Language & Meaning COM 370—Psychology of Language John R. Baldwin Illinois State University.
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Transcript of Language & Meaning COM 370—Psychology of Language John R. Baldwin Illinois State University.
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Language & Meaning
COM 370—Psychology of LanguageJohn R. Baldwin
Illinois State University
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American & Chinese Communication
American CommunicationWhat is said “I” focusImpolite talkDirect talkAssertive speechSelf-enhancing talkPublic personal
questionsExpressive speech
Chinese Communication What is not said “We” focusPolite talkIndirect talkHesitant speechSelf-effacing talkPrivate personal
questions Reticent speech
(Gao & Ting-Toomey, 1998)
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Levels of Language
• Phonemic: /th/ /r/ /ö/ • Morphological: Adam/s/; particles: “ma”• Semantic/Lexical: “babe,” “amigo”• Syntactic: Imperfect v. preterite; future
subjectunctive• Pragmatic: Asking a Q; persuading• Rhetorical/ideological: Underlying ideas,
nature of “communication,” etc.
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Morphological Differences
• Greek nouns: http://abacus.bates.edu/~hwalker/Grammar/gramrev.html• Conjugating verbs: Pick a language:
http://www.logosconjugator.org/owa-v/verba_dba.verba_main.create_page?lang=en
• Check out SIUs South East Language page! http://www.seasite.niu.edu/ • Tones?: http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Music/perfectpitch.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X25lLdXeSUo&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nlw4NJdnNE
• Clicks?: http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Music/perfectpitch.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_l7ty_MH_Y
Some tonal humor… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4gKqjd00E4
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Lexical Choice
• Words of Connection– Kuan-shi– Nunch’I– Jeito– Palanca
• Semantic differences:– Amigo; close friends– Freedom– Term paper
• Pragmatic differences: conflict, humor, etc...
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Basic Concepts
• Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Language “constructs” or creates our (social) reality
http://pages.slc.edu/~ebj/IM_97/Lecture14/L14.html
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Stances on Linguistic Relativity
• LR-NO: __________________
• LR-LO: ___________________
• LR-GCS: __________________
• LR-CA: ___________________
Steinfatt, 1989
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Basic Concepts
• Bernstein Hypothesis: Social situations dictate our language– Restricted Code
– Elaborated Code
– Code Switching
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Evidence for or against linguistic relativity
Area of Research For? Against?
Language Development
Language comparison (interlanguage)
Dialects, etc. (Intra-language)• deficit explanation• difference explanation
Bilingualism
Aphasics• Rule of Ribot
Deaf languages
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Ways of doing language research on cultural differences
• Ethnography of Communication: _____________
• Contrastive pragmatics– Grice– Politeness– Speech Acts, etc.
• “Culture” studies (not “cultural studies”)
• Cultural scripts approach: – Why do Goddard & Wierzbicka like this approach?– Key words: PEOPLE, SOMEONE, THIS, SAY, THINK,
WANT, GOOD, BAD, etc.
(Goddard & Wierzbicka, 1997)
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Example of a Cultural Script
• If something bad happens to someone because of me
• I have to say something like this to the person: “I feel something bad because of this.”
Not an apology, because the speaker may or may not be responsible for the bad thing!
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Scripts, language forms, & values
What are some scripts or language forms for each of the following groups? What underlying values do they suggest?
Compare and contrast!
How might such differences cause difficulty in intercultural communication, negotiations, public relations or media work,?
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Scripts, language forms, values
Form Underlying Value
Japanese
Malay
Polish
Yakunytjatjara
Ewe
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BREAK!
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Speech Codes Theory
Background
Ethnography (Soc/Anth)—Dell Hymes
Ethnography of Speaking/Comm
Gerry Philipsen (UW)
Donal Carbaugh
Chuck Braithwaite Kristine Fitch
Bradford “BJ HallTamar Katriel
Mary Jane Collier? Stella Ting-Toomey
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Speech Codes theory(Philipsen, Coutu, & Covarrubias, 2005)
• Background– Grounded in “observation of communication
conduct” (p. 56)– A way to use “situated codes and meanings” to
decipher everyday communication conduct– Goal to develop a specific understanding of each
culture, with assumption that each culture is unique
– Goal to develop a framework that can be used to apply to any culture, even to compare cultures, in regards to a particular speech genre (Philipsen, 1989).
