Language Litereature and Psychology

Language, Literature

and

Psychology

Chief - Editor

DR. CHARULATA S. PRADHAN Dept. of Psychology

Kohinoor Arts, Commerce and Science College,

Khultabad, Dist. Aurangabad (MS)

CO-EDITOR

Dr. Shaikh Mohd. Arif Assistant Professor,

Dept. of Physical Education



Dr. Subhash Jite Assistant Professor,

Dept. of Hindi



ISBN -978-93-82504-50-4

Language, Literature and Psychology Copyright

Kohinoor Shikshan Sanstha,

Aurangabad (MS)

Publisher :

New Voices Publication,

Aurangabad - 431001 (MS)

www.newvoicespublication.com.

Mob. 9890450746

Year of Publication : 2014

ISBN -978-93-82504-50-4

DTP :

Yajuwendra Wankar

Mob. 9763830016

Disigning :

Well Done Graphics

Manzoorpura, Aurangabad - 431001 (MS)

Mob. 9595335538

Printer :

Omkar Printers,

CIDCO, Aurangabad - 431001 (MS)

Mob. 9423744183

Price : ```` 300/-

Note : The views expressed by the authors in their research papers

in this book are their own. The Editor/Publisher is not responsible for them.

Author is responsible all grammatical error.

Subject to Aurangabad (MS) Jurisdiction.

MESSAGE

I am glad to know that Dept. of Psychology, Kohinoor Arts I am glad to know that Dept. of Psychology, Kohinoor Arts I am glad to know that Dept. of Psychology, Kohinoor Arts I am glad to know that Dept. of Psychology, Kohinoor Arts

Commerce Commerce Commerce Commerce aaaand Science College, Khultabad nd Science College, Khultabad nd Science College, Khultabad nd Science College, Khultabad isisisis organizing a organizing a organizing a organizing a NNNNational ational ational ational

CCCConference sponsored by UGC on "Modern onference sponsored by UGC on "Modern onference sponsored by UGC on "Modern onference sponsored by UGC on "Modern Approaches & Innovation in Approaches & Innovation in Approaches & Innovation in Approaches & Innovation in

Psychology" on 17Psychology" on 17Psychology" on 17Psychology" on 17----18 February 2014.18 February 2014.18 February 2014.18 February 2014.

This conference will be an exciting and congenial opportunity for This conference will be an exciting and congenial opportunity for This conference will be an exciting and congenial opportunity for This conference will be an exciting and congenial opportunity for

delegates to discuss and explore innovative Psychology applications. The delegates to discuss and explore innovative Psychology applications. The delegates to discuss and explore innovative Psychology applications. The delegates to discuss and explore innovative Psychology applications. The

congress Program feature several outstanding speakerscongress Program feature several outstanding speakerscongress Program feature several outstanding speakerscongress Program feature several outstanding speakers from afrom afrom afrom allllllll India India India India

who are leader in various faculties. who are leader in various faculties. who are leader in various faculties. who are leader in various faculties.

The Theme of the conference is challenging to the The Theme of the conference is challenging to the The Theme of the conference is challenging to the The Theme of the conference is challenging to the AAAAcademic and cademic and cademic and cademic and

research scholars. I understand that a good number of delegates from research scholars. I understand that a good number of delegates from research scholars. I understand that a good number of delegates from research scholars. I understand that a good number of delegates from

all over the over the country would be participating in this nationalall over the over the country would be participating in this nationalall over the over the country would be participating in this nationalall over the over the country would be participating in this national

eventeventeventevent and discuss ways and means to promote the strengthen programs and discuss ways and means to promote the strengthen programs and discuss ways and means to promote the strengthen programs and discuss ways and means to promote the strengthen programs

of Education. I expect that the outcomes of conference will be of great of Education. I expect that the outcomes of conference will be of great of Education. I expect that the outcomes of conference will be of great of Education. I expect that the outcomes of conference will be of great

importance to the participants. importance to the participants. importance to the participants. importance to the participants.

I send my I send my I send my I send my WWWWarm arm arm arm GGGGreetingreetingreetingreetingssss and hope that participants will seriously and hope that participants will seriously and hope that participants will seriously and hope that participants will seriously

discuss improdiscuss improdiscuss improdiscuss improvements needed in teaching learning process, modernizing vements needed in teaching learning process, modernizing vements needed in teaching learning process, modernizing vements needed in teaching learning process, modernizing

curricular to take care ocurricular to take care ocurricular to take care ocurricular to take care offff recent trends in interdisciplinary and recent trends in interdisciplinary and recent trends in interdisciplinary and recent trends in interdisciplinary and

multidisciplinary research. multidisciplinary research. multidisciplinary research. multidisciplinary research.

I congratulate organizers for their efforts and wish the NCMAIP a I congratulate organizers for their efforts and wish the NCMAIP a I congratulate organizers for their efforts and wish the NCMAIP a I congratulate organizers for their efforts and wish the NCMAIP a

grand success. grand success. grand success. grand success.

With Regards...!With Regards...!With Regards...!With Regards...!

MAZHAR KHAN Secretary

Kohinoor Shikshan Sanstha, Aurangabad

FROM THE DESK OF CONVENERFROM THE DESK OF CONVENERFROM THE DESK OF CONVENERFROM THE DESK OF CONVENER

Dear Colleagues and FriendsDear Colleagues and FriendsDear Colleagues and FriendsDear Colleagues and Friends,,,,

Warm Greetings Warm Greetings Warm Greetings Warm Greetings

I would like to Welcome all the delegates from different esteemed I would like to Welcome all the delegates from different esteemed I would like to Welcome all the delegates from different esteemed I would like to Welcome all the delegates from different esteemed

institutions to "National Conference on "Modern Approaches & Innovation institutions to "National Conference on "Modern Approaches & Innovation institutions to "National Conference on "Modern Approaches & Innovation institutions to "National Conference on "Modern Approaches & Innovation

in Psychology" on behalf of Kohinoor Arts, Commerce and Science in Psychology" on behalf of Kohinoor Arts, Commerce and Science in Psychology" on behalf of Kohinoor Arts, Commerce and Science in Psychology" on behalf of Kohinoor Arts, Commerce and Science

College Khultabad. College Khultabad. College Khultabad. College Khultabad.

The conference is a reflection ofThe conference is a reflection ofThe conference is a reflection ofThe conference is a reflection of our objective to reach out to our objective to reach out to our objective to reach out to our objective to reach out to

Psychologist, interested in close understanding of this issue from Psychologist, interested in close understanding of this issue from Psychologist, interested in close understanding of this issue from Psychologist, interested in close understanding of this issue from

multidisciplinary discourses. multidisciplinary discourses. multidisciplinary discourses. multidisciplinary discourses.

The aim of NCMAIP is to provide platform for scientific discussion. The aim of NCMAIP is to provide platform for scientific discussion. The aim of NCMAIP is to provide platform for scientific discussion. The aim of NCMAIP is to provide platform for scientific discussion.

Our tremendous intellectual energy is realized through sucOur tremendous intellectual energy is realized through sucOur tremendous intellectual energy is realized through sucOur tremendous intellectual energy is realized through such scientific h scientific h scientific h scientific

Endeavors and many remedies to the problems could be reached. Endeavors and many remedies to the problems could be reached. Endeavors and many remedies to the problems could be reached. Endeavors and many remedies to the problems could be reached.

By organizing this National Scientific Expression we want to create By organizing this National Scientific Expression we want to create By organizing this National Scientific Expression we want to create By organizing this National Scientific Expression we want to create

an Academic and scientific framework where there will be presented the an Academic and scientific framework where there will be presented the an Academic and scientific framework where there will be presented the an Academic and scientific framework where there will be presented the

most important results of some individuamost important results of some individuamost important results of some individuamost important results of some individual or collective studies and l or collective studies and l or collective studies and l or collective studies and

researches, to reunite specialists from the connection domains of researches, to reunite specialists from the connection domains of researches, to reunite specialists from the connection domains of researches, to reunite specialists from the connection domains of

Psychology to allow the expression, at the highest quality standards of Psychology to allow the expression, at the highest quality standards of Psychology to allow the expression, at the highest quality standards of Psychology to allow the expression, at the highest quality standards of

the accumulated experiences of the practitioners from a directive the accumulated experiences of the practitioners from a directive the accumulated experiences of the practitioners from a directive the accumulated experiences of the practitioners from a directive

perspective but also theperspective but also theperspective but also theperspective but also the multidisciplinary view points. multidisciplinary view points. multidisciplinary view points. multidisciplinary view points.

I hope your scholarly gracious presence will make this conference I hope your scholarly gracious presence will make this conference I hope your scholarly gracious presence will make this conference I hope your scholarly gracious presence will make this conference

a grand success. a grand success. a grand success. a grand success.

