Language Diversity: A Key to Understanding Human Diversity · (Arturo Pérez-Reverte, La Reina del...
Transcript of Language Diversity: A Key to Understanding Human Diversity · (Arturo Pérez-Reverte, La Reina del...
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Language Diversity: A Key to Understanding Human Diversity
Bernard ComrieMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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A micro-investigation: North-East England
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Standard English Sunderland (and Tyneside)
a) I saw him. I saw him.b) We saw him. We saw him.c) He saw us. He saw us.d) He saw me. He saw us.
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Standard English, Sunderlanda) Are you going with us?
Tynesideb) Are you going with we?
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Standard English, Sunderlanda) This shirt needs mending.b) I might be able to help you.
Tynesidec) This shirt needs mended.d) I might could help you.
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a) Standard English, Tynesidehelp /hElp/
b) Sunderland, most non-standard English of Englandhelp /Elp/
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a) Standard English (with plural reference)You are leaving.
b) SunderlandYouse are leaving.
c) Other non-standardYou lot / You guys / Y’all are leaving.
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a) Standard English, Sunderland (with singular, familiar reference)Are you leaving?
b) Archaic Standard EnglishArt thou leaving?
c) MurtonIs thou leaving?
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A macro-investigation: Reference tracking
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a) John and Mary went for a walk in the garden. John saw a butterfly. He pointed it out to Mary. She told him that she had not seen butterflies in the garden for a long time. He asked her if she thought it meant that the environment was getting cleaner.
b) John and Bill went for a walk in the garden. John saw a butterfly. He pointed it out to Bill. He told him that he had not seen butterflies in the garden for a long time. He asked him if he thought it meant that the environment was getting cleaner.
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John saw Bill. He ran away.
Adults’ versus children’s use of pronouns in English
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Switch reference: Haruai
a) Mö hön rg ng ng-ön, köpa dwöNa.woman pig stone put put-ss leaf went‘A woman built a pig house, and went for some leaves.’
b) Nöbö mörö wök pg-mön, glñN gyo gyö r-öN-a.man garden clear get-ds bushfowl gyo gyö did‘A man cleared his garden, and a bushfowl went “gyo gyö”.’
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Obviation (Plains Cree)
Meµkwa eµpimohteµ-t, ispatinaµw waµpaht-am,eµaµmaciweµ-yit ayêsiyiniw-a, naµpeµw-a. E˜kwa kitaµpam-eµw kitaµpaµkan
eµkanawaµpaµkaneµhikeµ-yitayêsiyiniw-a nanaµtawaµpam-aµyit. Kiskeµyim-
eµwahyahciyiniw-a.
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While hep was walking, hep saw a personoclimbing a hill, a mano. Then hep observed himo, spying, the persono who was seeking peopleo. Hepknew himo to be a Blackfooto.
P = proximativeO = obviative
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Reference tracking in American Sign Language
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Logophoric (Gokana)
a) Ae~ kO ae~ dO~.‘Hei said that hej fell.’
b) Ae~ kO ae~ dO-E~.‘Hei said that hei fell.’
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Emphatic pronouns (German)
a) Die Männer begrüßten ihre Freunde und ihreKinder.‘The meni greeted their friendsj and theiri/jchildren.’
b) Die Männer begrüßten ihre Freunde und deren Kinder.‘The meni greeted their friendsj and theirjchildren.’
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Conjunction reduction: English, Dyirbal
a) I saw you and came here. [sc. and I came here]
b) Nganja nginuna buran, baninyu.I.nom you.acc saw, came.here
‘I saw you and [you/*I] came here.’
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Sonó el teléfono y supo que la iban a matar.rang the telephone and (he/she/it-)knew that her (they-)were-going to kill
‘The telephone rang and she knew that they were going to kill her.’
(Arturo Pérez-Reverte, La Reina del Sur)
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!The telephone rang and knew that they were going to kill her.
[sc. … and the telephone knew …]
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Exotic Europe: Relative clauses
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a) I saw the man yesterday. The man left today.
b) I gave the book to the man yesterday. The man left today.
c) The man whom I saw yesterday left today.NP[the man S[whom I saw — yesterday]S]NP left today
d) The man to whom I gave the book left today.NP[the man S[to whom I gave the book —yesterday]S]NP left today
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Spanish, Catalan
la misión [a la que ha dedicado su vida —]‘the mission [to which he has dedicated his life —]’
el llibre [de què parlaves —]‘the book [of which you were speaking —]’
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Japanese
a) Gakusei ga hon o katta.student nom book acc bought
‘the student bought the book.’b) [gakusei ga katta] hon
student nom bought book
‘the book [which the student bought —]
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Persian
a) Ketâbhâ-râ be mardhâ dâde budid.books-acc to men given you.are
‘You have given the books to the men.’b) mardhâi [ke ketâbhâ-râ be ânhâ dâde budid]
men that books-acc to them given you.are
‘the man [to whom you have given the books —]’
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Non-standard English
a) the girl [that her eighteenth birthday was on that day]
b) You come to a group [that you have to eat certain foods].
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Non-standard Spanish
Es el periódico [que en casa estamos suscritos].lit. ‘It is the paper that at home we are subscribed’i.e. ‘It is the paper to which at home we are subscribed’
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Language Diversity: A Key to Understanding Human Diversity
Bernard ComrieMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany