calendar is for giving ¯½ªòêò óÄ¸û¦ð¾ìñ®®º¡¸ñêó. the date.

An armed force is for ¡º¤êñ® óÄ¸û¦ð¾ìñ® ûº¤¡ñ¯½Àê©. defending the country. A fire engine is for ìö©©ñ®À²ó¤ óÄ¸û¦ð¾ìñ®´º©Ä³. putting out fires.


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C-1 A. What's a gun for? A. ? B. A gun's for shooting. B. C-2 A. What do we use an A. ambulance for? ? B. We use an ambulance for B. transporting sick persons. C-3 A. Is it true that an army is A. for putting out fires? ? B.No, an army is for B. defending a country. ໃຄÃ¹ûñ¡»¼ ຆໄÁ¥¤À«ò¤°ö¯ະÂນ¨© ¢º¤ຘໃ ຄ¢º¤Áªúì½µú¾¤ ຽຍໃ ຄ©÷! ºñÃ©´óÄ û¦¿ìñ®¹¨ñ¤? ¹ìõ ´ó¯ະÂນ¨©

µú¾¤Ã©? Áªú¤Àìœ-º¤¯½¡º®¢›ºó¡ Â©¨²ະ¨¾¨¾´ Ã¹û´ï¡ú¼¸¢ûº¤¡ï®¸¼¡¤¾ê†Áêû¥ð¤ ¢º¤ñ¡»¼.

NOTES

' to be on hand for use as ' occurs in the construction: NP + + VP 'A watch is for telling time.' The negative of this construction seldom occurs.It is NP + + .... .... ' Shoes are not for .....'


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APPLICATION

1. Translate the following sentences into English. (a) (b) (c) (d) ? (e) ? (f) ? (g) (h) (i) (j) .


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CYCLE -75

M-1 In the past ÀÀªú¡úº

Previously ÀÀªú¡úº

In the past ຉໃກໄ

Previously ຉໃກໄ

Time ¨¾´

Period ¨¾´

When ຽຓ ໃບ Before ¡úº

First ¡úº

Day œ

Night £õ Last night ´œ£óš

Finish ÀÀìû¸

Over ÀÀìû¸

Last ÀÀìû¸

Where were you previously? ? ÀÀªú¡úºຽໄາµúøÃ¦? Where were you previously? ? ຉໃກໄຽໄາດໃເຘ? Where were you at the ¨¾´¢ûº¨®Ò¦½®¾¨ ຽໄາດໃເຘ? time that I was sick? ? Where were you two years ຽຓ ໃບ¦º¤¯ó¡úº ຽໄາດໃເຘ? ago? ? Where were you last night? ´œ£õຌໄ ຽໄາດໃເຘ?

? Where were you last Monday? -´œ ñ¥ñÀÀìû¸ຌໄ ຽໄາດໃເຘ? ?


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M-2 Present ñ©¥÷®ñ

Nowadays ñ©¥÷®ñ

Stationed ¯½¥ð¾

Near ຓ ໃ

Close ຓ ໃ

Recently ຽຓ ໃບຓ ໃໂຌໄ Long time ©ö

Not long ago ຽຓ ໃບ®Ò©ôš

Pass ¡¾¨

Go past ¡¾¨

Last year ñ¡¾¨š

Now ©¼¸š

At the present ©¼¸š

Presently he is being sent ï©¥õ®ïš ì¾¸«õ¡ຘ ໃຄÄ¯¯½¥ð¾

to be stationed at Pakse. µúø¯¾¡À§. Recently he was sent to ຽຓ ໃບ®Ò©ôš ì¾¸«õ¡ຘ ໃຄÄ¯¯½¥ð¾

be stationed at Pakse. µúø¯¾¡À§. Not long ago he was sent ຽຓ ໃບ®Ò©ôš ຖາທຊກຘ ໃຄແຎ¯½¥ð¾

to be stationed at Pakse. µúø¯¾¡À§. Last year he was sent to ñ¡¾¨š ì¾¸«õ¡ຘ ໃຄÄ¯¯½¥ð¾

be stationed at Pakse. µøú¯¾¡À§. Now he is being sent to ©¼¸š ì¾¸«õ¡ຘ ໃຄÄ¯¯½¥ð¾

be stationed at Pakse. µøú¯¾¡À§.


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C-1 A.. Where is he stationed A. ? now? B. Right now he is stationed B. at Pakse. C-2 A. Where was he before? A. ? B. Before he was in Laos. B. C-3 A. What was he doing there? A. ? B. He was sent to be B. stationed there. ໃຄÃ¹ûñ¡»¼«¾´¡ñÀ«ò¤ຽຍໄບຄ¹ìñ¤¢º¤À¢ö¾ຽຍໃ ຄ©÷¸ú¾ À¸ì¾Ã© ຏໄÃ©À»ñ©¹¨ñງ? ຢ Ã¦? Áì½ ©ö ¯¾Ã©? ¹ìõ ú¾

´óÀ¹©¡¾ªú¾¤ໆÀ ñÄ¯Ãê¿º¤Ã©ຌໃຄ? ªະຫìº©êñ¤¯½¦ö®¡¾ªú¾¤ໆ ¢º¤À¢ö¾ຽໄາ..

NOTES

1) The following list of time expressions is given for your convenience: (a) Days of the week in order:

(b) M

?

(c) 'today', 'yesterday', 'tomorrow',

'day after tomorrow', 'day before yesterday'.

(d)

tå_å kC_Cn

tå_å kI\i'previously', 'before', sC¦ CNpii kC_Cn' 2 years ago'.


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'the last week', 'recently' 'not long ago', 'last Tuesday', 'next Friday', 'last year'

diaw nI\i

pa|tcu|bannI\i'now', ',

pii na³a 'next year', na|j we|ela|a n\an 'at that time'.

(e) 'in June 1965', 'when I was living in ...', etc.

APPLICATION

1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) 1967 (In August 1967 I was living in Vientiane.) (b) (Last Thursday he went to visit his friend in the hospital.) (c) (I met his older sister when I was studying in Saigon.) (d) (H) (e) (Not long ago I went to Pakse by boat.) (f) . (Last year I still didn't how to take pictures.) (g) ? (Do you expect to build a house next month?) (h) (Last night he took them out on the town.) (i) . (Two weeks ago I didn't have any rice left.Now I have six bags.)


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(j) (This contract was signed not long ago.) (k) ? (Was he still locked up last Tuesday?) (l) (Recently he paid off all his debts.) (m) 1945. (I left military service on September 19, 1945.) (n)

(They were released last night at 10:30 p.m.) (o) (I was out of work last year.) (p) (At present he works at the American Embassy in Vientiane.) (q) (Her older brother died in July last year.) (r) ? (When I was a child, I like to study geography.) (s) (At that time I was still studying at the teacher training college.) (t) (The day before yesterday my mother came to visit us.) (u) (Every night I go to bed at 10:30 p.m.)

