Language & Mind LING 240
description
Transcript of Language & Mind LING 240
![Page 1: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Language & MindLanguage & MindLING 240LING 240
Classes #5-6
Producing Speech Sounds
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Development of Speech Sounds
• What newborn babies know
• Important changes around 6-10 months old
• Learning sounds & learning words (16-20 months)
• Phonological ‘awareness’ and literacy (~5 years+)
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Sound Production
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How you look to a phonetician
Tongue
Palate
Velum
Glottis(vocal folds)
Lips, teeth etc.
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How you look to a phonetician
NasalCavity
OralCavity
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†∂s°z°c°j°˜÷
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We want to understand...
• What mechanisms are used to produce speech sounds - what must children master?
• What are some differences between the sounds of English and other languages?
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A Puzzle...
• Korean speakers use the sounds [r] and [l]e.g. Korea
Seoul
• Korean babies hear the difference between [ra] and [la] … they don’t know Korean yet
• Korean adults know Korean … but they have difficulty hearing the [ra] vs. [la] contrast
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Another Puzzle…
• Learning to spell…
‘sky’ --> SGIE
unlikely
‘cup’ --> GUP
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Forget Spelling!
Sounds ≠ Spelling
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One Sound - Many Characters
he e seas ea
believe ie amoeba oe
Caesar ae key ey
see ee machine i
people eo seize ei
IPA: [i]
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One Sound - Many Characters
too oo threw ew
to o lieu ieu
clue ue shoe oe
through ough
IPA: [u]
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One Character - Many Sounds
dame e
dad æ
father a
call øvillage \, ˆmany ´
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One Sound - Multiple Letters
shoot ßeither ∂character k
deal i
Thomas t
physics f
rough f
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One Letter - 0, 1, 2 Sounds
mnemonic
psychology
resign
ghost
island
whole
debt cute [kjut]
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Differences across Languages
• English: judge, juvenile, Jesus
• Spanish: jugar, Jesus
• German: Jugend, jubeln, Jesus
• French: Jean, j’accuse, jambon
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Major division: consonants vs vowels
• Consonantal sounds: narrow or complete closure somewhere in the vocal tract.
• Vowels: very little obstruction in the vocal tract. Can form the basis of syllables (also possible for some consonants).
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Describing Speech Sounds
• Is the air-flow blocked?vowel vs. consonant
• What are the vocal folds doing?voiced vs. voiceless
• Where/how is the air flowing?nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc.
• Where is the air-flow blocked?labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc.
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Voiced & voiceless consonants
• Consonants either voiced or voiceless.
• English pairs: – b/p– v/f– d/t– z/s
– ∂/†
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Where does the Air Flow?
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Your vocal tract again
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Block it at the velum
Where does the air go?
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Block it at the velum
Where does the air go?
˜
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Tongue againstvelum again
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Now raise the velumto block the air....
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Now raise the velumto block the air....
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Quickly drop yourtongue again ...
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Quickly drop yourtongue again ...
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Where does the airgo this time?
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Where does the airgo this time?
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Where does the airgo this time?
gk
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So so far we have:
Nasal stops:
[m] [n] [˜]Non-nasal (oral) stops:
[b] [p] [d] [t] [g] [k]
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Whe
re c
an y
ou s
top
the
airs
trea
m?
Whe
re c
an y
ou s
top
the
airs
trea
m?
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Whe
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ou s
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airs
trea
m?
Whe
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m?
(bi)labial[b] [p] [m]
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Whe
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Whe
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m?
labiodental[v] [f]
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Whe
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m?
Whe
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top
the
airs
trea
m?
interdental[∂] [†]
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Whe
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Whe
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trea
m?
alveolar[d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
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Whe
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Whe
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palatal[z°] [s°] [j°] [c°]
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Whe
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Whe
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velar[g] [k] [˜]
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Whe
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Whe
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uvular
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Whe
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an y
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top
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trea
m?
Whe
re c
an y
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the
airs
trea
m?
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Features
• Ways of describing soundse.g., [t] = voiceless, alveolar, stop
• Stronger claim: features are the smallest building blocks of language, used to store sounds in the mind
• Atoms of Speech
Roman Jakobson, 1896-1982
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Manner
• Stops[p] [k] [t] [d] [k] [g]...