With Best Wishes. With Best Wishes. With Best Wishes. With Best Wishes.

Dr. Baig Akhtar MirzaDr. Baig Akhtar MirzaDr. Baig Akhtar MirzaDr. Baig Akhtar Mirza Convener Convener Convener Convener

NCMAIPNCMAIPNCMAIPNCMAIP

EDITOR'S NOTE

Barbara W. Tuchman an American popular historian and author

remarks. Books are the carriers of civilization, without books, history is silent, literature dumb, science crippled, through and speculation at a standstill.

They are engines of change, window on the world, lighthouse erected in the sea of time.

"Psychology is an applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions

and behavior"

Literature and Psychology share concern with human subject and in it both deal with

the complexities and contradictions of human actions and Emotional life.

Multidisciplinary approach of the conference enabled the researchers to break the

shackles of traditional approach. The paper published in the book on various subjects viz

Feminism, Dalit literature, Literature of tribes, Child Psychology, male chauvinism etc.

broadens the horizons of human knowledge, understanding and perspectives. It gives new

voices to marginalized, voiceless strata of the societies spread throughout the world. It also

provides an opportunity to explore the highest and lowest places in society and in the human

spirit; where I hope to find not absolute truth but the truth of tale, of imagination and of the

heart also. It is voiced that literature is a bridge from misery to hope. It is a tool for daily life in

modern society. It is a bulwark against poverty and building block of development. Psycho

analysis discussed in this book opens the relationships of meaning and identity to psychic and

cultural forces which ground so much of our being. It examines the articulation of our most

private anxieties and meaning to culture and gives us a perspective on them as cultural

formations. It comprises one approach to the questions of good and evil and especially of

suffering and error, which plague.

The world is shrinking in to a global village where the people of different races, color,

caste, creed, sexes, and desires are coming closer to each other. Psychoanalytical study helps to

analyze the deepest of psyche of every class and burning issues of the society. Hence it is

essential to develop innovative psychological approaches towards language and literature.

The paper published in this book provides a positive outlook in this regard.

I take this opportunity to place on record my gratitude towards Management. I owe a

lot of Guidance, Patronage and Literary especially from Hon'ble Mazhar Khan Secretary of

Kohinoor Shikshan Sanstha, Aurangabad.

I would also like to thank all the contributors for their scholarly papers to this volume

Entitled "Language Literature and Psychology."

Dr. Charulata Pradhan

Kohinoor NCMAIP ISBN -978-93-82504-50-4

Language, Literature and Psychology i

INDEX

ENGLISH Page No. 1 Mohammad Jashim Uddin

Non-conventional interpretation of Begum Rokeyas Sultanas Dream for better mobility of women access

01

2 Ms. Sangole Kirti Prakash Female Psychology in Morrisons Bluest Eye: The Insanity in Literature

05 3 Ms. Mayuri L. Waghmare

Psychology of Communication 07

4 Vihire Swati R. Haroun and the Sea of Stories: A Psychological Journey of the Protagonists

09 5 Mrs. Varsha P. Zanwar

Woman Psychology in Anita Desais Cry, The Peacock 11

6 Shaikh Laikh Mahemood Bharati Mukherjees Wife: A Psychological Alienation to Assimilation 13

7 Dr. Shesham R.S. Literary Manifesto of Afro-Americans Trauma

16 8 Shaikh Rihana Biban

Psychological Perspectives in the Cracking India / Ice Candy Man in the Light of Characterization

18

9 Mr. Arvind Ramphale A Psychological Conflict in Identity Crisis: Trickster Lebert Joseph in Paule Marshalls Praisesong for the Widow

20

10 Mr. Bhagwat Biradi Psychological State of Mind of Characters in Macbeth by Shakespeare

22 11 Mr. Milind Y. Magare

Hysteria, Madness and Identity in Literature. 24

12 Mr. Mohammad Mujahed-Ur-Rahman* Ms. Shaikh Shaista Yakub** Alienation in The Novel, Cry the Peacock

25 13 Dr. Totawad Nagnath Ramrao* Mr. Kulkarni ShyamAvinash**

Identity of Indian Sub-continent: A Multicultural Perspective 27

14 Pratibha Jagtap The Psychological Novel and Brief Study of Journey Within, With Reference to Anita Desais Cry The Peacock

30

15 Santosh D. Ghangale Psychological Allegory in Lord Of The Flies: A Critical View

32 16 Mr Sayed Irafat Gausoddin

A Note of Melancholy and Despair in The Poetry of P.B.Shelley : A Critical Analysis

33

17 Dr. Parvez Aslam Shaikh Shakespeares Hamlet: A Psychoanalytical Study

34 18 Mr.Shewale Vishnu Gangadhar

Innovations in Second Language Learning & Cognitive Development: A Theoretical Background

36

FOREIGN LANGUAGE 19 Ms. Vasundhara Rao

Psychology in the Learning of A Foreign Language

39


Language, Literature and Psychology ii

HINDI 20 megeer eesefielee efMebos

meble ceerjeyeeF& kes keeJe ceW ceveesefJe%eeve 42

21 megeer le=hleer cesveve . -

44

22 ceveiesceveiesceveiesceveies heb{jerveeLe keeheb{jerveeLe keeheb{jerveeLe keeheb{jerveeLe kee efnboer meeefnle ceW ceveesefJeMues


Language, Literature and Psychology iii

40 . :

88

41 . :

90

42 .

92 43 [e@. Yee.vee. iee[skej

%eevesMJejerleerue ceevemeMeem$eere o=


Language, Literature and Psychology 1

Research Paper English

ABSTRACT In many different societies, women, like colonized subjects, have been relegated to the position of Other, colonized by various forms of patriarchal domination; and if the subjects are Indian Muslims, a number of aspects come forward to be discussed. We got surprised when we see some said Rokeya depicted the successful struggle of women in Ladyland against political, gendered and religious suppression. But none explained what kind of religious suppression Rokeya indicated here. Sultana thus described the situation in colonial Bengal where man has taken to himself all powers and privileges and shut up the women in the Zenana, Leaving then with no hand or voice . . . . Man is lord matter. As a clear parallel to the British seizing the powers and privileges of the Indians Bengali women had been colonized by men. However, in Ladyland the coronations of women by men have been successfully over turned. Moreover, explaining the terms feminist, female, and feminine, Toril Moi said the first is a political position, the second a matter of biology, and the third a set of culturally defined characteristics. Particularly in the distinction between the second and third of these lied much of force of feminism. Because of the feminist analyzes everything through a political position, the main idea of purdah had been changed completely in Sultanas Dream and the core concept of Islam about purdah is being misinterpreted.

KEY WORDS: Dream, Purdah, Language Politics, Feministic View, Colonialism In Feminism

Introduction: Rokeyas journey from real India to dreamy unrealistic Ladyland symbolizes- both metaphorically and paradigmatically-individual freedom and transformation from one social order to another. This irresistible desire in women to achieve more room to engage in public life and to contest with men for power is a remarkable feature of Rokeyas work. In Ladyland, it is women whose moment is most visible outside the domestic environment, while men are conditioned to stay secluded and immobile in the house. Sister Sara communicates to Sultana that: Her Royal Highness sent them [men] a circular letter intimating to them that if their services should ever be needed they would be sent for, and that in the meanwhile they should remain where they were [that is, in domestic seclusion]1 Early some people, especially men recognized women as only means to others, let it be mothers, wives, or upholders of national identity; the latter Rokeya recognized women as independent agents, thus as means to themselves.2 From the above discussion we see a conflict between what Rokeya depicts and wants to expose in Sultanas Dream, and how readers and some critics explain it. Moreover, though Rokeya encourages the women and has established a school to awaken women for being educated and aware of their right, why they are still suppressed is not unknown to us. For finding the inequality and suppression of the women, the paper has tried to analyze the text and problems of presence throughout the psychological and feministic point of view.

