language

sentence clause phrase wordWord morpheme

3.1 3.1 IntroductionIntroduction

A.A. Discovery procedureDiscovery procedure

B.B. Syntactic category and grammatical unitsSyntactic category and grammatical unitsThe childThe child found the knife. found the knife.

A policemanA policeman found the knife. found the knife.

The man who just left hereThe man who just left here found the knife. found the knife.

HeHe found the knife. found the knife.

C.C. HierarchyHierarchy

Chapter 3 MorphologyChapter 3 Morphology

Morphology:Morphology: the study of the the study of the internal structureinternal structure of the words a of the words and the nd the rulesrules for word-formation for word-formation

unfriendlyunfriendly→unhappily; unkindly; unlonely→unhappily; unkindly; unlonely purify→simplify; falsify; amplifypurify→simplify; falsify; amplifyMorphemeMorpheme: a minimal unit of lexical or grammatical meaning: a minimal unit of lexical or grammatical meaning touriststourists talks; talker; talked; talkingtalks; talker; talked; talking free morpheme:free morpheme: friend tour talk friend tour talk Morpheme Morpheme bound morphemebound morpheme: -ly un- ist -s: -ly un- ist -s

Chapter 3 MorphologyChapter 3 Morphology

• Free MorphemeFree Morpheme:: monomorphemic vs polymorphemicmonomorphemic vs polymorphemic Root:Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk intertalk internationnationalismalism Stem:Stem: the element involved in a word without the bound morphemethe element involved in a word without the bound morpheme friendfriends s friendshipfriendshipss a stem may bea stem may be:: a simple stem consisting of one morpheme:a simple stem consisting of one morpheme: workworkss a root plus a derivational affix:a root plus a derivational affix: workworkererss two or more roots:two or more roots: work\shopwork\shopss lexical(open) morphemes:lexical(open) morphemes: book, love, happy book, love, happy Free morphemeFree morpheme functional(close) morphemesfunctional(close) morphemes: but, when, the: but, when, the

Chapter 3 MorphologyChapter 3 Morphology

• Bound MorphemeBound Morpheme:: prefix, infix, suffix prefix, infix, suffix derivational: derivational: -er; -ness; -ly-er; -ness; -ly Bound Morpheme:Bound Morpheme: inflectional: inflectional: -’s; -s; -ed; -ing; -er; -est-’s; -s; -ed; -ing; -er; -est

meaningmeaning affixaffix Word classWord class

derivationderivationalal

LexicalLexicalcitecite→citatio→citatio

nn

Prefix/suffixPrefix/suffixDepart;teacherDepart;teacher

Might/notMight/not

Smallness; Smallness; brotherhoodbrotherhood

inflectionainflectionall

GrammaticalGrammaticalwalkwalk→walks→walks

SuffixesSuffixes

drumsdrumsNot changeNot change

flowersflowers

Chapter 3 MorphologyChapter 3 Morphology

• Morphs:Morphs: the smallest meaningfthe smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterul phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. The ance on the level of parole. The phonological or orthographic forphonological or orthographic forms which realize morphemes.ms which realize morphemes.

• Allomorph:Allomorph: a member of a set of a member of a set of morphs which represent the sammorphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phe morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variaonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.nts of the same morpheme.

• {-s}(plurality){-s}(plurality) [-t][-d][-id][-t][-d][-id]• {-ed}{-ed} -d; -ed-d; -ed• Allomorphs are complementaryAllomorphs are complementary

OrthograpOrthographic formhic form

PhonologiPhonological formcal form

meaninmeaningg

meaningsmeanings [-z][-z]

mapmap MapsMaps [-s][-s]

WatchWatch WatchesWatches [-iz][-iz]MouseMouse MiceMice [-ai-][-ai-]FootFoot FeetFeet [-i:-][-i:-]

deerdeer deerdeer ØØ

Chapter 3 MorphologyChapter 3 Morphology•Types of Word Formation: Types of Word Formation: •compoundingcompounding1.noun compounds: 1.noun compounds: armchair; pickpocket; bluebirdarmchair; pickpocket; bluebird2. verb compounds: 2. verb compounds: manhandle; sleepwalk; dry-cleanmanhandle; sleepwalk; dry-clean3. adjective compounds: 3. adjective compounds: color-blind; stir-crazy; dark-bluecolor-blind; stir-crazy; dark-blue•Features: Features: Orthographical: Orthographical: armchair; follow-up; thunder birdarmchair; follow-up; thunder birdSyntactical: Syntactical: icy-cold; head-strong; greenhouse; icy-cold; head-strong; greenhouse; crackdowncrackdown; ; faceliftfaceliftSemantical: Semantical: blackleg; red coat; hotdogblackleg; red coat; hotdogPhonetical: Phonetical: running dog; swimming running dog; swimming ''fishfish≠≠ ''swimming poolswimming poolGrammatical/morphologicalGrammatical/morphological: cut-throat; book-learned; newborn: cut-throat; book-learned; newborn fine arts fine arts finer artsfiner arts conveyor belt conveyor beltss

MorphologyMorphology

Derivation: free morpheme+bound morpheme

unhappy; misunderstand; careful; careless

Affixes can be described by function or meaning

childhood; childlike; childless; childish

The derivational process may alter the grammatical or morphological form

anti-terrorist; computation; placement; colorful

Computer words:

-ware: software, hardware, shareware, freeware

Cyber-: cyberspace, cyberchat, e-commerce, e-cash

Techno-: Technobabble, technostress, technophobia

Chapter 3 MorphologyChapter 3 Morphology

•Conversion:Conversion: He’s papering the bedroom walls He’s papering the bedroom wallsnn→v: elbow; milk; skin; hammer; nurse; e-mail→v: elbow; milk; skin; hammer; nurse; e-mailv→n: doubt; attempt; a mustv→n: doubt; attempt; a mustadj→v: dry; free; better; downadj→v: dry; free; better; downadj→n: native; shortadj→n: native; short•Backformation:Backformation: edit; opt; enthuse; typewrite edit; opt; enthuse; typewriteTTélévision(French)→ televiseélévision(French)→ televise•Clipping:Clipping: fridge; bike; ad; copter; bus; bike; taxi; lunch; gym; telecom; flufridge; bike; ad; copter; bus; bike; taxi; lunch; gym; telecom; flu •Blending:Blending: motel=motor+hotel; smog=smoke+fog; medicare; anecdotage; hi-tech; euroasiamotel=motor+hotel; smog=smoke+fog; medicare; anecdotage; hi-tech; euroasia•Acronym:Acronym: AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndromeAIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome SARS: severe acute respiratory syndromeSARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome laser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationlaser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationInitialism:Initialism: CPU: central processing unit; ID: identification card; UNESCOCPU: central processing unit; ID: identification card; UNESCODerivation:Derivation: antislavery; devitalize; disambiguate; nonassertative antislavery; devitalize; disambiguate; nonassertativeNeologismNeologism:: xerox; moonwalker; moonship; software; hardware; courseware; cyb xerox; moonwalker; moonship; software; hardware; courseware; cyb

ershoppingershoppingBorrowing:Borrowing: chauffeur; enterprise; black humor; paper tiger chauffeur; enterprise; black humor; paper tiger

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