• Fricatives[f] [v] [†] [∂] [s] [z]
• Approximants/Glides[w] [j]
• Liquids[r] [l]
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Voiced & voiceless consonants
• Consonants either voiced or voiceless. • English pairs (voiced-left; voiceless-right):
– b/p– v/f– d/t– z/s– ∂/†– etc.
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Fricatives & Affricates
• Palatal sounds [z°] [s°] [j°] [c°]• Palatal Fricatives - [z°] [s°]
[note: according to IPA chart these are strictly ‘post-alveolar’]
• Affricates - combination of stop + fricative - [j°] [c°], as in judge, church
![Page 47: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Describing Consonants
• What are the vocal folds doing?voiced vs. voiceless
• Where/how is the air flowing?nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc.
• Where is the air-flow blocked?labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc.
![Page 48: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Features
• Prediction: by combining a small number of atomic features, it should be possible to create a larger number of speech sounds
• Goal: a set of universal features should make it possible to describe the speech sounds of all of the languages of the world
• Different languages choose different feature combinations
![Page 49: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n ˜
fricative fv
†∂
sz
s°z°
(h)
affricate c°j°
liquid l rglide j „
w
![Page 50: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n n~ ˜
fricative ĺ
fv
†∂
sz
s°z°
x©
(h)
affricate c°j°
liquid l r Òglide j „
w
?
?
?
“Fuji”“Cuba”
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bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n n~ ˜
fricative ĺ
fv
†∂
sz
s°z°
x©
(h)
affricate c°j°
liquid l r Òglide j „
w
?
?
“año”
![Page 52: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n n~ ˜
fricative ĺ
fv
†∂
sz
s°z°
x©
(h)
affricate c°j°
liquid l r Òglide j „
w
?
“Bach”“agua”
![Page 53: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n n~ ˜
fricative ĺ
fv
†∂
sz
s°z°
x©
(h)
affricate c°j°
liquid l r Òglide j „
w“caballo”
![Page 54: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n n~ ˜
fricative ĺ
fv
†∂
sz
s°z°
x©
(h)
affricate c°j°
liquid l r Òglide j „
w
![Page 55: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
What can you do to alter the shape of your vocal tract?
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![Page 58: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
[i]
![Page 59: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
[æ]
![Page 60: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
[i]
![Page 61: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
[u]
![Page 62: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
So. You can....
• Raise or lower your tongue
• Advance or retract your tongue
• Round or spread your lips
• Tense or not tense your mouth
![Page 63: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
i “sheep, sleep”ˆ “ship, slip”
![Page 64: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
iˆ
e “laid, spade, trade”
´ “led, sped, tread”
![Page 65: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
iˆ
e´
æ “bat, lad”
![Page 66: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
iˆ
e´
æ
u“Luke, who’d, suit”¨“look, hood, soot”
![Page 67: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
iˆ
e´
æ
u¨
o“coat, wrote, hoed”
ø“caught, wrought, hawed”
![Page 68: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
iˆ
e´
æ
u¨
oø
a“bah, father, cot, Don”
![Page 69: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
iˆ
e´
æ
u¨
oø
a
√“but, putt, rut”
![Page 70: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
iˆ
e´
æ
u¨
oø
a
√\
“metallic, Texas”
![Page 71: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
So here they are
iˆ
e´
æ
u¨
oø
a
√\
![Page 72: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Some dialectal differences
• caught/cot [Mid back lax vowel and mid back tense vowel]: many American speakers do not have both of these.
• pot/father: some British and (fewer) American dialects have different vowels in these words (“pot” has a low back rounded vowel [Å]).
![Page 73: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Diphthongs:
a
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Diphthongs:
aj
“side, my, kind”
![Page 75: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Diphthongs:
a
![Page 76: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Diphthongs:
aw
“loud, brow, hour”
![Page 77: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Diphthongs:
ø
![Page 78: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Diphthongs:
øj
“boy, annoy, toil”
![Page 79: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Speech Production - Summary
• Airflow set in vibration by vocal foldsAirflow modified by vocal tract
• Vowels: shaping of oral cavity
• Consonants: narrowing or blocking of oral/nasal cavity
• Different languages choose different selections of articulatory gestures
![Page 80: Language & Mind LING 240](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5681471b550346895db452b6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Speech Perception
• Speech production processes must be undone by the ear
• Motions of articulators must be reconstructed from patterns of air vibration
• Requires extremely precise hearing, possibly a system specialized for hearing speech
• Substantially developed at birth