Dream is also explained through out Sigmund Freuds interpretation to show its connection with reality. The basic concept of purdah and religious point of view: Purdah means curtain or veil and it saves the human being to commit any kind of sexual sin physically and even verbally. But in some countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Middle East and so on it is used as a religious and social institution of female seclusion.3 Because these curtains are mail dominated; so, they use it as this own benefit. More simply, it is the practice of preventing men from seeing women. This takes two forms: physical segregation of the sexes and the requirement that women cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form.4 Thats why women is not allowed to come out for education or working for livelihood as man. But from the Indian History it is clear that purdah was observed once in Hindu families too. Historians believe purdah was originally a Persian practice that the Muslims adopted during the Arab conquest of modern-day Iraq in the 7th century C.E..5 Later, Muslim rule of northern India during the Mughal Empire influenced the practice of Hinduism, and purdah spread to the Hindu upper classes of northern India.5 During the British colonialism period in India, purdah observance was widespread and strictly-adhered to among the Muslim minority.5 In modern times, the practice of veiling and secluding women is still present in mainly Islamic countries and South Asian countries.5 However, the practice is not monolithic. Purdah takes on different forms and significance depending on the region, time, socioeconomic status, and local culture.6

Mohammad Jashim UddinMohammad Jashim UddinMohammad Jashim UddinMohammad Jashim Uddin Northern University of Bangladesh, 17/13 banani, Dhaka-1213

Non-conventional interpretation of Begum Rokeyas Sultanas Dream for better mobility of women access



Some scholars argue that purdah was initially designed to protect women from being harassed, but later these practices became a way to justify efforts to subjugate women and limit their mobility and freedom.7 However, others argue that these practices were always in place as local custom, but were later adopted by religious rhetoric to control female behavior.8 Some view purdah as a symbol of honor, respect, and dignity. It is seen as a practice that allows women to be judged by their inner beauty rather than physical beauty.9 Now-a-days some are misinterpreting the main concept of purdah. They claim purdah includes minimizing the movement of women in public spaces and interactions of women with other males. For instance, for some purdah might mean never leaving the home unless accompanied by a male relative, or limiting interactions to only other women and male relatives (for some Muslims) or avoiding all males outside of the immediate family (for some Hindus).10 By restricting womens mobility, purdah results in the social and physical isolation of women.11 Psychological interpretation of dream: Freud said that whether we intend it or not, we're all poets. That's because on most nights, we dream. And dreams are lot like poetry, in that in both things, we express our internal life in similar ways. We use images more than words; we combine incongruent elements to evoke emotion in a more efficient way than wordier descriptions can; and we use unconscious and tangential associations rather than logic to tell a story.12 Freud essentially says: dreams allow us to be what we cannot be, and to say what we do not say, in our more repressed daily lives. So we can say every single dream is the picture of an unconscious wish. Psychoanalysis itself is a form of therapy which aims to cure mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind.13 Cited by Ilana Simons, Francis Crick and Graeme Mitchison claim: the brain is like a machine that gets in the groove of connecting its data in certain ways (obsessing or defending or retaining), and that those thinking pathways might not be the most useful for us. But, when we sleep, the brain fires much more randomly. And it is this random scouring for new connections that allows us to loosen certain pathways and create new, potentially useful, ones.12 Of course, others argue that dreams have no meaning at all--that they are the random firings of a brain that doesn't happen to be conscious at that time. But at the same time we can say: the underlying assumption is that when some wish, fear, memory, or desire is difficult to face we may try to cope with it by repressing it, that is, eliminating it form the conscious mind.14 Moreover, we can consider the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud about dream. Sigmund Freud claims [dream] it is words into sensory images, mostly of a visual sort.15The dream work submits thoughts to a regressive treatment. 15 So, dream is nothing but

transforming thoughts into visual images15 and . . . . .calling up ideas that occur to the dreamer till you have penetrated from the substitute to the genuine thing and, on the ground of your own knowledge, replacing the symbols by what they mean.15 Studying the reactions between the elements of dreams and the genuine things they stood for, Sigmund Freud has got four main relations of the kind: the relation of a part to a whole, approximation or allusion, the symbolic relation and the plastic representation of words.15 In regard to the connection between the latent and the manifest dream, consideration results also in no simple relation being left between the elements in the one and the other. A manifest element may correspond simultaneously to several latent ones, and, contrariwise, a latent element may play a part in several manifest ones-there is, as it were, a criss-cross relationship [. . . . .]. In interpreting a dream, moreover, we find that the associations to a single manifest element need not emerge in succession: we must often wait till the whole dream has been interpreted.15 There is a rule nothing in the latent dream-thoughts corresponding to this censorship and are to be equated with an attempt at elimination which has not quite succeeded.15 Language politics in Feminism: Language is a fundamental site of struggle for post-colonial discourse because the colonial process itself begins in language. The control over language by the imperial center-whether achieved by displacing native language.16 Since 1960s, a number of feministic concepts and ideas have been trying to be established but interestingly language is playing a vital role to dominate the idea. For example, we see in Part Two of The Second Sex Juliet Mitchell writes, one is not born a woman; rather, one becomes a woman.17 For the better argument of Juliet Mitchell, we see in Man Made Language, Dale Spender argues that language is not a neutral medium but one which contain many features which reflect its role as the instrument through which patriarchy finds expression. In addition, Virginia Woolf suggests that language use in gendered so that when a woman turns to novel writing she finds that there is no common sentence ready for her use.18 So, we can conclude: one of the most subtle demonstrations of the power of language is the means by which it provides, through the functions of naming, a technique for knowing a colonized place or people. To name the world is to understand it to know it and to have control over it.19 To name reality is therefore to exert power over it, simply because the dominant language becomes the way in which it is known.19 Critical analysis on the basis of feminism, Concept of Purdah, Colonialism and Reality: Mostly Western educated people believe: Muslim womens suffering under purdah, especially in reference to education, polygamy, child marriage, mobility, health and hygiene became strong issues of criticism from the British official



and missionary camps.20 Purdah, in this became an extremely important marker of Muslim identity, which visibly set Muslim apart from Hindus and British as a social, cultural and religious community. Muslim women, therefore, had an added burden of cultural symbolism on their head, one that seriously restricted their mobility, avenues for education and employment; in turn making the entire debate around modern Muslim womans social repositioning even more complicated. Simultaneously, we can remember the role of literature in the production of cultural representation should not be ignored.21 Begum Rokeya wrote: what we want is neither alms nor gift of favour. It is our inborn right. Our claim is not more than Islam gave women 1300 years ago.22 Here she claims the equity of women but does not go against Islam or does not make the women stand against men. She wishes to establish womens voice in the society. She led the way to empowering and enlightening women.23 So far there we can say with her realization that in order to be independent women need to be educated first-she led this one woman campaign against tradition, prejudice, laws of the land, and a whole lot more. Now it can be asked how the women will be independent being educated. We remember when a woman becomes educated; she need not depend on fathers, brothers and husbands. They can get the self-identity. At least most of the women are still depending and are deprived on their brothers, fathers and husbands though they are educated. Because of not being aware in their rights and tendency of following what men tell them to do, they cannot establish them in society with equal empowerment. Sultanas Dream presents the lives of ordinary women in the troubles that they face, many of them which waist today as well-little access to education, seclusion in the name of honour, the refusal to allow them any say in the decisions that impact them. But they are also a look at what could be a different would that Rokeya envisages for women, a world where they are free of these constraints and can play their roles boldly in the intellectual life of a nation. Moreover, they are not valued for their domestic activities. Being realized it, Rokeya encourages women to revive craft industries and in Sultanas Dream, she sends men inside the house for doing domestic works so that women can be conscious about their rights and males can feel the value of domestic tasks. If you cannot save you for lack of physical strength, said the Queen try to do so by brain power.24 Here the Queen emphasizes in the intellectual level or capacity of a man or woman to be the greatest. In addition, science plays a central role in this utopia: It allows the women to come to power in the first place, to eradicate disease, and to cultivate plenty of food despite the elimination of half the workforce. 25

There is obviously an element of gender essentialism here: women are productive, virtuous, and like gardens and cleanliness, while men are making weapons, going to war or wasting time smoking cheroots. It means Hossain realizes that gender is not the only form that oppression can take.26 If we observe, we see early in the story Sister Sara asks Sultana a question women are still asking if men are so dangerous, why is it woman whose movements must be curtained? From the journey of Sultana, we know Sister Saras world is completely opposite from Sultanas state where she lives in. The purdah still exists in Sultanas state, but it is the men who are locked up and deprived of their rights in Ladyland. So, what a tragic scene we see in Ladyland! The new colony is encouraged here but how suppressing opposite sex a nation can establish a peaceful equal rightful state. If any man named Sultan dreamt like Sultana that he made a journey from Ladyland to Manland and captured women inside the house, what would happen then? Only contradiction will arise. So it is better to read the novella in a different way from tradition. When Sister Sara claims no one is hungry or has to be criminal there, it means only man is criminal and responsible for hungry. No, it is not like that because in short, the women co-exist in peace and utter merriment. As the social and cultural practices of purdah restricted the mobility of Muslim women to a great extent, institutionalized schooling became a very significant social debate in early 20th century Muslim reformists. The Begums distinct feminine sensibilities27 enabled her to employ a set of reform that would be most effective for the current social structure. She did not outright dismiss instructions such as purdah, but drew examples from Islamic history to demonstrate that purdah certainly did not mean lack of mobility and independence.28 It is this re-inventing of institutions such as purdah that highlights the Begums approach towards womens reform. She performed to take a middle path, and instead of rejecting social institutions, sought a reform agenda towards recognizing greater womens rights. This theme is eminent in Begum Rokeyas reform agendas as well: the adherence to social norms with a disguised feminist agenda. A suitable and effective reform agenda was sought and the goal was not to achieve feminist emancipation through rejecting all patriarchal institutions, but to introduce gradual and sustainable institutional resources to strengthen the womens domain, which in order to introduce limited change.29 Regarding it, Gulam Mursheed writes: what Rokeya depicts in Sultanas Dream about Ladyland [and womens domination] is not unprecedented and radical.30 Besides Mursheed, we must remember when any non-English writes anything in English, s/he cannot express everything in the text like the native. As Bill Ashcroft demonstrates, the belief that the English text is unable to communicate a non-English cultural meaning is based