Answers: 1 (l) (m) (n)(o)(p)(q) (r)(s)(t) (u)(v)(w)(x) (y)


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(v) . (I'll get to meet her in Chicago next December.) (w) (He was still asleep at 2:00 p.m.) (x) (Shops in Vientiane open at 9:00 a.m. every day.) (y) (I subscribe to a weekly newspaper.)


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CYCLE- 76 M-1 After ¹ìñ¤¥¾¡

Move û¾¨

Join ªÒ

Extend ªÒ

Next ªÒÄ¯

Later on (future) ªÒÄ¯

next, later on (past) ªÒ´¾

After that he will get to move ¹ìï¤¥¾¡ì¾ທຆÄ©û û¾¨

out to the country side. ºº¡Ä¯µøú®û¾º¡. After this he will get to move ¹ìï¤¥¾¡šì¾¸ຆÄ©û û¾¨

out to the country side. ºº¡Ä¯µøú®û¾º¡. Later on he got to move ªÒ´¾ì¾¸ຆÄ©û û¾¨ºº¡Ä¯

out to the country side. µøú®û¾º¡. Then he will get to move ªÒÄ¯ì¾ທ ຆÄ©û û¾¨ºº¡Ä¯

out to the country side. µøú®û¾º¡.


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M-2 From ÀÀªú

Since then ÀÀªú´¾

From now on ÀÀªúšÄ¯

Until ¥ö

Reach À«ò¤

Get to À«ò¤

Soon ເຌຓ ໃໂຌໄ Future º½¾£ö©

Near Ã¡û

Fast Ä¸

In the very near ÃÄ¸ໆš

From that time on, did he ÀÀªú´¾ ì¾¸Ä©û û¾¨

get to move anywhere? ? Ä¯Ã¦®ð? From now on will he get ÀÀªúšÄ¯ ì¾¸ຆÄ©û û¾¨

to move anywhere? ? Ä¯Ã¦®ð? In the near future will he Ãº¾¾£ô©ºïÃ¡ûš ì¾¸ຆ

get to move anywhere? Ä©û û¾¨Ä¯Ã¦®ð? ? In the very near future ÃÄ¸ໆ šì¾¸ຆÄ©û û¾¨

will he get to move ? Ä¯Ã¦®ð? anywhere? C-1 A. Later on did he get tomove anywhere? A. B. Yes, later on he got to B. move out to the country side. C-2 A. He will be transferred very soon, is that right?


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A. ? B. That's right, he will be B. transferred very soon. A. Where will he be A. ? transferred to? B. He will be transferred B. out and stationed in the countryside.

¡¾±ò¡§ûº´ê†©ñµú¾¤ …¤ ¦¿ìï®®ô©»¼š ¡ð£õ ¡¾Áªú¤Àìœ -º¤¯½¡º® À²¾½ ó£¿¦ñ®¡ú¼¸¡ñ®À¸ì¾ ¹ì¾¨£¿. êú¾

¥½¦¾´¾©ຽຖໃ າÀìœ -º¤ ຉ ໄຄÁªúº½©ó©Ä¯¥öÀ«ò¤º½¾£ö©Ä©û µú¾¤®Ò´ó ñ¹¾Àìó¨.

NOTES

1) Certain types of time expressions can only be explained with reference to the 'present time'. On the diagram below 'present time' is represented by the line in the center of the page.

'past' 'present' 'future' from now on' 'from now on' 'later on' 'then' 'after that' 'after this' 'soon' 'until now' * 'in the near future' * 'in the very near future'


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APPLICATION

1) Read the sentences below carefully and apply the time expression that fits the best. In some cases more than one answer is acceptable. (a) (b)

. (c) . (d) ? (e) (f) ?

(g) (h) (i)

dieto be pregnant


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(j) ? ,

? .

anxious, uneasy


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CYCLE-77

M-1 How much longer ºó¡©ö¯¾Ã©

How many more years ºó¡¥ñ¡ ó

How much farther ºó¡Ä¡¯¾Ã©

How many more days ºó¡¥ñ¡´œ

How many more hours ºó¡¥ñ¡ຆ ໃທÂ´¤ How much longer will you ຽໄາຆµöúš ºó¡©ö¯¾Ã©? be here? ? How many more years will ຽໄາຆÀ ñê½¹¾ ºó¡¥ñ¡ ó? you be in the service? ? How much farther will ຽໄາຆÄ¯ ºó¡Ä¡¯¾Ã©? you walk? ? How many more days will you be ຽໄາຆºµøúÂ»¤¹ ð ºó¡¥ñ¡´œ? confined in the hospital? ? How many more hours will ຽໄາຆÀ»ï©¸¼¡µöúš ºó¡¥ñ¡ຆ ໃທÂ´¤?

you be working here? ?

How many more years ຽໄາຆº¾ແ¦µöúš ºó¡¥ñ¡ ó? will you live here? ?


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M-2 Two more weeks ºó¡¦º¤º¾êò©

About two or three days ºó¡¥ñ¡¦º¤-¦¾´´œ

About six or seven ºó¡¯½´¾¹ö¡ ນÀ¥ñ©À©õº more months Approximately ten ñ¡»¼ºó¡Ãì¾¸¦ò®£ö more students Between 15 to 20 books Ãì½¹¸ú¾¤¦ò®¹û¾¹¾

§¾¸¹ö¸

I will study Lao language ¢ûº¨ຆ»¼²¾¦¾ì¾¸ºó¡

for two more weeks. ¦º¤º¾êò©. I will stay here for about ¢ûº¨ຆ²ï¡µöúš ºó¡¥ñ¡¦º¤-¦¾´ œ.

two or three more days. I will be working here for ¢ûº¨ຆÀ»ï©¡¾µöúš ºó¡¯½´¾

about six or seven more ¹ö¡-À¥ñ©À©õº. months. I will have approximately ¢ûº¨ ຆ óñ¡»¼ ºó¡Ãì¾¸¦ò®

ten more students. £ö. I will be able to buy ¢ûº¨ຆ§œ ›´Ä©ûºó¡ Ãì½¹ ú¾¤

between 15 to 20 more ¦ò®¹û¾¹¾§¾¸¹ö¸. books.


