Language Planning 5

8/12/2019 Language Planning 5

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JENHERI REJEKI TARIGAN 8136112032AHMAD FAISAL 8136112001EDI ZULFIKAR 8136112010


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As language planner, approach to languageplanning could be viewed from micro vs macrolevel. Explain how micro level and macro levelswork!


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Cooper (1989) defines language planning as thedeliberate efforts to influence the behaviour ofothers with respect to the acquisition, structure,or functional allocation of their language codes(p.45). On the macro level, this means that

governments, education and legal systems andnon-governmental institutions (e.g. banks, theentertainment industry, churches, etc.) eitherexplicitly (i.e. in the form of policy statements) orimplicitly take the action (Baldauf 1994; Wiley

1996). On the other words, on the macro level,the government plays the dominant roles inlanguage planning.


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Meanwhile in the micro level languageplanning is greatly influenced by individuals,groups, or community(ies).

Micro language policy and planning mayfocus on quite specific and limited languageissuese.g. should the local library stockforeign language newspapers, what

language(s) will be taught at a local school, inwhat language will the signs be in a localshop window to attract customers.


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Draw the strenghts and the weakness of themicro level and macro level approaches. By thisexplaination if you a language planner whichone you prefer implementing for the languageplanning?


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Language planning actually occurs at different levels, such asmacro and micro level. Language planning in the Macro levelhas some strengths and weaknessesSome of the strengths of the macro levels are as follows:a. The macro levels are well documented in the literatureb. Macro planning often devolves to the education sector.c. Macro planning has structurized pland. Since the macro levels are organized by governments,

then language planning has a great means in languageplanning . means here are such as authority, force,promotion and persuasion)

e.

Through macro levels we will have Language purification,External purification, Internal purification, Languagerevival, Language reform, Language standardisation,Language spread, and Lexical modernisation


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a. Macro levels doesnt touch deeply thegrass roots community

b. It takes a long time to reach the grass

roots.


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a. Derive its authority from the community(ies) of speakers;b. It need not involve the education sector centrally, but

may do so peripherallyc. In the micro-structural environment, decision makers are

much closer to the problem source, can look at thediscourse in more detail and are much freer to act.

d. Additionally, in the micro-structural environment, visiblechange is much easier to perceive.

e. Most people feel quite competent to become involved insuch language activities.

f. Micro examples of language planning occur around us

every day and for these to be successful many of thesame ideas and skills need to be utilised to make themwork effectively


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a. The micro levels are not well documented inthe literature, perhaps because they are notseen to be as prestigious.

b. Micro language planning is 'unplanned'

c. Unplanned language change is a 'problem'for language planners because it alters thelanguage eco-system making it moredifficult to develop accurate and effective

language planning strategies; yet as itoccurs as a 'natural' part of the system, itneeds somehow to be taken into account.


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Macro planning often devolves to the education sector, theincreasingly frequent examples of micro planning show thatthe planning and policy development must originate from thehighest levels of the structure, must implicate the entire

structure, and must, centrally, derive its authority from thecommunity(ies) of speakers; it need not involve the educationsector centrally, but may do so peripherally.Language planning is not 'language engineering'; it must,ultimately, satisfy the speakers of all languages involved.While language planning solutions must be 'sold' to thepublic through conventional advertising techniques, the basicplan must be bottom-up, and must serve the interests of thecommunity or it will not meet the conditions just enunciatedfor that language plan to survive.In otherwords, language planning and policy implementationideally follows a bottom-up structure, rather than a top-

down structure.So on the conclusion, As the languange planner, we shouldput more focus on the micro levels since the original users oflanguage are individuals and communities.


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In our daily lives, we often find that a certaininstitution either state or private, education orbusiness applies a certain language use(Indoniesian, English or both) in dailycommunication. Do you think it is a matter oflanguage planning? If yes why and if not why?Give the example in your sourrounding that thelanguage planning has been applied


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Yes, this is the matter of language planning, because we know thelanguage is a tool to communicate with others, and because thelanguage has been spoken by people when they born. By using theone language or both language Indonesia and English, it show thatwe are various, and by using one language or certain language inone institution or school it make easy to communicate with peoplein this institution, and it happen because the culture, background,

surrounding and the situation in one place or in one school, whatlanguage they use, make them easy understand each other and getfaster to communicate if they speak Indonesia or English.Example: In my Office, we use both of the language if we want totalk with the chairman or in one meeting, so every people mustspeak English when they want to communicate what they want totalk, but in the other hand we speak both of Indonesia and English

in daily activity, but sometimes if we speak English make us getdifficult, so we mix with Bahasa Indonesia


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The other Example, in big Company or foreigncompany like Freeport, Caltex all of the employee

mostly speak English even though they speakBahasa Indonesia, because in this place, not onlyIndonesia, but different people from the otherscountry. Sometimes it happen in our daily activity, if

we have same ethnic usually we speak our motherlanguage, but if we mix with the other ethnicsactually we speak Bahasa Indonesia, to appreciateand to make understand each other. Like Chineseusually speak mandarin when they gatheringtogether, but if we are there, they speak bahasaIndonesia. So it likes the adaption to communicateour language.