on misconception of the way language means.31 We can also consider Raja Raos logic to evaluate any term which is written in English. He says: I use the word alien, yet English is not really an alien language to us. It is the language of our intellectual make-up like Sanskrit or Persian was before-but not of our emotional make-up.32 So, in order to interpret the word purdah, we cannot like the English, we should not.33 Conclusion: In Sultanas Dream, we see Begum Rokeya emphasizes on womens physical fitness and development of mental faculty, her recognition of womens education as means of economic independence, and finally, her distinction between

abaroudh and purdah.34 Moreover, Rokeya believes that , Allah has made no distinction in the general life of male and female- both are equally bound to seek food, drink, sleep and pray five times a day.35 Rokeya believes that men deliberately refuse women equal opportunities womens dependence on their own inferior status. In Begum Rokeyas view, manoshik dashhotto (mental slavery) is at the core of womens subjugated position. In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Marry Wollstonecraft says, If women do not grow wiser in the same ratio, it will be clear that they have weaker understanding.36

REFERENCES

1. Rokeya, Begum. Begum Rokeya RachanaSamagra:Hashi Prokashoni; Banglabazar; Dhaka;2004;pp 473-486 2. Hossain, Rubaiyat; Taking Women Forward: The Role of Begum Rokeya and Sultana Jahan; shsannework; January 4, 2013 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purdah&oldid=580125519" 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purdah&oldid=580125519" 5. Purdah (Islamic Custom) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Accessed February 17, 2013.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483829/purdah 6. Haque, Riffat. Gender and Nexus of Purdah Culture in Public Policy. South Asian Studies (1026-678X) 25, no. 2 (July 2010): 303310 7. Asha, S. Narrative Discourses on Purdah in the Subcontinent. ICFAI Journal of English Studies 3, no. 2 (June 2008): 4151 8. Shaheed, F. The Cultural Articulation of Patriarchy: Legal Systems, Islam and Women. South Asia Bulletin 6, no. 1 (1986): 3844. 9. Arnett, Susan. King's College History Department, "Purdah." Last modified 2001. Accessed March 18, 2013. 10. Papanek, Hanna. Purdah: Separate Worlds and Symbolic Shelter. Comparative Studies in Society and History 15, no. 03 (1973): 289325.

doi:10.1017/S001041750000712X. 11. Michael A. Koenig, Saifuddin Ahmed, Mian Bazle Hossain, and A. B. M. Khorshed Alam Mozumder. Womens Status and Domestic Violence

in Rural Bangladesh: Individual- and Community-level Effects. Demography 40, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 269288. doi:10.1353/dem.2003.0014. 12. Simons, Ilana PhD, Why do we dream? ; The Literary Mind, November 11, 2009 13. Barry, Peter; Beginning Theory :an introduction to literary and cultural theory; Second Edition; Manchester University Press; Manchester and

New York; 2002; pp 96 14. Barry, Peter; Beginning Theory : an introduction to literary and cultural theory; Second Edition; Manchester University Press; Manchester and

New York; 2002; pp 100 15. Freud, Sigmund. From The Dream-work; Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1916); pp204-18, Modern Literary Theory, edt: Phillip

Rice and Patica Waugh. 16. Ashcroft, Bill; Gareth, Griffiths & Helen, Tiffin; edt; The Post-colonial studies reader; Rutledge, London and New York, 2003; pp 283 17. Mitchell, Juliet, Simone de Beauvoir: freud and the Second Sexs in Part Two, Section II of Psychoanalysis and Feminism; Penguin Books;

New York 18. Woolf, Virginia,; A Room of Ones Own; Cambridge University Press; 1929 19. Ashcroft, Bill; Gareth, Griffiths & Helen, Tiffin; edt; The Post-colonial studies reader; Rutledge, London and New York, 2003; pp 283 20. Hossain, Rubaiyat; Taking Women Forward: The Role of Begum Rokeya and Sultana Jahan; shsannework; January 4, 2013 21. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty; Three Womens Texts and a Critique of Imperialism, edt. Ashcroft, Bill; Gareth, Griffiths & Helen, Tiffin; edt; The

Post-colonial studies reader; Rutledge, London and New York, 2003; pp 269 22. Rokeya, Begum. Begum Rokeya RachanaSamagra:Hashi Prokashoni; Banglabazar; Dhaka;2004;pp473-486 23. Khan, Zeenat. Sultanas Dream: Still a Distant Utopia?; The Daily Star; July 1, 2010 24. Rokeya, Begum. Begum Rokeya RachanaSamagra:Hashi Prokashoni; Banglabazar; Dhaka;2004;pp473-486 25. Malik, Zulhaib. Sultanas Dream as Feminist Utopian textmore. Reviewed by Subramanian, Aishwarya. Sultanas Dream by Rokeya

Sakhawat Hossain. Academia.edu September 30, 2013 26. Malik, Zulhaib. Sultanas Dream as Feminist Utopian textmore Reviewed by Subramanian, Aishwarya. Sultanas Dream by Rokeya

Sakhawat Hossain. Academia.edu September 30, 2013 27. Lambert-Hurley, Siobhan, Muslim Women, Reform and Princely Patronage: Nawab Sultan Jahan Begum of Bhopal. London, Rutledge, 2007 28. Hossain, Rubaiyat; Taking Women Forward: The Role of Begum Rokeya and Sultana Jahan; shsannework; January 4, 2013 29. Lambert-Hurley, Siobhan, Muslim Women, Reform and Princely Patronage: Nawab Sultan Jahan Begum of Bhopal. London, Rutledge, 2007 30. Mursheed, Gulam. Rashunari to Rokeya: Hundred Years of Women Progressive; Bangla Academy, Dhaka; 1993 31. Ashcroft, Bill; Gareth, Griffiths & Helen, Tiffin; edt; The Post-colonial studies reader; Rutledge, London and New York, 2003; pp 284 32. Rao, Raja; Language and Spirit; edt. Bill Ashcroft, Griffiths, Gareth & Tiffin Helen; The Post-colonial studies reader; Rutledge, London and

New York, 2003; pp 296 33. Ashcroft, Bill; Gareth, Griffiths & Helen, Tiffin; edt; The Post-colonial studies reader; Rutledge, London and New York, 2003; pp 284 34. Hossain, Rubaiyat; Taking Women Forward: The Role of Begum Rokeya and Sultana Jahan; shsannework; January 4, 2013 35. Hossain, Rubaiyat; Taking Women Forward: The Role of Begum Rokeya and Sultana Jahan; shsannework; January 4, 2013 36. Wollstonecraft, Marry. A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Cited by Hosaain, Selina; For Womens Awaking Rokeyas Self-power;

Ushaloke, Dhaka; 2013; pp 13




ABSTRACT Literature and psychology share concern with human subject and in it both deal with the complexities and contradictions of human actions and emotional life. For centuries the issues of slavery and racial oppression are not healed. The writing of painful history of African American, with special focus on women and their problems has been the main topic of discussion in writing novels. One such writer is Toni Morrison; through her writing she raises the question of slavery and other horrible crime. Also she discusses that whether it is possible for an individual suffering from such a condition to recover from the trauma. Her most of the novels deal with the women and children problem. Her novels which deal with such issues are Bluest Eye, Beloved and many more. The Bluest Eye (1970) is a portrayal of black families. The issues handled are female role their condition in patriarchal American society, the suffering of women and most important the way they are excluded from love and understanding and put into a condition where they go into silence and madness. There is a constant downfall and search for the identity of female character in the novel. Pecola the main character of the novel constantly victimized and humiliated, because of which she develops an inferiority complex. As result she pushes herself to the imagery world where whatever she wishes comes true. The novel ends with Pecola descending into madness and believing that her wish came true and she has blue eyes. The world of Pecola presented by Morrison is the world of madness..