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M-3 Leave the military ºº¡¥¾¡ê½¹¾

Receive salary Ä©û»ñ®À¤òÀ©õº

Arrive (here) ´¾»º©

Study »¼

Complete ¦ð¾Àìñ©

Join the military ຽຂໄາÀ ñê½¹¾

Leave ¥¾¡Ä¯

Go away ¥¾¡Ä¯

How much longer before ñ¤ºó¡©ö¯¾Ã© ì¾¸¥…¤ຆ ແຈໄ

he gets to leave the ºº¡¥¾¡ê½¹¾? service? ? How many more weeks ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡º¾êò© ì¾¸¥…¤ຆແຈໄ

before he gets his salary? ? »ñ®À¤òÀ©õº? About how many more ñ¤ºó¡¯½´¾¥ñ¡ຆ ໃທÂ´¤

hours before he arrives? ì¾¸¥…¤ຆ ¾»º©? ? Approximately how many ñ¤ºó¡Ãì¾¸¥ñ¡ ó ì¾¸¥…¤ຆ

more years before he finishes »¼¦ð¾Àìñ©?

his studies? ? How many more month ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡À©õº ì¾¸¥…ຄຆຽຂໄາ

before he joins the À ñê½¹¾?

service? ?

How many more minutes ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡¾êó ì¾¸¥…¤ຆ¥¾¡

before he leaves you? ? ຽໄາÄ¯? How many more days before ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡ຓໄ ì¾¸¥…¤ຆ ÀÀ¯¤

he finishes fixing cars? ? ìö©ÀÀìû¸?


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M-4 Four ຘໃ

Hour ຆ ໃທÂ´¤

Not a very long time ®Ò©ö¯¾Ã©

Not many hours ®Ò¹ì¾¨ຆ ໃທÂ´¤

Four or five days ຘໃ-¹û¾´œ

Less than a month ®ÒÀ«ò¤À©õº

Not more than three weeks ®ÒÀ¡ó¦¾´º¾êò©

Exactly half an hour ຽໃ ຄຆ ໃທÂ´¤²ð©ó In about four more hours. ñ¤ºó¡¯½´¾ຘໃ ຆ ໃທÂ´¤. In not much longer. ñ¤ºó¡®Ò©ö¯¾Ã©. In not many more hours. ñ¤ºó¡®Ò¹ì¾¨ຆ ໃທÂ´¤. In four or five days ñ¤ºó¡ຘໃ -¹û¾ œ. In less than a month. ñ¤ºó¡®ÒÀ«ò¤À©õº. In not more than three weeks. ñ¤ºó¡®ÒÀ¡ó¦¾´º¾êò©.

In exactly half an hour. ñ¤ºó¡ຽໃ ຄຆ ໃທÂ´¤²ð©ó.


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C-1 A. How much longer will you A. studying the Lao language? ? B. I'll be studying Lao for thirty B. more weeks. C-2 A. About how many more year A. will you be in the service? ? B. I'll be in the service for about B. two more years. C-3 A. Approximately how many A. more hours will you walk? ? B. I'll walk for approximately B. two more hours. C-4 A. How many more weeks A. will you be with her? ? B. I'll be with her about two or B. three more weeks. C-5 A. How many more hours A. before he arrives? ? B. In not many more hours. B. C-6 A. How much longer before he A. gets his salary? ? B. In not more than two weeks. B. C-7 A. How many more month before A. he gets out of the service? ? B. In less than a month. B. C-8 A. How much longer before A. he arrives [there]? ? B. In one and a half more hours. B.


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£¿¸ú¾" ñ¤"š ñ¡»¼¡ðÀ£ó¨Ä©û»¼´¾¡úºÁìû¸, óÁªú "ºó¡" Àê‣¾ê†À¢ô¾ຽໄາªûº¤¹ñ©Ã§û. ໃຄÃ¹û ñ¡»¼ «¾´

¡ñຽຍໃ ຄ¸ú¾ ñ¤ºó¡©ö¯¾Ã©Ã° ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? ¹ìõ ñ¤ºó¡©ö¯¾Ã©¥½´óÀ¹©¡¾ µú¾¤Ã©µú¾¤…¤À¡ó©¢›? Áì½

ªÒÄ¯À©?

NOTES

1) means 'to be more, additional'.When it is followed by Time Expressions, it refers to a period of time beginning at the present and continuing.The focus is on the amount of time involved.

'I will be a soldier for six more years.'

2) + Time Expressions also refers to a period of time beginning at the present time and continuing, but the focus is on an event which will take place after a certain period of time. 'In six more years I'll get out of the service.' + Time Expression at the beginning of the sentences; whereas, + Time Expression comes at the end.

APPLICACTION

1. Fill in the blanks below using the English as a guide: (a) (How many more minutes will she stand there? (b) (I'll teach at this school for approximately 3 more years.) (c) (How much longer will she have to type?) (d) (In about 2 more days he will be out of bread.) (e) (How much longer will she be asleep?) (f)

(It will not be more than three weeks before he recovers.)


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(g)

(I will not wait here many minutes more.) (h) (In less than six hours more I'll go home.) (i) (In about 10 minutes more he'll be out of work.) (j) (In 5 or 6 more days the book will be finished.) (k) ? (How many more weeks before he gets drafted into the army?) (l) ? (How much longer do you plan to stay here?) (m) (In less than half a day I will have the opportunity to meet him.) (n) (It will not be very many more years before I retire.) (o) ? (How many more weeks will you go to attend the conference abroad.) (p) (It will not be many more hours before I can go to bed.) (q) (How many more books will you buy?) (r) (How much more time do we have to study?) 2) Cover the Lao and see if you can translate the English back into Lao.


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CYCLE- 78

M-1 Normally ª¾´êð¾´½©¾

Mainly ¦ú¸´¾¡

Sometimes ì¾¤ຽໃ ບ

Some days ì¾¤ œ

Generally Â©¨ໃທÄ¯ÀÀìû¸

In particular Â©¨¦½À²¾½

Sometimes ®¾¤À¸ì¾

What kind of food do they ª¾´êð¾´½©¾ ¢ະຽໄາ ñ¡¡ò

normally like to eat? ? º¾¹¾ÀÀ¸Ã©? What kind of food do they ¦ú¸´¾¡ ¢ະຽໄາ´ñ¡¡ò º¾¹¾

mainly like eat? ? ÀÀ¸Ã©? What kind of food do they Â©¨ໃທÄ¯ÀÀìû¸ ¢ະຽໄາ´ñ¡¡ò

ike to eat generally? ? º¾¹¾ÀÀ¸Ã©? What kind of food do they Â©¨¦½À²¾½ÀÀìû¸ ¢ະຽໄາ´ñ¡

like to eat in particular? ? ¡òº¾¹¾ÀÀ¸Ã©?


