Language, Dialect, And Variety
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Transcript of Language, Dialect, And Variety
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language is variable at a number ofstructural levels (phonology,
morphology, and syntax). Variabilityis within everyones experience of
using and listening to it.
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Variationist paradigm :
understanding variation and change inthe structural parts of language.quantitative paradigm explores
regularity in linguistic variation byexamining certain dimensions that areexternal to language itself and relating
variation in these to variation inlanguage.
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Haugen points out (p. 923) that
language can be used to refereither to a single linguistic
norm or to a group of relatednorms, and dialect to refer to
one of the norms
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Research Procedures of quantitative
paradigm:1. Selecting a variable (for example, asound segment such as /a/ which isobserved to vary in pronunciation)
2. Quantifying occurrences of variants
in the speech of different speakers andgroups of speakers.
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main advance of
quantification:
relating variation in language tovariation in society and situationalcontext of speech (contextual style), for
example, socio-economic class, age ofspeaker, sex (gender) of speaker, ethnic
group of speaker, and social netwok
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A technique to elicit casual or
informal styles, which informantsmay tend to avoid in talking to an
outsider such as the fieldworker
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Quantitative
sociolinguisticsfocuses on the
speech community.
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Definition of Speech community
all people who use a given language or dialect. the whole set of people who communicate which eachother, either directly or indirectly, via the common
language
a group of people who interact by means of speech a social group which may be either monolingual or
multilingual, held together by frequency of social
interaction patterns and set off from the surroundingareas by weakness in the line of communication.
any marked agreement in the use of the languageelement, so much as by participation in a set of sharednorms
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Language maintenance signifies theprocess of consciously maintaining. Itcan be categorized into two types,
institutional and non institutional
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Institutional maintenancearises
from the imposition of linguisticnorms by powerful social groups
also called standardization
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Non institutional maintenance or
vernacular maintenance is extendedto cover situations in which thepressure to maintain language states
(Milroy (1975:82).
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standardization, vitality, historicity,autonomy, reduction, mixture, and de
facto norms, (Bell, 1976, pp. 14757)
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refers to the process by
which a language has beencodified in some way, such
things as grammars, spellingbooks, and dictionaries, and
possibly a literature.
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refers to the existence of a
living community of speakers.
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refers to the fact that aparticular group of people
finds a sense of identitythrough using a particular
language
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is an interesting concept because it is
really one of feeling. A language mustbe felt by its speakers to be differentfrom other languages.
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refers to the fact that a particularvariety may be regarded as a sub-
variety rather than as anindependent entity.
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refers to feelings speakers haveabout the purity of the variety
they speak.
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refers to the feeling that manyspeakers have, that there are both
good speakers and poor speakersand that the good speakers
represent the norms of properusage.
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.
Patois is usually used to describe onlyrural forms of speech and the speech of
the lower strata in society.
Dialect is to describe urban speech andmiddle class (Petyt, 1980, pp. 245)
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Extra Linguistic VariablesSocial class, eg: income, trade, orprofession, and educational level,
genderSocial Network depends on
indicators of density andmultiplexityin a speakers socialrelationship
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Measurements of extralinguistic
variables tratificational modelclassifying individuals in a hierarchy ofclass groupings based on the idea of a
continuum from the highest to the lowest process model of class
as the means of production and
distributing and resulting in two broadgroupings of society proletariat andbourgeoisie.