Seldon (1993) said that black feminists having long been concerned with the problem of identity, in which race and sexuality are interlocking systems of oppression. For centuries the issues of slavery and racial oppression are going on. Racism is devastating to a country and its culture. It causes tremendous moral, cultural and economic suffering to a country. When the racism is there in a society it gives only the negative effect in every area of life. Whites extend over centuries and even the abolition of slavery could not end racism. More than a law, it was a way of life that kept people of black color from exercising their rights as a citizen. Whites were considered to be superior in every aspect of life. If any black colored person took the stand against the whites supremacy risked threat, violence and resultant was murder. The class of people were not allowed to participate in any cultural and social activity due to which blacks failed to understand their similarities and difference and also appreciate their rights.

The writings of painful history of African Americans, with special focus on women and their problem have been the main topic of discussion in the writings of several novels. Most of the black writers have presented these types of problems in their writing. Through this they have tried to show their journey from the victimized condition to the realization of personal creativity, which includes writers like Alice

Walker, Zora Neil Hurston, W.E.B.Du Bois and many more.

One such writer is Toni Morrison; through her writings she raises the question of slavery and other horrible crime. Also, she discusses that whether it is possible for an individual suffering from such a condition to recover from the trauma. Morrison as a black women writer shows how the standards of the mainstream culture cause suffering in the lives of the black people especially female character. Her novel The Bluest Eye (1970) is a portrayal of black families. The issues handled are female role in the patriarchal American society. The suffering of the women and most important the way they are excluded and put into a condition where they go into silence and madness.

In The Bluest Eye the black women suffer for their identity search in the white ones. These womens are always excluded and man becomes the key figure for their sexual oppression, silence, and madness. With the women the children are also sufferer of the white class. There is surprising role of the black and white female characters seen in the novel, which can been seen through the character of movie star, who in turn affects the black women. The character Mrs. Breedlove defines strength, beauty and youth in terms of what she has learned from the movies.

In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr; made a profound statement in his letter from Birmingham Jail when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your

Ms. Sangole Kirti PrakashMs. Sangole Kirti PrakashMs. Sangole Kirti PrakashMs. Sangole Kirti Prakash Milind College of Arts, Aurangabad, Maharashtra.

Female Psychology in Morrisons Bluest Eye: The Insanity in Literature



speech stammering as you seek to explain to your 6 yr old daughter why she cant go to the public amusement park that has been advertised on television and see the tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Fun town is closed to colored children and see ominous clouds of inferiority beginning to form in her little mental sky and see her beginning to distort her personality by developing an unconscious bitterness towards white people, you will understand why we find it difficult to wait (for change).

His message is so clear that racism is most damaging to the children in the society in which they live. Same can be seen in The Bluest Eye in the character of Claudia and especially Pecola. Pecola the main character of the novel is a child; an ultimate symbol of black appearance and always rejected from white society. In the whole novel we find that she is being reminded that she is ugly, because of which she is humiliated. She develops an obsession for the love child like Shirley Temple. We find that Pecola also thinks that if she were prettier her parents wouldnt fight so much. The disturbed psychology of Pecola can be seen when we see her drinking milk several times and eating candy having pictured image of beautiful girl. This showed as if Pecola is drinking

white color and trying to find her new identity by denying her own. Bay Boy, Cain, Peal all tease her. Pecola is continuously victimized throughout the novel. Her trauma reaches its peak when her own father rapes her. Trying to tell the truth, but nobody least believes her, even her mother also. Slowly because of all these conditions we find Pecola showing the signs of insanity, mostly when she decides to change her eye color from black to blue. The other character in the novel Claudia on the other hand is shown to dislike Shirley Temple. She says that the Temple cannot be denied nor imitated because she herself is not real self. We find that the novel ends with Pecola descending into madness and believing that her wish has come true and that she has blue eyes. This imagery world of Pecola created by Morrison represents the world of madness. She finally concludes that it is the man who has the voice and the black women are in silence and exclusion. The black female characters in the bluest eye are constantly bombarded by female condition and roles which exclude them and which do not provide them with any sense that they really exist, so that they are injured in their deepest selves.

REFERENCES

1. Mork, Maria, English Studies the center for Language and Literature. Lund University; 2009. 2. Morrison, Toni, The Bluest Eye. Vintage Books; 1970. 3. Woods Tania, from Female Sexuality and Hysteria to feminine Psychology; [email protected]




ABSTRACT Communication occurs when signals carry information- bearing messages between a source (or sender) and a destination (or receiver). Although all species communicate, human communication is notable for its precision and flexibility, a consequence of the uniquely human ability to use language endows human communication system with the properties of semanticity, generativity, and displacement, allowing people to formulate and unlimited number of meaningful novel messages that are not tied to the immediate present. At a fundamental level verbal messages convey meanings the speaker has encoded into the words of an utterance has gone beyond the literal meaning of the words and grasped the particular sense in which the speaker intended them to be understood. In order to do so, communicators must make their co-participants perspectives part of the process of formulating and interpreting messages. Thus any communicative exchange is implicitly a joint or collective activity in which meaning emerges from the participants collaborative efforts.

There are two types of Communication 1) Non-Verbal Communication 2) Verbal Communication. Psychology of Non Verbal Communication;- There are eight major non-verbal behaviors. Different types of non-verbal communication include facial expressions, gestures and postures. The experts believe that major portion of our communication is non-verbal. Every day, we respond to thousands on non-verbal cues and behaviors including postures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures and tone of voice. From our handshakes to our hair styles non-verbal details reveal who we are and impact how we relate to other people In many cases, we communicate information in non-verbal ways using groups of behaviors. For example, we might combine a frown with crossed arms and unblinking eye gaze to indicate disapproval. Following are the eight major non-verbal behaviors which amount to communication. 1) Facial Expression:- Facial Expression are responsible for a huge proportion of non-verbal communication consider how much information can be conveyed with a smile or frown. While non-verbal communication and behaviors can vary dramatically between cultures, the facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger and fear are similar throughout the world 2) Gestures: - Deliberate movements and signals are an important way to communicate meaning without words. Common gestures include waving, pointing and using fingers to indicate numeric amounts. Other gestures are arbitrary and related to culture.

3) Para-Linguistics :- Para-Linguistics refers to vocal communication that is separate from actual language. This includes factors such as tone of voice, loudness, inflection, and pitch. Consider the powerful effect that tone of voice can have on the meaning of a sentence. When said in a strong tone of voice, listeners might interpret approval and enthusiasm. The same words said in a hesitant tone of voice might convey disapproval and lack of interest. 4) Body Language and Postures :- Posture and movement can also convey a great deal on information. Research of body language has grown significantly since the 1970s. The non-verbal can indicate feelings and attitudes, research suggests that body language is far more subtle and less definitive that previously believed. 5) Proxemics:- People often refer to their need for personal space which is also an important type of non-verbal communication the amount of distance we need and the amount of space we perceive as belonging to us influenced by a number of factors including social norms, situational factors, personality characteristics and level of familiarity. For example, Amount of personal space needed when having a casual conversation with another person usually varies between 18 inches to four feet. On the other hand, the personal distance needed when speaking to a crowed of peoples is around 10 - 12 feet. 6) Eye Gaze: - Looking, Staring and blinking can also be important non-verbal behaviors when people encounter people or things that they like, the rate of blinking increases and pupils dilate. Looking at another

Ms. Mayuri L. WaghmareMs. Mayuri L. WaghmareMs. Mayuri L. WaghmareMs. Mayuri L. Waghmare Maeers MIT Sri.Savitribai Phule Polytechnic, Kothrud,Pune Maharashtra.

Psychology of Communication



person can indicate a range of emotions, including hostility, interest and attraction. 7) Haptics:- Communicating through touch is another important non-verbal behavior. There has been substantial amount of research on the importance of touch in infancy and early childhood. Harry Harlows Classic monkey study demonstrated how the deprivation of touch and contact impedes development. Baby monkeys raised by wire mothers experienced permanent deficits in behavior and social interaction. Touch can be used to communicate affection, familiarity, sympathy, and other emotions. 8) Appearance:- Our choice of colour, clothing, hairstyle and other factors affecting appearances are also considered a means of non-verbal communication. Research on labor psychology has demonstrated that different colour can evoke different moods. Appearance can also alter psychological reactions, judgments and interpretations. Just think of all the subtle judgments you quickly make about someone based on his or her appearance. These first impressions are important which expert suggest that job seekers dress appropriately for interviews with potential employers. PSYCHOLOGY OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION:- Although, Linguists think about language as an abstract structure-a set of principles that specify the relations between a sequence of sounds and sequence of meaning- to its users, what is most significant about language is its versatility as a medium for communication. The ability to communicate is vital to a species survival and all animal species communicate, some in ways that are impressively proficient. Elements of Communication Systems:- All communication systems, regardless of how simple or complicated they may be, operative on same principle; Signal transmits from source to destination. The distended belly of the female stickle back signals the male to initiate and elaborate court-ship routine that culminates in fertilization of her eggs. Upon returning

to its have a foraging honeybee communicates the direction and distance of a source of nectar by engaging in an elaborate waggle- dance. Semanticity, Generativity, and Displacement :- Language is only one of the symbol systems humans use to communicate. The Thumbs-Up, gesture conveys the message of success, approval or hope. Notwithstanding the utility of such symbolic displays, language endows human communication with three properties, semanticity, generativity, and displacement that collectively distinguish from other sorts of symbolic displays and from the forms of communication observed in other species. Semanticity;- In human communication, signals stand for things, which is to say that they have meaning. An overheated dog will pant to dissipate heat and an astute observer may understand the panting to indicate that the dog is hot, but panting cannot be said to stand for over heatedness in the same way that the word overheated does. Generativity:- All languages are capable of generating an infinite number of meaningful messages from a finite number of linguistic signals. Languages allow symbols to be combined and recombined in ways that yield novel meanings that are easily comprehensible to all competent language users. Displacement:- Languages makes it possible to communicate about things that are remote in space or time, or indeed, exist only in the imagination. Bartrand Russell once remarked that no matter how eloquently dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his father was poor but honest. Although the observation is self-evident, even banal, it points to a fundamental difference in the expressive capacities of language and other communication modalities.