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M-2 Spicy food º¾¹¾À°ñ©

Salty food º¾¹¾À£ñ´

Sweets ¢º¤¹¸¾

Sour food º¾¹¾ຘ ໄຓ

Bland food º¾¹¾¥õ©

Native food º¾¹¾ຑໄຌÀ õº¤

Exotic food º¾¹¾ªú¾¤¯½Àê©

They normally like to eat ª¾´êð¾´½©¾ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ´ñ¡¡ò

spicy food. º¾¹¾À°ñ©. They mainly like eat salty ¦ú¸´¾¡ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ´ñ¡¡ò º¾¹¾À£ñ´.

food. Sometimes they like to ì¾¤ຽໃ ບ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ´ñ¡¡ò¢º¤¹¸¾.

have sweets. Some days they like eat ì¾¤ຓໄ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ´ñ¡¡ò º¾¹¾ຘ ໄຓ

sour food. Generally they like bland Â©¨êö¸Ä¯ÀÀìû¸À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ñ¡ ¡ò

food. º¾¹¾¥õ©. Particularly they like to Â©¨¦½À²¾½ÀÀìû¸ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ñ¡

eat native food. ¡òº¾¹¾ຑໄຌÀ õº¤. Sometimes they like to ®¾¤À¸ì¾ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ñ¡¡ò

eat exotic food. º¾¹¾ªú¾¤¯½Àê©.


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C-1 A. Normally what kind of A. food do you like to eat? ? B. Normally I like spicy food B. C-2 A. What kind of food will you have? A. ? B. I will have Japanese food. B. A. The Japanese food is bland isn't it? A. ? B. That's right, normally the Japanese B. like to eat bland food. ¢¼Àìœ -º¤¯½¡º®¢›ºó¡ Â©¨®ñì¨¾¨À«ò¤ò¦ñ¨ ¢º¤®õ¡£ôê†¦ô´ õ©¢›ຏໄ…¤ ú¾ ì¾¤ຽໃ ບì¾¸ ñ¡À»ñ© ¹ ñ¤? Áì½

®¾¤À¸ì¾º•ºó¡À©? ຈ ໃຄ¤šªÒໆÄ¯. ©¼¸šï¡»¼¢º¤êú¾¡î£¸¥½ຽທໄາ²¾¦¾ ì¾¸Ä©û ¹ì¾¨Àªó®Áìû¸. ¦½,

êú¾¥ö¤§¸À¢ö¾ຽໄາຖຓÀìœ -º¤ªú¾¤ໆ ê†À¡ñ©ຂໄ¯½¥¿¸ñ Â©¨ Ã¹ûÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາ óÂº¡¾©Ä©ûຽທໄາ¹ì¾¨ê†¦õ©. êï¤š¡î

À²າະÃ¹ûÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາÀ¡ó©£¸¾´À£ó¨§ò Ã¡¾¦½Á©¤ຈຘະ½¢º¤ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ À ñ²¾¦¾ì¾¸. ªÒÄ¯À¢ö¾ ຽໄາ¡ð¥½

£úº¨ໆ ó£¸¾´À§•-ໝໄຌເªöÀº¤ ¹ì¾¨ງໃ ຄໂ¢›.


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APPLICATION

1. Fill in the blanks using the English as a guide: (a) (Normally I don't get up until 10 o'clock.) (b) (Sometimes she stays up late watching TV.) (c) (My wife dislikes dogs in particular.)

(d) (Some days in Winter it rains all day.) (e) (Most farmers use water buffaloes for plowing rice fields.) (f) (I usually eat lunch by myself.) (g) (Normally I work on Saturday.) (h) ?

(They mainly eat fish and sea food.) (i) (Normally he speaks English.) (j) (Sometimes I have to wait 2 hours for her to come home.) (k) (She generally comes 20 to 30 minutes late.) (l) (I like dessert in particular.)


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CYCLE- 79

M-1 Must ¥½ªûº¤

Ought to £¸¥½

Might º¾©¥½

Be likely £õຆ

It will be necessary ¥ð¾À ñªûº¤

Probably £ö¤¥½

If he is going, he must «û¾¸ú¾ì¾ທຆÄ¯ ì¾¸¥½ªûº¤

choose a guide. Àìõº¡Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤. If he is going, he ought «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ຆÄ¯ ì¾¸£¸¥½

to choose a guide. Àìõº¡Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤. If he is going, he might «û¾¸ú¾ì¾ທຆÄ¯ ì¾¸º¾©¥½

choose a guide. Àìõº¡Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤. If he is going, he will be «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ ຆÄ¯ ì¾¸£õຆ Àìõº¡

likely to choose a guide. Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤. If he is going, it will «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ ຆÄ¯ ì¾¸¥ð¾À ñ

be necessary for him to ªûº¤Àìõº¡Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤. choose a guide. If he is going, he will «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ ຆÄ¯ ì¾¸£ö¤¥½

probably choose a guide. Àìõº¡ Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤.


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M-2 Be fired «õ¡Äìúºº¡

Appoint ÀÀªú¤ຉ ໄຄ

Chief ¹ö¸¹û¾ Boss ¾¨

Chosen to be the chairman «õ¡Àìõº¡¢›À ñ¯½ê¾

Decide to let you stay ªñ©¦òÃ¥Ã¹ûÀຽໄາµøú

Consent to letting you take leave À¹ñ©óÃ¹ûຽໄາì¾²ñ¡

Issue an order to arrest him ºº¡£ð¾ຘ ໃຄÃ¹û¥ñ®ì¾¸

Agree to free them ªö¡ìö¤Ã¥Ã¹û¯úº¨À¢ö¾ຽໄາ Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆÄ¯ì¾¸º¾©¥½

be fired. «õ¡Äìúºº¡. Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆÄ¯ì¾¸º¾©¥½

be appointed to be a chief. «õ¡ÀÀªú¤ຉ ໄຄÀ ñ¹ö¸¹û¾. Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆÄ¯ì¾¸º¾©¥½

be chosen to be the «õ¡Àìõº¡¢›À ñ¯½ê¾.

chairman. Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆÄ¯ì¾¸º¾©¥½

decide to let you stay. ªñ©¦òÃ¥Ã¹ûຽໄາµúø. Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆÄ¯ì¾¸º¾©¥½

consent to letting youtake leave. À¹ñ©óÃ¹ûຽໄາì¾²ñ¡. Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆÄ¯ì¾¸º¾©¥½

issue an order to arrest him. ºº¡£ð¾ຘ ໃຄÃ¹û¥ñ®ì¾¸.

Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆÄ¯ì¾¸º¾©¥½

agree to free them. ªö¡ìö¤Ã¥Ã¹û¯úº¨À¢ö¾ຽໄາ


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C-1 A. What is he going to do before he goes? A. ? B. He will choose a guide. B. C-2 A. Might he do something A. before he goes? (is it probable) ? B. Before he goes, he might B. decide to free them. C-3 A. Before he goes, will it be A. necessary for him to let you take leave? ? B. Yes, before he goes, it is B. necessary for him to let me take leave.