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Speech Codes theory(Philipsen, Coutu, & Covarrubias, 2005)
• Speech codes:– “a system of socially constructed symbols and
meanings, premises, and rules, pertaining to communicitave conduct” (Philipsen, in PCR, p. 57)
• Symbolic (situated) resources:– “Symbols and meanings, premises, and rules,
pertaining to communicative conduct—that participants use to name, interpret, and judge communicative conduct.” Resources “to eanct, name, interpret, and judge communicative conduct” (p. 57). That is…
• Codes: contingent (not fixed); open (not closed)
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Speech Codes Theory
Speech codes involve/result/create:• Psychology of culture: meanings
• Sociology of culture: social relations
• Rhetoric of culture: strategic conduct
In sum, – Meaning of messages relies fundamentally on
codes– Speech codes are located in language and
communication of native speakers– Speech codes can be used to understand, predict,
and control communication– Speech codes enact certain identities
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Speech Codes Theory
The Propositions:1. Distinctive culture. . Distinctive speech code
2. In any community, multiple speech codes
3. Code distinctive psychology, sociology, rhetoric
4. SCs speakers use determine how important speaking is to give meaning to action
5. Terms, rules, premises of SC are woven into act of speaking itself (metacomm, stories, etc.)
6. “Artful use of a shared code” creates conditions for “predicting, explaining, and controlling” various aspects of the form of discourse (p. 63)
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Speech Codes Theory
The “Descriptive Model”:
Scene: when, where…
Participants: who…
Ends: why…
Act sequence: what order…
Key: feeling
Instrumentalities: channel, register
Norms: how
Genre: what (joke, conversation,
leave-taking, requests, instructions…)
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Applications of SCTEgyptian & Jewish Comm
• Dugri & Musayra (Ellis & Maoz, 2003)– JEWISH ISRAELI: Dugri (Katriel, 1986):
• “Straight talk”: Direct, to the point
• Assertive
• Concerned with clarity, efficiency, image of directness
• In-group code among Western Israeli Jews
– ARABIC: Musayra (Feghali, 1997):“Accommodating, going along with”: 4 aspects
• Repetition: formulaic, compliments, praise, paralellism
• Indirectness: Interpersonal caution
• Elaboration: metaphor, exaggeration
• Affectiveness: intuitive and emotional style
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Applications of SCTColombian, Colorado & Beyond
• Columbia (Fitch, 1994)– Hierarchia: social status– Confianza: trust, connectedness– [cf. “Sal si puede” ritual]
• Colorado – Saving negative face
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Application: Public “Problem” Talk & Donahue
• New York Hardcore: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igfoVyTnz0g
• The Dangers of Moshing: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47TWt3vi9hc
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Face negotiation theory (of conflict) (Ting-Toomey, 2005)
• Background: Goffman– Face: “about identity respect and other-identity
consideration issues within and beyond the actual encounter episode” (p. 73)
– Can be “threatened, enhanced, undermined, and bargained over—on both an emotional reactive level and a cognitive appraisal level” (p. 73)
• Brown & Levinson – Positive and negative face– Self and other face– Positive and negative politeness
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Face negotiation theory (Ting-Toomey, 2005)
• Background: Facework“the specific verbal and nonverbal behaviors that we
engage in to maintain or restore face loss and to uphold and honor face gain”
• Face loss
• FTAs
• Preventative and
restorative facework
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Face negotiation theory (Ting-Toomey, 2005)
• Assumptions (summarized)– People in all cultures negotiate face
– Some situations especially threaten face
– Cultural variable differences influence aspects of face negotiation
– Individual differences also influence face
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Face negotiation theory (Ting-Toomey, 2005)
• Aspects of face that might be influenced:– Face orientation
(self/other/both)– Face movements
(defended, saved, maintained, upgraded)
– Facework interaction strategies (V/NV—direct/indirect)
– Conflict communication styles
– Face content domains (positive/negative)
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Facework interaction strategies(Ting-Toomey, 2005)
• Preventative Facework– Credentialing
– Suspended judgment appeals
– Pre-disclosure
– Pre-apology
– Hedging
– Disclaimer
– …
• Restorative Facework– Direct aggression
– Excuses
– Justifications
– Humor
– Physical remediation
– Passive aggressiveness
– Avoidance
– Apologies
– …
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Facework Conflict strategies(Ting-Toomey, 2005)
Ow
n G
oals
Other’s Goals
I Win
You Lose You Win
I Lose
Dominating/
Controlling
Avoiding/ Withdrawing
Yielding/ Obliging
Compromising
Integrating/
Collaborating
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Face Content Domains (Ting-Toomey, 2005)
• Autonomy face• Inclusion face• Status face• Reliability face• Competence face• Moral face
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Lets Make Some (facework) Predictions!
• Culture-level variables– Individualism/collectivism– Power distance
• Individual-level variables– Self-construal
• Independent/dependent• Biconstrual/ambivalent
• Relational-contextual variables– In-group/out-group
• Other important variables?