REFERENCES

1. Byrne, D.Communication Monographs,59, 190-198. Published in 1992. 2. Peter Clayton, Body Language At Work, Hamlyn, A division of Octopus publishing group Ltd. Ist

published in Great Britain, 2003 3. Robert A.Baron.-Donn Byrane. Social Psychology (Tenth Edition), Prentice- Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New

Delhi-110001, 2004 4. Sanjay Kumar and Pushpalata. Communication Skills, Oxford University Press-2011.


School of psychology 9


ABSTRACT This paper examines Salman Rushdies novel Haroun and the Sea of Stories. He dedicated this book to his son while he was in hiding after fatwa. The novel presents the story of a boy, Haroun and his father Rashid who is a professional story-teller. After his wifes elopement Rashid suffer from a psychological disease where he loses his ability of storytelling. To cure this psychic disease and to restore his stories both protagonists travels to the Moon. Thus begin their psychological journey from real world to fantasy and again in the real world. Under the disguise of a fairy tale the novel depicts the artists struggle against psychological and political oppression.

Salman Rushdie is the most popular writer both in India and abroad. He has acquired a significant place in world literature. In Indo-English literature he has achieved a prestigious position through his brilliant works. He is known as the demon king of Indian literature. Being a multifaceted writer, his novels are based on history, politics, religion, exile and rootless ness. In his novels we get a nice amalgamation of myth, symbolism and allegory. Sometimes we are also able to make a psychological study of the characters. Rushdie presents in his novels symbolic people, places or ideals that are present in his life through his novels. He expresses his views on cultural identity. The general idea of sharing opinion about a global issue through fiction is not new. In Haroun and the Sea of Stories Rushdie comments on freedom of speech. In order to make his point clear he uses different devices through the psychological journey of the protagonists. In the history of English literature the example of psychoanalytic criticism is found in Sigmund Freuds reading of Hamlet. Freudian psychoanalysis is based upon the concept of the unconscious. Among the three levels of the human mind (the ego that is conscious, the super-ego that is the subconscious, and the id that is the unconscious). According to Freud the unconscious plays an important role in our life. Due to the pressure of conscious, unconscious remain unexpressed. These suppressed elements or desires get manifested in dreams or fantasies. Sometimes it can be found in puns, jokes or in sudden unexpected errors. An artist prefers to express these emotions through his work of art. After the publication of The Satanic Verses Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued Death sentence on Rushdie. As a creative artist it was difficult for him to suppress his thoughts.

The ban on book was a ban on his thought expression. As an individual and a writer he wanted to enjoy his freedom of expression. So Rushdie wrote Haroun and the Sea of Stories during this difficult period of Fatwa. It was an attempt to express all suppressed emotions and desires. Through the protagonists of the novel Rushdie had made a journey from the real world to the world of dream and to the real world again. In Haroun and the Sea of Stories Rushdie depicts the fantasized of story of a father, Rashid, who is a professional storyteller and his son Haroun. Rashid is quite satisfied with his profession of storytelling, but his wife Soraya dislikes it considering it impractical. One day she elopes with their neighbor Mr. Sengupta. It shocks Rashid and causes harmful effect on him. He loses his ability to tell stories and earn living. Haroun remain unable to concentrate for more than ii minutes, co-relating the time of Sorayas departure. This experience compels Haroun to ask his father the question what is the use of the stories that arent even true? (14). this question severely affects Rashid who becomes more disappointed. Haroun feels sorry for this and joins him in his journey to the valley of K. Thus end their journey in the real world. Afterwards fantasy plays major role in the novel, as action takes place in their dreams. Haroun and Rashids dreams are similar. In their dreams they visit the Gup city. Gup city is ruled by Chattergy beside which flows the ocean of stories. There is a war between Gup city and Chup city for the control over the Ocean of stories. The cult master khattam-shud views this world as other kingdom to rule and control. He is a tyrant and obsessive person. Rushdie presents the evilness of khattam-shud by the use of shadows. Through the character of khattam-shud Rushdie tell Ayatollah

Vihire Swati R. Vihire Swati R. Vihire Swati R. Vihire Swati R. S.P.D.M. College Shirpur, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, Maharashtra.

Haroun and the Sea of Stories: A Psychological Journey of the Protagonists



Khomeinis attempt to control even on the fictional worlds of literature. Khattam Shuds evilness does not end here he translates to the end which is depicted as the end of the family after Sorayas departure, the end of the stream of stories represents end of Rashids career after losing the ability of telling the stories. Through Haroun and the Sea of Stories Rushdie represent the reality of fatwa and his struggle to maintain his stories in circulation against Ayatollah Khomeini and his ban against the publication of Rushdies stories. Khattam Shuds obsession with power parallel Khomeini radical censorship. Finally the conflicts are resolved and Haroun succeeds in having his fathers supply of story water restored. Thus the father and sons journey to the world of dreams ends here. After restoring the gift of storytelling Rashid denounces his crooked patron, Buttoo, at the public meeting and people became free to choose their leader. After return, Rashid and Haroun found that the city which had forgotten its name was totally transformed. They are informed that the city has remembered its name (kahani). At home they found Soraya who had began to sing. Conclusion: Thus the novel is a journey from the world of reality to the world of dreams and again coming back to the real world. According to the Freudian

psychoanalytic point of view the two protagonists journey from the ego through the superego and to the ego again. Haroun and Rashid wanted to restore the power of storytelling which was repressed in there unconscious mind by the conscious. In the novel Soraya represents conscious and continuously disapproves Rashids gift of the gab. This continuous disapproval results in Rashids loss of the power of storytelling. Haroun and Rashids repressed desires find fulfillment in their dream by beating the Chupwalas forces of dark as they succeed in restoring the gift of the gab. Haroun overcomes his psychic disease after the expression of his unconscious desire. Through the novel Rushdie gave vent to his unconscious. He has shared his own experience through Rashid. In the novel Khattam Shud represents Ayatullah Khomeni, who is the enemy of speech. He is antithesis of story. His fatwa is an act of dictatorial control through total silencing of an author and artist. Rushdie wrote this novel after fatwa. Rushdie gives message that no person, no government can suppress creative artists emotion for a longer time.

REFERENCES

Rushdie, salman. Haroun and the Sea of Stories. New Delhi. Penguin Books, 1991. Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. Trans. A.A. Brill. USA: Plain Label Books 1991.




ABSTRACT Anita Desai is indeed the most renowned of the contemporary Indian women novelists. She is a well - known and distinguished novelist who is not only recognized in India but in abroad as well. The fact that Anita Desai has achieved great distinction as a novelist and has drawn a great deal of critical attention is enough to assert that she is among the foremost Indian English writers of fiction. She by contrast, is often seen as a somewhat western existentialist experimenter. Her Cry, The Peacock depicts a woman psychology. The protagonist Maya is completely under the feminine psyche trough out the novel. In this paper, I have made a modest attempt to show a woman psychology.

Anita Desais first novel, Cry, the Peacock is one of the most evocative Indian novels in English. It gives expression to the long -smothered wail of a lacerated psyche, the harrowing tale of blunted human relationship being told by the chief protagonist herself.

The novel presents the story of a young, sensitive girl obsessed by a childhood prophesy of disaster, whose extreme sensitivity is rendered in terms of immeasurable psyche. The very beginning of the novel highlights psychological theme by unfolding the relationship of Maya and Gautama. Maya an introverted favorite daughter of a wealth, artistic father, is married to an older man, a detached, sober, industrious lawyer. In their temperaments and attitude of life, the two are completely opposite to each other. This is one of the reasons of Maya being psychic.