ï¤ºñ¡®ÒÀê‣¾Ã©®ô©»¼ ›´¹ô¸š¡î¥½¥ô®Áìû¸. ¦½ຈ ງໝ ນ²¾ñ¡»¼ ມ´£õÀìÛ ໆ. Áì½ «û¾À¹ñ ú¾ À¢ö¾

Àຈ າ ñ¤ºúºນªºÃ© ¡ðຈ ງ²¾À¢ö¾À¥í¾±ô¡§ûº´ºó¡. Àມ ອ´ó¡¾¦öê½¾¡ñ êú¾¡ðº¾©¥½¥¿À ñªûº¤Ã§û £¿

Ã¹ úÀ ñ®¾¤£¿. Áªú¡¾Ã¹û£¿Ã¹ úÁ¡úñ¡»¼¹ì¾¨À¡óÄ¯ º¾©¥½À»ñ©Ã¹ûñ¡»¼À¡ó©£¸¾´ທ «º¨¡ðÄ©û.

NOTES

1) Words which occur in the position between NO (Subject) and MV are called 'preverbs'. One of the most important groups of preverbs are the 'modals': . Each of these words is used in a wide range of situations, and there is some overlap in their usage in Lao. It is, therefore, difficult to indicate their meaning briefly.The following description is meant as a general guide only.The only good way to learn how to use them is to observe the situations in which Lao speakers use each them and to imitate their usage. (a) () 'm, have to'. The situation requires it. 'We have to pay our electric bill.' (b) 'should, ought to'. Social or normal obligation or expectation. 'You shouldn't eat too much. (c) 'may, might'. 'Likelihood, expectation, possibility.'


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'He may be very ill.'


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(d) 'may, might'. Similar to 'It may be so.' (e) 'it is likely'. Probability. 'It is likely that he doesn't know.'

APPLICATION

1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) ? (She probably won't sell out her goods, since there aren't very many people going to the market today.) (b) ? (They don't have a car and there are no cars on this road.They must necessarily walk.) (c) ? (He may come since he will have finished his work today.) (d)

(Maintaining good health is the thing we must do.) (e) b

(It's two hours past the time now.He must not be coming at all.) (f) (He has to pay the rent on his house at the beginning of each month.) (g) (He will have to go pick up his wife before going to eat.) (h) (If you apologize to him, he may forgive you.) (i) He's been going for 4 hours already.He must have arrived by now.)


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(j) my (If (we) know it's not good, we shouldn't do it.)


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(k) ? (He may not eat since the food is very hot (peppery).) (l) (Children should listen to the advice of their parents.) (m) During the times when he is out of work, he must seek money by any means or other.) (n) ? (He may die since the doctor doesn't have any medicine to cure him.) (o) ?

(He will have to go buy food at the market because he doesn't have any food.) (p) (When he has money, he should save it for time of need.) (q) Now he is very poor.He has to beg for food.) (r) (There's not much gas in the car, we may not get there.) (s) ? (I think he may not be able to go at all because he has a lot of work.) (t) (They are very much in love.I think they should be very happy after they get married.) (u)

Answers: 1

(k)?(l)(m)(n)?(o)(p) (q)(r)(s) (t)?(u) (v)(w)?are practically interchangeable and

?


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(I heard she has been wanting to go to the movies for a long time, if you ask her, she may go.) (v) ? (He will have to go look for them because he needs them.) (w) (Parents should train their children so that when they grow up they'll be good people.)


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CYCLE- 80 M-1 Laos À õº¤ì¾¸

See À¹ñ

Animal ¦ñ©

Strange ¯½¹ì¾©

Taste §ó´

Meat ຆໄຌ

Flesh ຆໄຌ Water buffalo £¸¾¨

Newspaper ¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´

Criticize ªòª¼

Compliment ûº¤

Drafted «õ¡À¡

Have you ever been to Laos? ຽໄາ À£ó¨Ä©ûÄ¯À õº¤ì¾¸®ð? ? Have you ever seen a ? ຽໄາÀ£ó¨À¹ñ¦ñ©¯½¹ì¾©®ð?

strange animal? Have you ever tasted ຽໄາÀ£ó¨§ó´ຆໄຌ£¸¾¨®ð? water buffalo meat? ? Have you ever read the ຽໄາÀ£ó¨Ä©ûºú¾¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´

Xat Lao Newspaper? ? §¾©ì¾¸®ð? Have you ever beencriticized? ຽໄາÀ£ó¨Ä©û«õ¡ªòª¼®ð? ? Have you ever been ຽໄາÀ£ó¨Ä©û«õ¡À¢ö¾ຽໄາ

complimented by them? ? ûº¤¨ð®ð? Have you ever been drafted? ຽໄາÀ£ó¨Ä©û«õ¡À¡À ñ ? ê½¹¾®ð?


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M-2 Yes. (I have .. . .) À£ó¨.

No. (I have never . ) ®Ò, ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨. M-3 Have been to Laos Ä©ûÄ¯À õº¤ì¾¸

Experiment êö©ìº¤

Yes, I have been to Laos À£ó¨, ¢ûº¨À£ó¨Ä©ûÄ¯À õº¤ì¾¸

many times already. ¹ì¾¨ຽໃ ບÀÀìû¸. Yes, I have experimented À£ó¨, ¢ûº¨À£ó¨ແຈໄ êö©ìº¤

many times already. ¹ì¾¨ຽໃ ບÀÀìû¸.

M-4 Use this kind Ã§ûÀÀ¸š

Smoke ¦ø®

Opium µ¾ຐໃ ຌ

Think £ò©


No, I have never used this ®Ò, ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨Ä©ûÃ§û

kind at all. ÀÀ¸š¥ï¡ຽໃ ບ No, I have never smoked ®Ò, ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨Ä©û¦ø®

opium at all. µ¾ຐໃ ຌ¥ñ¡ຽໃ ບ No, I have never thought ®Ò, ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨£ò©¥½

of getting married at all. ÀÀªú¤¤¾¥ñ¡ຽໃ ບ


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C-1 A. Have you ever been criticized? A. ? B. Yes. B. C-2 A. Has he ever been to Laos? A. ? B. No. B. C-3 A. Have you ever read the Sat A. Lao Newspaper? ? B. Yes, I have read the Sat B. Lao Newspaper two or three times already. C-4 A. Have you ever been A. arrested by the police? ? B No, I have never been B. arrested by the police. Ã®ô©š¡î´ñÁªúÃ¹û«¾´ï¡»¼Àບ ງ ¡ú¼¸¡ñ®¡¾Ã§û£¿¸ú¾ " À£ó¨ ". À¢ö¾Àຈ າÀ£ó¨ ¹ìõ ®ÒÀ£ó¨À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤Á©ú?