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In the field we also often find the use of Englishin many public domain such as advertisement,housing complext, business and othercommercial activities such as the river side

residence, always listening alwaysunderstanding If you are government officer,draw your point of view agree and disagree


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Yes, we agree about that statement because no limitationlanguage that government made before, and the governmentalso have not a motto in our country to make BahasaIndonesia become our pride. Beside that it add our languageor our knowledge with the language come to our country and

make rich of our language. Especially English support us tocommunicate, and to introduce the language to every people,from children until adult people, so it makes easy tounderstand in communication. Fortunately we know thelanguage and we learn more about this language, Usually likein advertisement there are two language Indonesia and

English, first is Bahasa Indonesia and second is English, so itmakes people excited to read and add their vocabulary inEnglish.


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Indirectly, the language (English) teach usfrom none to be more, because English isInternational language that use by everycountry in the world. Automatically, we mustlearn and do the adaptation with thislanguage without lost our original language.


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Experts, linguists, language practioners, andscientists, etct propose basically there arethree of language dimension dealing withlanguage planningcorpus, status, and

acquisition planning. Draw the threedimensions above and give example ifnecessary!


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:Corpus PlanningCorpus planning refers to a language intervention . This maybe achieved by creating a new vocabulary , modify old ones,or selecting alternative forms . Corpus planning aims todevelop the resources of a language , so the language canbe an excellent medium for communication to a form and a

new discourse topic , are equipped with the necessary termsfor a business administration , education , etc. . Corpusplanning is often related to the standardization of alanguage that includes preparation for an orthography ,grammar , and a dictionary as a normative guide for writersand speakers in a language community . Effort in refining

the language and the removal of foreign vocabulary in alanguage corpus is also included in the planning , as well asupdates pronunciation and writing the introduction of newsystems . For languages that previously did not have awritten language , the first step that must be taken in corpusplanning is the development of writing systems .


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Planning StatusStatus planning refers to efforts to influence the allocation of thefunctions of a language within a language community . Usually theallocation of functions that language occurs spontaneously , but of

course there are some that occur as a result of a plan . Somebusinesses that belong to the status of planning , for example theselection status , the creation of a special language , define thevarious official languages , national languages , and others . Oftenthese efforts will increase the degree of a language or dialect into avariety of prestigious a competition antardialek. Determination ofthe status of the language in the status of planning adapted to the

functions possessed by the language , for example, as a means ofpublic communication , as the national language , and others .

According to Cooper (1989 ) , a language can be said to serve asan official language (official ) if the language is ( 1 ) legallydesignated by the government as an official language , ( 2 ) used

by the government for their daily activities , and ( 3 ) used by thegovernment for symbolic purposes . Briefly three things insequence can be considered as the official language of thestatutory types , working , simbolyc . A language can be officiallyfunctioning in all or some of this type .


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Acquisition PlanningAcquisition planning focuses on teaching andlearning the language , be it the national language, a second language or a foreign language . Thisincludes efforts to influence the number of users

and the distribution of a language and lettersobtained by creating an opportunity and incentiveto learn the language in question . Acquisitionplanning is directly related to the spread of alanguage . This is usually done by a body that is

responsible for both the development of national,regional , or local such as the British Council ,Alliance Francaise , Goethe Institut , JapanFoundation , and others .


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Indonesian language does not have the patternof TENSE while English does. Do you think thatwith or without tense influences the culture ofthe people in which the language belong to. If

not why? If yes why? And how do the twosocietal groups (Indonesian and English) viewthe concept of times?(...................).


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Yes, the language affect the culture of a particularsociety. The language of someone shows theirculture. According to Edward Sapir and Benjamin LeeWhorf language can affect the way how a personthinks.

Bahasa Indonesia does not have tenses. Indonesianpeople showed the time expression by description inwords. For example, sekarang, hari ini, kemarin,besok, minggu lalu, minggu depan and etc. Thewords are used if needed. Whereas in English has

tenses to show and express the time. So, the timeshow the function and the usage of time like,present, past and future.


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In terms of the usage of time Indonesian people donot have a time limit in doing something, while theBritish people have a very limited time. This can beproved with the Indonesian phrase like "biar lambat

asal selamat" or "tak kan lari gunung dikejar. This isvery different from the British people who has thephrase "Time is money" or "Do not wait till tomorrow,what you can do it today".


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Language Planning 5

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