She fails to understand the total lack of communication on the part of Gautama. In her psyche she thinks:

How little he knew of my misery, or of how to comfort me telling me to go to sleep while he worked at his papers

Or she used to think that her life is in trouble: There were still spaces of darkness in

between, above and around and it was that which gave the air such weight. Death lurked in those spaces; darkness spoke of distance, separation, loneliness of such proportion that it broke the bounds of that single word and all its associations. I cried to myself - what is the use?

She thinks about her life as: All order is gone out of my lifeno peace,

nothing to keep me within the pattern of familiar everyday living and doing that becomes those whom God means to live on earth. Thoughts come, incidents occur, then they are scattered and disappear. Past, present, future. Truth and untruth. They shuttle back and forth, a shifting chiaroscuro of light and shade those are no longer my eyes, nor this my mouth.The

pattern for an order of lines and designs, a symmetryhas deserted my own life.strangers surround me.

This is the typical condition of an unfortunate person who is suffering from a human psyche through and through. Her obsession drives her to a curious insanity. In her psyche, Yes, I am going insane, she herself admits. I am moving further and further from all wisdom, all calm, and I shall soon be mad, if I am not that already.

Cry, the Peacock is a pioneering effort towards delineating the psychological problems of an alienated person. Mayas moods, obsessions, dilemmas and abnormality are conveyed very effectively in it. Thus, is considered to be the first psychoanalytic fiction in Indo - Anglican, since it introduced the new idiom and direction to it.

Anita Desais novel, however, is far more profound in understanding human psychology. Much of its success accrues from its working out the configuration of the inner world of the protagonist, as Meena Beliappa maintains:

The ardent introspection of Maya marks a valuable introversion in Indian fiction. It points to a line of significant development exploration not of the social man, but the lone individual.

Desais presentation of the plight of the Maya may not be always convincing and profound, but it heralds the beginning of a new kind of psychological novel - a novel, of sensibility rather than action. Her very first novel incorporates her vision of self and goes a long way towards presenting the personal problems of a helplessly sensitive character caught in the crisis of insecurity.

Also, Maya, does not think herself to get adjusted in her family with the in - laws. According to her, love for men or life does not exist or matter for them and so she again has become a victim of a woman psychology.

Mrs. Varsha P. ZanwarMrs. Varsha P. ZanwarMrs. Varsha P. ZanwarMrs. Varsha P. Zanwar J.E.S. College, Jalna, Maharashtra.

.

Woman Psychology in Anita Desais Cry, The Peacock



In Gautamas family one did not speak of love, far less of affection. One spoke - they spoke - of discussions in parliament, of cases of bribery and corruption revealed in government .they had innumerable subjects to speak on and they spoke incessantly.

Gautamas family was the brainy type and that considered love and affection something inferior. Maya always feels neglected in their company.

Mayas mother - in - law is highly active, social and concerned with many social causes. As is the case with such women, she is defeminized. She is more concerned with her social work. So Maya becomes psychic. To understand Mayas psyche, we have to consider her childhood. She is a motherless child, born in a god - fearing traditional Brahmin family with a cultured, refined, rich and doting father. She also has a brother, Arjun with whom she shares pleasant moments, participating with him in kite - flying but not so adept as he, feeling his superiority. In her psyche she thinks: if I was a partridge, plump, content, he was a wild bird, a young hawk that could not be tamed, that fought for its liberty. Her childhood had been happy, secured and she had enjoyed finer thing of life. She says, I had the happiest childhood. They were my happiest times.

Having been brought up in a world which, in Gautamas, her husbands, view was incapable of equipping one to cope with world of reality. He blames her father for her immaturity. He says:

Life is a fairy tale to you still, what have you learnt of the realities? The realities of common human existence, not love and romance but living and dying and working, all that constitutes life for the ordinary man. You wont find it in your picture books.

Mayas tragedy is that she cannot live in a loud vulgar world and with people who do not conform to her values that were actually her fathers - meticulousness, beauty, culture, refinement, aestheticism etc.

In Desais portrait - gallery of childhood, Mayas is a pretty good one; she is one of the fortunate few, away from the realities of life.

Mayas love for animals shows her tenderness, feeling and kindness, which is a part of her greater psyche that loves everything - the grass, the firefly, the moon, the flowers and stars etc. It is significant that the novel begins with the death of Toto,

Mayas pet dog which was substance for her, even though a dog. According to her, the pets mean the world to me. It seems in the house with her busy, irresponsive lawyer husband, Maya communicates more with the animals than humans.

Gautama is too cold and prosaic to bother about his sensitive wife, too much concerned with the facts and is quite philosophical. To quote Maya how little he knew of my misery or of how to comfort me. But then, he knew nothing that concerned me... the distance he coldly keeps from me. His coldness, his coldness, and incessant talk of cups of tea and philosophy in order not to hear me talk and talking, reveal myself. Mayas tragedy is that there is no one to share her feelings. Childless, with an uncaring husband, she is always under the burden of her psyche.

Melancholia leads to depression and some who cannot cope with depression have nervous breakdown which is nothing but psychic. And this is what happens to Maya, critics have tried to diagnose her mental breakdown as - B. R. Rao says:

The highly sensitive, gifted with a poetic and slightly neurotic sensibility, Maya in later part of the novel is not able to maintain the border line that separates a nervous sensibility from an insane imagination. Maya becomes apprehensive whether she is going insane.

According to her childhood prophecy that after the fourth year of her married life either Gautama or she will die. Throughout the novel this prophecy has played an important role to make Maya psychic. On the top floor of Mayas psyche edifice is the roof of insanity when she pushes Gautama. This is done in her psyche.

Maya commits suicide in the end of the novel and Cry, the Peacock comes to an end. But in the psyche of Maya, we have moments of revelation. Thus, the psychological unfolding of Mayas neurotic mind forms and enfolds the plot of the novel.

REFERENCES

1. Anita Desai, Cry, the Peacock, New Delhi, Orient Paperbacks, 1980. 2. Meena Beliappa, Anita Desai: A Study of Her Fiction, Writers Workshop, Calcutta, 1971. 3. B. R. Rao, The Novels of Mrs. Anita Desai, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, 1977.




ABSTRACT Bharti Mukherjee is a third world feminist writer whose preoccupation to deal with the problem and issues related with the South Asia Women particularly India. Like her contemporary feminist writers she upholds the cause of women, but she differs from them because her basic concern is to delineate the problems of cross cultural conflicts faced by Indian Women immigrants. In her novel WIFE (1975), written while Mukherjee was going through her hostile stage in Canada, We see a definite alienation leading to a feel of dispossession from her heritage in Dimple, the protagonist of the novel. In Dimple Das Guptas case, the dispossession culminates in terrible brutalization of her psyche and a scarring of her character, In the majority of the cases expatriate experience has developed the stresses which have resulted from the break-up of traditional societies bringing about a change in the ethos and mans psyche. WIFE is the story of a middle-classed Bengali girl Dimple, who is married to Amit, an engineer. After their wedding they go to America. Once abroad, she understands that life is not as glamorous as she had imagined it to be. Cultural shock, Psychological alienation, media violence and her husbands long stays at office complicate the basically morbid mind of Dimple. It makes her neurotic of killing her husband in a grotesque manner.

This paper aims to show the change in Bharti Mukherjees work, from a primary concern with the Indian expatriates experience in the new society to a situation where the expatriate becomes an immigrant. The expatriate is slowly assimilated into the host society at all levels, Psychological, Sociological and Linguistic thus truly breaking the umbilical cord with their homeland.

The novel explores the intense inner space of neurotic and solipsistic individual. Wife, that portrays the splintered-self of the female protagonists Dimple Das Gupta, is an analytical study of the womens psyche. It studies the female protagonists dilemma of rootlessness and the mental trauma through which she passes. Bharati Mukherjees novel Wife is divided into three parts where each part narrates the story of a middle class married Bengali Woman who migrates from Calcutta to New York. The female protagonist of the novel Dimple is an extremely immature girl who lives in her own romantic world. The opening lines of the novel shows a true Indian tradition of storytelling Dimple Das Gupta had set her heart on marrying a neurosurgeon but her father was looking for engineers in the matrimonial ads. Dimples choice falls upon a neurosurgeon as she believes that the handsome income of a neurosurgeon would allow her to enjoy the luxuries of consumer society An apartment in Chowringhee, her hair done Chinese girls, trips to new market for nylon saris. From childhood itself Dimple is trained to obey the patriarchal dogma. She is expected to accept the match arranged by her father, and then to play a role of being a good and docile wife in her marriage. Immigrating to America offers her an escape from the

constraints of traditionalism. Dimple initially believes that marriage would bring her freedom, cocktail parties on carpet lawns, fund-raising dinners for noble charities. Marriage would bring her love. A twenty years old daughter of a well-to-do upper middle-class Indian professional, Dimple engages herself in preparing for the great event. While her father is busy searching for the ideal boy in matrimonial ads, Dimple worried about her imperfect figure. The imagination of marriage pleases her more than anything else as she believes that her husband would provide her all material comforts. Dimple is just twenty but she bewails for wasted years at her patriarchal home. To her premarital life is like a dress rehearsal for actual living years of waiting had already made her nervous, unnaturally, prone to colds, coughs, headaches. After her desperate waiting Dimple is finally married to Amit Kumar Basu, an average middle class, unimaginative, young consultant engineer who is ideal in the sense that he has already applied for emigration to Canada and US, also has job application pending in Kenya. Dimple soon becomes pregnant, Pregnancy changes Dimples status in the Basus family. The pregnancy is another challenging task for Dimple. For the Basus the unborn baby is communal property and

Shaikh Laikh MahemoodShaikh Laikh MahemoodShaikh Laikh MahemoodShaikh Laikh Mahemood Kohinoor Arts, Com. & Sci.College, Khuldabad, Dist: Aurangabad, Maharashtra.