NOTES

1) + VP is used to indicate that someone has experienced something. 'I have been to Laos.' ? 'Have you ever had a cold?' 2) + VP corresponds roughly to the passive in English. It occurs only with a very limited numbers of verbs, most of which have unpleasant connotations. ?? 'Were you criticized?' If an Agent is indicated, it occurs after before VP: (He was by a policeman arrested) 'He was arrested by the policeman.' 3) The two constructions above frequently occur together: ? 'Have you ever been locked up?'


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APPLICATION 1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (I have never seen that man before in my life.) (b) ? (Were you ever arrested by the police?) (c) (My younger sister was bitten 3 times by a dog.) (d) (Her oldest son was killed in the war.) (e) (They have never lived in Luang Prabang.) (f) . (Last year she had the flu 2 times.) (g) (He has never been out of a job.) (h) ? . (Have you ever been to war? Not yet.) (i) ? (Were you drafted? Yes, I was.) (j) ? . (Have you read today's newspaper? Yes, 2 or 3 times.) (k) (He has never been completely out of debt.) (l)

(I have never learned how to repair cars.)


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CYCLE- 81 M-1 Go with me Ä¯ð¾¢ûº¨

Have ´ó

Money À¤ò

Respect ñ®«õ

Religion ¦¾¦¾

Buddhism ¦¾¦¾²÷©

Believe in Buddhism ñ®«õ¦¾¦¾²÷©

Exchange for ÀÀì¡ (Àºö¾)

Follow ªò©ª¾´

Keep up ªò©ª¾´

News ¢ú¾¸

Represent ª¾¤¹û¾

Representative ຜ ª¾¤¹û¾

Volunteer º¾¦¾¦´ñ¡

Is there anybody going with me? ´óÃ°ຆÄ¯ð¾¢ûº¨®ð? ? Is there anybody who has money?? ´óÃ°´óÀ¤ò®ð? Is there anyone that believes in ´óÃ°ñ®«õ¦¾ດ¦ະຫ¾²÷©®ð? Buddhism? ? Is there anybody who wants to ´óÃ°µ¾¡ÀÀì¡Àºö¾

exchange (other money) ? À¤òÂ©ì¾®ð? for dollars? Is there anybody who wants ´ñÃ°µ¾¡ªð©ª¾´¢ú¾¸š®î? to keep up with the news? ? Is there anybody who wants ´óÃ°µ¾¡À ñຜ ª¾¤¹û¾

to be our representative? ? ²¸¡À»ö¾®ð? Is there anybody who óÃ°µ¾¡º¾¦¾¦ະຫ´ñ¡®ð? wants volunteer? ?


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M-2 Help §úº¨À¹ìõº

Assist §úº¨À¹ìõº

Guarantee ¯½¡ñ

Safety £¸¾´¯º©Ä²

Report ì¾¨¤¾

Lay out a plan ¸¾¤ÀÀ°¡¾

Supervise £¸®£÷´

Give them advice Ã¹û£ð¾ÀÀ½ð¾

Yes, we will go help them. ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ ຆÄ¯§úº¨À¹ìõºÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາ

Yes, we will guarantee ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ ຆ ½¡ñ£¸¾´¯º©Ä²

their safety. ¢º¤À¢ö¾ຽໄາ Yes, we will make reports ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ຆÀ»ñ©ì¾¨¤¾Ã¹ûຽຑໃ ຌ. to him. Yes, we will lay out the ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ຆÀ ñຜ ¸¾¤ÀÀ°¡¾. plan. Yes, we will supervise ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ ຆ£¸®£÷´À¢ö¾ຽໄາ them.


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M-3 There is no one to go help ®Ò´óÃ° ຆÄ¯§úº¨À¹ìõº úÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາ them. There is no one to ®Ò´óÃ° ຆ ½¡ñ£¸¾´¯º©Ä²

guarantee their safety. ¢º¤ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ There is no one to make ®Ò´óÃ°À»ñ©ì¾¨¤¾Ã¹ຽຑໃ ຌ. reports to them. There is no one to give ®Ò´óÃ°Ã¹û£ð¾ÀÀ½ð¾ÀÀ¡ú À¢ö¾ຽໄາ

advice to them. C-1 A. Is there anybody that is going to help A.? him? B. Yes, I will go help him. B.C-2 A. Is there anybody who wants to A. ? keep up with this news? B. Yes, she wants to keep up B. with this news. A. Is there anybody who A.? who wants to volunteer? B. No, nobody does. B.


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389

NOTES

1) The verb may have Sentence Complements when it occurs without NP (Subject).

S

(NP) VP (Q)

V S

NP VP

VP NP

mI|i pha¦ j mI|i NÌ|n (bCC) 'There is someone (who) has money.'

The indefinite pronoun 'someone, anyone' (as contrasted with question word 'who') can not occur as NP (Subject) except in included sentences.

APPLICATION

1. Translate the following sentences into English: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)


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390

?

(h) ?


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391

CYCLE - 82 M-1 Oil ນ າ´ñ

Get from Ä©û´¾¥¾¡

Pig ¹´ø

Water ນ າ

Come outof ºº¡´¾¥¾¡

Eyes ª¾

Envoy êø©

Military ê½¹¾

Crab ¡½¯ø

Live º¾ແ¦

Sea ê½Àì

Fish ¯¾

Fresh water ນ າ¥õ© How do we call liquid that À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ ໄາໃºº¡´¾¥¾¡

comes out of the eyes? ? ª¾ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? How do we call an envoy À»ö¾ຽບໄຌêø©ໃ À ñê½¹¾

who is in the military service? ? ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? continued...


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392

M-1 Continued What do we call crabs À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ¡½¯ໃ øº¾ແ¦µøúÃ

that live in the sea? ? ê½Àì ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? What do we call fish that À»ö¾ຽບໄຌຎາໃº¾ແ¦µøúÃ

ive in fresh water? ? Õ¥õ© ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? M-2 Lard ຌ ໄາ´ñ¹ ø

Orange juice ຌ ໄາ¹´¾¡¡û¼¤

Honey ຌ ໄາຽຏໄຄ

Tears ຌ ໄາª¾

Military attache êø©ê½¹¾

Sea crabs ¡½¯øê½Àì

Fresh water fish ¯¾ຌ ໄາ¥õ©

We call the liquid that À»ö¾ຽບໄຌຌ ໄາໃºº¡´¾

comes out of the eyes, ¥¾¡ª¾¸ú¾ ຌ ໄາª¾. tears. We call an envoy who is À»ö¾ຽບໄຌêø©ໃ À ñê½¹¾

in the military service, ú¾ êø©ê½¹¾. a military attache. continued...


