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Transcript of LANGUAGE Chapter 6 Lecture Continued. What Are Languages, and What Role Do Languages Play in...
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LANGUAGE
Chapter 6 Lecture Continued
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What Are Languages, and What Role Do Languages Play
in Culture?
• Language: A set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols used for communication
• Standard language: A language that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught
• Role of government in standardizing a language
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Example: Gov’t-forced assimilation
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Example of Dialect
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Example: Dialect
• African American Vernacular English (AAVE)– Aka “Ebonics”
• Standard American English
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Non-English Speakers in the US
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Language and Politics
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The Internet: Globalization of Language
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Language Formation
• Sound shifts, slight changes in a word across languages over time
Milk = lacte in Latin leche in Spanish lait in French latta in Italian
• Language divergence: Breakup of a language into dialects and then new languages from lack of interaction among speakers
• Language convergence: When peoples with different languages have consistent interaction and their languages blend into one
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Historical Linkages among Languages
• Proto-Indo-European
• (proto = first; original)
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The Languages of Europe
• Romance languages– French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese
• Germanic languages– English, German, Danish, Swedish
• Slavic languages– Russian, Polish, Czech
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The Case of Euskera
Spoken by the Basque and in no way related to any other language family in Europe
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Languages of Subsaharan Africa• Dominant language family: Niger-
Congo
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Nigeria
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How Do Languages Diffuse?
• Human interaction• Print distribution• Migration • Trade• Rise of nation-states• Colonialism
Elizabeth J. Leppman
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Effects of Spatial Interaction
• Lingua franca: A language used among speakers of different languages for trade and commerce
• Pidgin language: A language created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary
• Creole language: A pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people– Haitian creole, Jamaican patois
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What Role Does Language Play in Making Places?
• Place: The uniqueness of a location, what people do in a location, what they create, how they impart a certain character, a certain imprint on the location
• Toponym: A place name– Imparts a certain character on a place– Reflects the social processes in a place– Can give a glimpse of the history of a
place
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EXAMPLE
• Town with the longest name in the world is in Wales (UK)
• Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwlllla-ntysiliogogogoch
• Translation:"Saint Mary's Church in the hollow of white hazel near a rapid whirlpool and the Church of Saint Tysilio near the red cave."
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