Bharati Mukherjees Wife: A Psychological Alienation to Assimilation



they are solicitous of Dimples health (34). They fasten Dimple who is carrier of their next generation to certain rules; the rules are: Dont carry heavy pails of water to the bathroom or kitchen; do not trip on dark staircases. She feels to be burdened by it. Her swollen body is swelled violently with unvented hate which she sees as an impediment to her new beginning:

She began to think of the baby as unfinished business. It cluttered up the preparation for going abroad. She did not want to carry any relics from her old life; given another chance she could be a more exciting person, take evening classes perhaps, become a librarian. She had heard that many Indian wives in the States became librarians

Preparing to leave for America, Dimple induces miscarriage by skipping rope until her legs are numb, an initial indication of her incipient rejection of her role as a subservient other. Its not like murder, Dimple said one afternoon. I could never commit murder (35). In Dimples initial expectations of change in her marital status and in anticipation of changed life in the United States, Mukherjee indicates the dilemma of the Indian woman whose social role, by tradition, is defined by a patriarchally encoded culture. Dimple is an object whose subjective self conform to and is confirmed by male ideology ad discourse. In the United States Dimple experience both her own and newly accepted cultures:the self contained domestic world of Indians in Queens and the sophisticated parties of the more expansive and Americanized Indians in Manhattan. Dimples experiences with Indian women in America have an alienation effect on her. The majority of these women continue to base their identities on their relatively privileged, class-conscious attitudes towards social propriety, loyalty to ones roots and attachment to Hindu traditional. At first, Dimple seems to be familiar with their views on gender roles, womans place in the immigrant community and in the surrounding yet unknown American society. The novelist describes how Dimple feels alienated when faced with the other women who accept motherhood and maintain a loyal and idealized view of India. Introduced to Ina Mullick, a liberated housewife who is more American than Americans, Dimple is awed by her air of sophistication, her command of English, and her Womens Lib advice to crack the whip. When Ina offers her a weak gin:

Dimple felt that amit was waiting for just the right answer, that it was up to her uphold Bengali womanhood, marriage, and male pride. The right

answer, I do not need stimulants to feel happy in my husbands presence my obligation is to my husband, seemed to dance before her eyes as thought it were printed on a card. All she had to do was read it, but she feared Inas laughter, or anger more than anything in the world. If she took a drink she knew Amit would write it to his mother and his mother would call the dasguptas and accuse them of raising an immoral and drunken daughter. The Calcutta rumor mill operated as effectively from New York as it did from park street

Dimples act of self-abortion shows that she wants to live as an individual free from all constraints of womanhood. She cannot bear to have a child deposited in her body without consulting her. After terminating her pregnancy she hardly gives any after thought to it. Commenting on this violent self of Dimple Nagendra Kumar states:

Of course, Dimples reactions have not been given due attention but it should be remembered that Dimple is simply an individual and her strange action should not be equated with the values of Indian culture?

In the second part of the novel Mukherjee depicts the stay of Mrs. and Mr. Amit Basu in Sen Apartment at Queens in the U.S.A. They are very conscious of their identity and feel uncomfortable with Americans. This can realized when Jyoti Sen simply confesses: if it werent for money, Id go back tomorrow. This is too much the rat race for man like me. Even in America the ill mental state of Dimple doesnt get any relief thought the very idea of setting abroad made her very much happy. Dimple begins to think that she is deceived in marriage and Amit her husband, will not cater to all her demands as he has to live without job for four months. The scenario is that it is very difficult for Indians to get a job in America. Dimple begins to feel that Amit does not love her. Dimples inner rhythm is disturbed by this realization which results into disharmony. She develops a deep rooted sense of fear, insecurity and rejection. The realization of being unwanted and unloved as well leaves disastrous effect on self esteem and she feels isolated. Even the horrific scene of murder and violence in America where crime is the talk of the day, the rule of the land, terrifies her. The third and the final movement of Dimple to Marshas flat when Amit gets a job, is the climax marked by intense dramatic scenes punctuated with Dimples growing abnormality. Marshas flat is like the same as she had always dreamt of a splendid



apartment fully furnished and accomplished with all sorts of appliance. However the burden of responsibilities is greatly annoying to her. Too many TV programs occupy her American life, and Dimple even admits that she is losing touch with what she sees and what she thinks she sees on television. Denied expression (voice) Dimple is unable to validate her experience or her identity. Feeling left out of her own cultural groping, afraid to venture out, diffident about meeting people, Dimple spends most of her time isolated from the world outside, reading Better Homes and Gardens and watching television:

Daytime shows with inspiring names like guiding Light and Love of Life. The women on television led complicated lives. Became pregnant frequently and under suspicious circumstances murdered or were murdered, were brought to trial and released; they suffered through the Ping-Pong volley of their fates with courage

From television, Dimple learned the details of American home life. Little by little, American life distances Dimple from Amit, and then the TV programme becomes her only friend who is undemanding. Murdering of Amit can be regarded as an open ending for the readers because it is even hard for us to distinguish whether it is her imagination of TV programmes or it is the real murder.

She sneaked up on him [Amit] and chose a spot, her favorite spot just under the hairline, where the mole was getting larger and browner, and she drew an imaginary linen of kisses because she did not want him to think she was the impulsive, foolish sort who acted like a maniac just because the husband was suffering from insomnia. She touched the mole very lightly and let her fingers draw a circle around the delectable spot, then she

brought her right hand up and with the knife stabbed the magical circle once, twice, seven times, each time a little harder, until the milk in the bowl of cereal was a pretty pink and the flakes were mush and would have embarrassed any advertiser, and then she saw the head fall off- but of course it was her imagination because she was not sure any more what she had seen on TV and what she had seen in the private screen of three A.M.

Having thus stabbed Amit, seven times, it seems Dimple frees herself from the marriage tie. She has ultimately succeeded in achieving a modicum of satisfaction for masochistic drives. She finds solution to her problems only in murdering her husband. Bharati Mukherjee has portrayed the protagonist, Dimple Das Gupta as free and rebelling throughout the novel. Dimples frustration, mental trauma, which allows her o peace, is not a result of cultural conflict or a feminine need for freedom but it is due to her own utter rootlessness. By acting out her repression, Dimple transforms her marginality into action, which enables her to move from the cultural and ideological periphery to the center. Apart from the familial structure, Dimple also reacts violently against her position within the class and gender structures. In Wife, Mukherjee restates the marginalization of woman by exploring ways in which culture and ideology construct feminine identity. The novel explores the ways in which class, gender and cultural and ethnic background affect Indian womens acculturation to the United States.

REFERENCES

Mukherjee, Bharati, Wife, New York: Fawcett Crest,1975. Bose, Brinda, In Good Faith? Shadows of Hinduism on Expatriate Identity In the fiction of Bharati Mukherjee, And the Birds Began to Sing: Religion and Literature in Post-colonial Culture, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994. Pye, Lucian W. and Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimensions of Authority, London: Harvard

UP, 1985 Mukherjee, Bharati, Wife, New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1990,p.3 Kumar, Nagendra, The Fiction of Bharati Mukherjee: A Cultural Prespective, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and

Distributors, 2001.




ABSTRACT Literature of Afro-Americans is a genuine record of the perils they had to face in tyranny of white society. The present paper is an attempt to assess Afro-American writings as an attempt to throw off impositions at all levels which kept them crippled for many years. Afro-American writers have successfully carried out the mission of projecting authentic images of blacks in literary sphere. They have also made the world aware of the major share which blacks hold in American social, cultural, and economic development. The

Language Litereature and Psychology

Documents

Transcript of Language Litereature and Psychology