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M-2 Continued We call fish that live in À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ¯¾ໃ º¾ແ¦ດໃ fresh-water, fresh-water ຌ ໄາ¥õ©¸ú¾ ¯¾ຌ ໄາ¥õ©.

fish. C-1 A. What is fresh-water fish? A. ? B. Fresh-water fish are fish B. that live in fresh-water. Ã®ô©»¼®ô©š ∑ ®ö©ªÒໆÄ¯ ñ¡»¼¡ð óÁªú¥½±ô¡¹ñ©¡ú¼ທ¡ñ® §º¡ຽຂໄາÃ¥ ¹´¾¨¢º¤£¿¹ìõທໃາ ¯½¡º®

£¿ªú¾¤ໆ ∑²¾¦¾ ï¤ ñºñ¡¹ì¾¨¸ðêñ¡ ú¾š Ë ໃຄ£ò©Àºö¾´¾¦ºÀ¢ö¾çªÚ´Àຍໃ¤©÷!


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394

CYCLE- 83

M-1 Shy º¾¨

Lazy ¢š£û¾

Afraid µû¾

Lie ªö¸½

Steal ìñ¡

Cheat Â¡¤

How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öທ º¾¨µøúຽຖໄບງໆ

who is always shy? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌຌໃ¢š£û¾µöúຽຖໄບງໆ

who is always lazy? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃµû¾µøúຽຖໄບງໆ

who is always afraid? ? ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ຉທະµøúຽຖໄບງໆ

who's given to lying? ? ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃìñ¡µøúຽຖໄບງໆ

who's given to stealing? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?


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M-2 Forgetful ìõ´

Grumble ແ®ú

Stingy ¢š«†

Brag £÷¨

Drunk À ö¾

Cry Ä¹û

We call a person who's À»ö¾ຽບໄຌຌໃ ຖຓ µøúຽຖໄບງໂ

given to forgetting, a ¸ú¾ £ô¢šìó´. forgetful person. We call a person who's À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ¢š«†µöúຽຖໄບງໆ

given to stinginess, a ú¾ £ô¢š«†. stingy person.

We call a person who is À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ À´ö¾ຽຖໄບງໆ

always drunk, a drunkard. ú¾ £ô¢šÀ´ô¾. We call a person who's À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ເນໄດໃຽຖໄບງໆ

given to crying, a cry baby. ú¾ £ô¢šÄ¹û.


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M-3 Jailbird £ô¢š£÷¡

Cardshark £ô¢šÄ²û

Opium addict £ô¢šµ¾

Sickly person £ô¢š²½¨¾©

Leper £ô¢šêö©

Alcoholic £ö¢šຽນໄາ

What's a jailbird? ? £ô¢š£õ¡ ÀÀ ú£öÀÀ¸Ã©? What's a opium addict?? £ô¢šµ¾ ÀÀ ú£öÀÀ¸Ã©?

What's a sickly person? £ö¢š²½¨¾© ÀÀ ú£ö

? ÀÀ¸Ã©? What's an alcoholic? ? £ô¢šຽນໄາ ÀÀ ú£öÀÀ¸Ã©?


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M-4 In and out of jail, (to be) ªò©£÷¡µøú¦ະຽໝ

Play cards ນໄຌÄ²û

Gambling ¡¾²½ñ

Addicted to opium ªò©µ¾ຐໃ ຌ

Drink to excess ຈໃຓຽນ ໄາ¹ì¾¨À¡óÄ¯

Always sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨µøú¦ະຽໝ

A jailbird is a person £ô¢š£õ¡ ÀÀ ú£öໃªò©£÷¡µøú¦ະຽໝ. who is in and out of jail. A cardsharp is a person £ô¢šÄ² ûÀÀ ú£öໃ ນໄຌÄ²û

who plays cards for money À ñ¡¾²½ñ. An opium addict is a person £ô¢šµ¾ÀÀ ú£ôທ ªò©µ¾ຐໃ ຌ. who is addicted to opium. An alcoholic is a person £öຂໄຽນໄາÀÀ ú£öໃດ ມຽນໄາ

who drinks to excess. ນ¾¨À¡óÄ¯. C-1 A. What do we call a person A. who is always shy? ? B. We call a person who is B. always shy, a shy person. C-2 A. What's a jailbird? A. ? B. A jailbird is the person B. who is in and out of jail.


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398

CYCLE - 84 M-1 Work with wood À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®Ä´û

Fix cars ÀÀ¯¤ìö©

Work with electricity À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®Ä³³û¾

Build houses ÷¡À»õº

Make things out of gold ªó£ð¾

Make things out of iron ªóÀ¹ìñ¡

How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ÀÀ¯¤ìö©¸ú¾

who fixes cars? ? µú¾¤Ã©? How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ £öໃ À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®

who works with electricity? Ä³³û¾¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ÷¡À»õº¸ú¾

who builds houses? ? µú¾¤Ã©? How do we call a person who À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ªó£ð¾ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? makes things out of gold??


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M-2 A wood worker §ú¾¤Ä û

Car mechanic §ú¾¤ÀÀ¯¤ìö©

An electrician §ú¾¤Ä³³û¾

House-builder §ú¾¤¯÷¡À»õº

A watch repair man §ú¾¤ÀÀ¯¤Â´¤

A blacksmith §ú¾¤ªóÀ¹ìñ¡

A goldsmith §ú¾¤ªó£ð¾

We call a person who fixes À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£ö ໃ ÀÀ¯¤ìö© ú¾

cars, a car mechanic. §ú¾¤ÀÀ¯¤ìö©. We call a person who works À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®

with electricity, electrician. Ä³³û¾¸ú¾ §ú¾¤Ä³³û¾. We call a person who builds À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ÷¡À»õº ú¾

houses, a house builder. §ú¾¤¯÷¡À»õº.

We call a person who makes À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃªó£ð¾¸ú¾ §ú¾¤ªó£ð¾. things out of gold, a goldsmith.


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M-3 Barber §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´

Builder §ú¾¤ກ ໃ¦û¾¤

Photographer §ú¾¤«ú¾¨»ø®

Tailor §ú¾¤ªñ©Àໃº¤ú÷¤

Painter §ú¾¤ê¾¦ó

Painter §ú¾¤ÀÀªû´

What does a barber do? §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´ÀÀ ú ຏໄໃ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?

? What does a builder do? §ú¾¤ກ ໃ¦û¾¤ÀÀ ú ຏໄ ໃ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? ? What does a photographer §ú¾¤«ú¾¨»ø®ÀÀ ú ຏໄໃ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? ? What does a tailor do? §ú¾¤ªñ©À£Úº¤ú÷¤ÀÀ ú ຏໄໃ À»ñ©

? ¹¨ñ¤? What does a painter do? §ú¾¤ê¾¦óÀÀ ú ຏໄໃ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? ?


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M-4 Know how to cut hair ªñ©°ö´À ñ

Know how to build ກ ໃ¦û¾¤À ñ

Know how to tailor ªñ©À£Úº¤ú÷¤À ñ

Know how to take pictures «ú¾¨»ø®À ñ

Know how to paint ê¾¦óÀ ñ

Know how to paint (pictures) ÀÀªû´»ø®À ñ

A barber is a person who §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´ÀÀ ú £öໃ ªñ©°ö´À ñ. knows how to cut hair. A builder is a person who §ú¾¤ກ ໃ ¦û¾¤ÀÀ ú£öໃ ກ ໃ¦û¾¤À ñ. knows how to build. A tailor is a person who §ú¾¤ªñ©À£Úº¤ú÷¤ÀÀ ú£öໃ ªñ©

Knows how to make ຽໃ ບຄú÷¤À ñ. clothing. . A photographer is a person §ú¾¤«ú¾¨»ø®ÀÀ ú£öໃ «ú¾¨»ø®À ñ. who knows how to take pictures. A painter is a person who §ú¾¤ê¾¦óÀÀ ú£öໃê¾¦óÀ ñ. knows how to paint. . A painter is a person who §ú¾¤ÀÀªû´ÀÀ ú£öໃ ÀÀªû´»ø®À ñ. knows how to paint pictures.


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C-1 A. What do we call a person A. who works with wood? ? B. We call a person who works B. with wood, a woodworker. C-2 A. What does a barber do? A. ? B. A barber is a person who B. knows how to cut hair. .


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CYCLE - 85 M-1 Go to school Ä¯Â»¤»¼

Study (at a high level) ¦ô¡¦¾

Travel êúº¤êú¼¸

Rob other people ÷û£öº•

Investigate ¦õ®¦¸

Fight in a war ປຍÀ¦ò¡

Compose songs ÀÀªú¤À²¤ What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ Ä¯Â»¤»¼ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? who goes to school? ? What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ¦ô¡¦¾¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? who studies at a high level? ? What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃêúº¤êú¼¸ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? who is travelling? ? What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ÷û£öº•¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? who robs other people? ? What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ¦õ®¦¸ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? who investigates? ? What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ປຍÀ¦ò¡ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©? who fights in a war? ?


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404

M-2 Pilot a plane ¢ñ®À»õº®ò

Pilot ñ¡®ò

Writer ñ¡¢¼

Dance well Àຉ ໄìî¾À¡„¤

Dancer ñ¡Àຉ ໄìð¾

Like to go out and face danger ñ¡ºº¡°½¥öÄ²

Good in singing »ûº¤À²¤À¡„¤

Singer ñ¡»ûº¤

Boxer ñ¡´¸¨

We call the person who À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£ö ໃ ¢ñ®À»õº®ò¸ú¾ ñ¡®ò. pilots a plane, a pilot. We call the person who À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ¢¼ ›´ ú¾ ñ¡¢¼. writes books, an author. We call the person who À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ´ñ¡ºº¡°½¥öÄ² ú¾

likes to go out and faces ñ¡°½¥öÄ². danger, a daredevil. We call the person who is À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ »ûº¤À²¤À¡„¤ ú¾

good in singing, a singer. ñ¡»ûº¤. We call the person who À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ªñ´¸¨À¡„¤¸ú¾ ñ¡´¸¨. boxes well, a boxer.


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405

M-3

Musician ñ¡©öຉຕ

Scientist ñ¡¸òê¨¾¦¾©

Diplomat ñ¡¡¾êø©

Politician ñ¡¡¾À´õº¤

Athlete ñ¡¡óì¾

Journalist ñ¡¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´

Prisoner ñ¡Âê©

What's a musician? ? ñ¡©öªóëÀÀ ú ¹¨ñ¤? What's a scientist? ?ñ¡¸òê¨¾¦¾©ÀÀ ú ¹¨ñ¤? What's a diplomat? ? ñ¡¡¾êø©ÀÀ´ú ¹¨ñ¤? What's a politician? ? ñ¡¡¾À´õº¤ÀÀ ú ¹¨ñ¤? What's an athlete? ? ñ¡¡óì¾ÀÀ´ú ¹¨ñ¤? What's a journalist? ? ñ¡¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´ÀÀ ú ¹¨ñ¤? What's a prisoner? ? ñ¡Âê©ÀÀ ú ¹ ñ¤?


09/23/2014 7:28 AM

406

M-4 Play music well ນໄຌ©ôªëñÀ¡„¤

Study and carry out research ¦ô¡¦¾ ໄ£¸û¾ê¾¤©û¾

in the field of science. òê¨¾¦¾©

Official in the embassy ຽໄາ¹û¾ໃê¾¤¡¾

µúøÃ¦½«¾êø©

Work in politics ນໄຌ¡¾À õº¤

Play sport ນໄຌ¡óì¾

Write for anewspaper ¢¼¢ú¾¸ìö¤¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´ Imprisoned ªò©£÷¡

A musician is a person ñ¡©öªëóÀÀ ú£öໃ ນໄຌ

who plays music well. ©öຉຕຽ¡„¤. A diplomat is a person ñ¡¡¾êø©ÀÀ ú£öໃ

who is an official in the À ñຽໄາ¹û¾ໃê¾¤¡¾

embassy. µøúÃ¦½«¾êø©. A politician is a person ñ¡¡¾À´õº¤ÀÀ ú£öໃ ນໄຌ

who works in politics. ¡¾À õº¤. A athlete is a person ñ¡¡óì¾ÀÀ ú£öໃ ນໄຌ¡óì¾. who plays sports. continued...


09/23/2014 7:28 AM

407

M-4 Continued A journalist is a person who ñ¡¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´ÀÀ ú £öໃ¢¼

writes for a newspaper. ¢ú¾¸ìö¤¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´. A prisoner is a person ñ¡Âê©ÀÀ ú £öໃªò©£÷¡. who is imprisoned. C-1 A. What do we call a person A. who goes to school? ? B. We call a person who B. goes to school, a student. C-2 A. What do we call a person A. who pilots a plane? ? B. We call a person who B. pilots a plane, a pilot. C-3

A. What's a musician? A. ? B. A musician is a person B. who plays music well.


Lao Basic Course - Live Lingua

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